Conference Session

Simulation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gonca Altuger-Genc, State University of New York, Farmingdale

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

components in theircurriculum; theory components are carried out during traditional lectures and practicalcomponents are carried out during traditional laboratory settings. In a traditional lectureenvironment, the professor teaches in-class, in-person and supports the lecture materials withtextbooks, and lecture notes. In a traditional laboratory environment, the students conductexperiments, collect data and report their results under the guidance of their professor. Thesetraditional approaches have proven to work very well to educate engineering students. However,with the continuously increasing student enrollment, many educational institutions can’t findadequate laboratory space and equipment to meet the demand. In addition, students

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alison Lynn Fielding, Centennial High School, Boise, ID; Dale Brown, Boise State University; Richard Livingston, Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University ; Curtis Heishman, Boise State University; Louis Nadelson, Utah State University; David Estrada, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Paper ID #11248Production and Characterization of Graphene and Other 2-dimensional Nano-materials: An AP High School Inquiry Lab (Curriculum Exchange)Mrs. Alison Lynn Fielding, Centennial High School, Boise, ID Mrs. Alison Fielding teaches Advanced Placement Chemistry and College Preparatory Chemistry at Centennial High School in Boise, ID. She earned her BS in Earth Science Education from Boise State University in 2013 with a minors in Chemistry. She is currently pursuing a Masters of Science degree in STEM from Boise State University. In an effort to explore new pedagogical approaches she worked with Boise State

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David O. Olowokere, Texas Southern University; Abayomi Ajofoyinbo Ph.D., Texas Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

training. Engineering laboratories mayinvolve measurement of dynamic processes since physical quantities measured bysensors such as temperature, humidity, pressure, displacement, voltage, current,etc., are continuous in nature. To improve the quality of measurement data thereis a need to remove unwanted signals associated with the measured input signal;hence self-compensation algorithms are formulated for implementation in thesensor nodes. It is noted that presentations that use both visual and auditory stylesreinforce learning for most students. Indeed, students’ learning may be motivatedand students’ engagement and comprehension of fundamental engineeringprinciples (or concepts) may be increased by a teaching style that balancesconcrete

Conference Session

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies: Pedagogy of Lab-Oriented Courses

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bridget M. Smyser, Northeastern University; Gregory J Kowalski, Northeastern University; Andrew F. Carbonar, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Pedagogical Best PracticesAbstractThe pedagogy of laboratory courses has been well discussed in the literature, but the extent towhich these best practices are incorporated into laboratory experiment design varies wildly. AtNortheastern University, various capstone design teams over the years have been tasked withdesigning new experimental apparatus for the undergraduate teaching laboratories along withappropriate lab handouts and other instructional material. In many cases, the students involved inthese projects have taken the lab class for which they are designing the experiment and havereported negative experiences, and therefore are motivated to try to improve the class for futurestudents. Student designed labs have the potential to reduce burden

Conference Session

Enviromental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Veera Gnaneswar Gude P.E., Mississippi State University; Dennis D. Truax PE, BCEE, F.ASCE, Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

2015 ASEE National Conference Project Based Learning of Environmental Engineering PrinciplesAbstractIn this paper, the importance of project based learning to teach environmental engineeringconcepts and train emerging civil and environmental engineers is presented. One of the projectbased learning exercises was the water treatment laboratory experiment. Coagulation,flocculation, sedimentation and filtration concepts and design principles were taught throughpractical demonstrations for junior and senior civil engineering students in the environmentalengineering laboratory. The source water was collected from the algae contaminated ponds onthe campus. The student learning was greatly enhanced by the practical and hands-on, projectbased

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE)

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

allow students to practice their creativityor develop critical thinking skills5,6,7. Inquiry-based learning in a laboratory environmentdevelops creativity and critical thinking skills8,9. Peer-teaching has also been shown to increasestudent learning in a laboratory environment3. This study looks at how inquiry-based learningfollowed by peer-teaching affects student attitudes toward the subject matter and their overalllearning experience.MethodsTable 1. The five different measurement techniques utilized to complete instructor providedobjectives. Technique Instructor Provided Objectives  Collect signal using National Instruments myDAQ and homemade Electromyography amplifiers (EMG

Conference Session

Hands-on Active Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve C. Hsiung, Old Dominion University; Feng Jao, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Learnersexpressed various active teaching methods such as on-line reading materials, posted lectures,video demonstrations, hands-on laboratories, and various communications means (relay chats,forum discussions) help them engaged the workshop more. As some of the feedbacks shownbelow:Overall, fantastic! I enjoyed it. The readings helped. We could do more programming if therewere more time. I never learned so much in just 3 days. Please send my thanks to all of thepresenters and helpers who made it work so well.I enjoyed the class. Instructors were well prepared. I want to try conducting an on-line labmyself in the future.I wish there were more workshops like this available. I learned a lot without needing to travel.It was not just a bunch of fluff and waste

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen L. Jones PE, South Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

multiple laboratorysections. Laboratory sections were taught by the same Teaching Assistant to avoid epistemicvariation. The laboratory data was collected the first week by the students and subsequentlyanalyzed in a second week of the laboratory. The students’ reports were submitted for gradingone week after that. Thirty three laboratory reports were evaluated with a resulting average scoreof 2.0 and a standard deviation of 0.9. Therefore, the student outcome for 2007 was achievedand a baseline for future evaluation was established. Although the cutoff was met, the classaverage was exactly at the cutoff score and enhancements were qualitatively deemed advisable toaddress the level 1 performer. Therefore, selected technical aspects of the lecture

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul C. Lynch, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Cynthia Bober, Penn State University ; Joseph Wilck, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

processes, polymerprocesses, solid state deformation processes, advanced manufacturing processes, andmanufacturing process costing.There are two full time technicians for the manufacturing lab, who help prepare the teachingassistants, teaching interns, and the faculty member, to the layout and use of machines in themanufacturing lab, if necessary. The technicians also help from time to time with the instructionportion of the labs. Typically, the technicians mainly train the teaching assistants or teachinginterns in the laboratory; so that they can be the primary teachers during the laboratory period.For this particular course, this course instructor is heavily involved with the technicians intraining the teaching assistants and/or teaching interns

Conference Session

First Year Programs Division Poster Session: The Best Place to Really Talk about First-Year Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lindsay Corneal, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 A Guided Approach to Technical Report Writing for Undergraduate Engineering StudentsAbstractLearning how to write technical reports can be difficult for undergraduate engineering studentsthat have had very little, if any, experience with technical report writing in their high schoolclasses. The laboratory course “Engineering Measurement and Data Analysis” is required for allundergraduate engineering students at Grand Valley State University, with a major focus of thiscourse being technical report writing.In order to guide the students in preparing technical reports, templates were designed to act as anexample of how to present their laboratory results in a

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Ludwigsen, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

Paper ID #12634The Introductory Physics Lab as a Consulting FirmDr. Daniel Ludwigsen, Kettering University Dr. Daniel Ludwigsen pursued research in Musical Acoustics while completing the Ph. D. in Physics from Brigham Young University. After joining Kettering University in support of the acoustics specialty within Applied Physics, Dr. Ludwigsen has broadened his professional interests to include physics education research and instructional design. In addition to an overhaul of the introductory physics laboratories, partially supported by NSF CCLI funding, Dr. Ludwigsen has written two courses at the sophomore/junior

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Audrey Briggs Champagne, University at Albany. State University of New York; Laura Hirshfield, University of Michigan; Erick Jacob Nefcy, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Jacob Nefcy, Oregon State University Erick Nefcy is a doctoral candidate in the School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering at Oregon State University. He is currently studying student modeling in capstone physical and virtual laboratory projects. He is interested in teaching and microprocessing, and has held multiple internships at Intel Corporation. Page 26.771.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Feedback in Complex, Authentic, Industrially Situated Engineering Projects using Episodes as a Discourse Analysis Framework – Year 3IntroductionOver the last ten years

Collection

2015 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Benjamin D. McPheron

-roundedindividuals while also pursuing deep technical knowledge in their engineering education. Inaddition to this challenge, undergraduate-focused schools require faculty members or adjunctinstructors to teach laboratory courses, due to a lack of graduate students, which limits theavailability of such courses. One possible solution to this issue is to institute a mixed learninglaboratory approach, in which eight lecture periods throughout the semester are replaced with in-class studio laboratory exercises and larger take-home lab projects are assigned to encouragestudents to refine skills by applying skills learned through in class lab assignments4. 1

Conference Session

Nuclear and Radiological Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Masoud Naghedolfeizi, Fort Valley State University; Sanjeev Arora, Fort Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

been instrumental in acquiring, through various grants, computers, and software for the physics laboratory at FVSU. Some of his funded grant proposals are as follows: 1) Establishing a Nuclear Science and Engineering Minor at Fort Valley State University 2) Establishing an Undergraduate STEM Teaching and Research Laboratory at FVSU 3)Establishing an Interdisciplinary Bioinformatics Laboratory at Fort Valley State University 3) Computer-based Instrumentation Laboratory for Undergraduate Science and Mathematics Programs at the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Fort Valley State University. 4) Developing an Undergraduate Minor in Computer-based Mea- surement and Instrumentation at Fort Valley State

Collection

2015 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

David Willis; Jeremy Vaillant

Introduc-tion to Mechanical Engineering.3.0 The ‘ New’ I ntr oduction to M echanical Engineer ingThe new Introduction to Mechanical Engineering course is a 2-credit freshman year experiencecourse comprising 1-hour of lecture and 2-hours of laboratory contact per week. In the Fall 2014offering in mechanical engineering, a single lecture/meeting of ~160-165 students was held eachweek. There were also 9-assigned laboratory sections, each comprising 19 students or less. Thelecture component used clickers to assess attendance and gain real-time feedback from students.Homework is deployed using the Blackboard course management system. The Fall 2014 teach-ing team was comprised a pair of professors, 3 half-TAs (one responsible for CNC

Conference Session

Innovations in Communications and Wireless Systems Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne A Scales, Virginia Tech; J Michael Ruohoniemi; Geoff Crowley

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

excellentopportunity to effectively train students on state-of-the-art applications, a broad spectrum ofengineering and science fundamentals, and the interrelationships between multiple engineeringdisciplines. We describe our experience and lessons-learned in teaching an advancedundergraduate-level GNSS capstone design course in the department of Electrical and ComputerEngineering at Virginia Tech over the past 15 years. We report on the objectives of the course,the topic selection, the capabilities of laboratory hardware, approaches to GNSS data extractionand analysis, and the importance of the accompanying teaching laboratory. Student perceptionsof specific measurable learning objectives are provided which underscore the importance of ahands-on laboratory

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Curriculum Design and Evaluation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan M Lord, University of San Diego; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University; Jeffrey E. Froyd, Texas A&M University; Euan Lindsay, Charles Sturt University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

exercise and the design andadministration of the survey are described in detail elsewhere.5, 6Results were presented previously describing current and expected future teaching methodsand curriculum approaches as well as the prevalence and acceptance of online courses andMassive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and different teaching resources.5 Regarding Page 26.198.3teaching methods, it is not surprising that lectures were by far the most likely educationalpractice used currently and expected to be used in the next five years. However, 4% ofrespondents indicated that they never plan to lecture again. Laboratories were also likely tobe used often. The only

Conference Session

Dynamics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Bevill, Colorado Mesa University; Kelly Bevill, Colorado Mesa University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Ownership—2013 Update. http://pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2013/PIP_Smartphone_adoption_2013_PDF.pdf3. Gartner, Inc. Gartner Says Worldwide PC, Tablet and Mobile Phone Combined Shipments to Reach 2.4 Billion Units in 2013. http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/24085154. Delale, F., Liaw, B.M., Jiji, L.M., Voiculescu, I., and Yu, H. Infusion of Emerging Technologies and New Teaching Methods into The Mechanical Engineering Curriculum at The City College of New York. Advances in Engineering Education, Summer 2011.5. Greenwood, M.S. Using Videotapes to Study Underdamped Motion of a Pendulum: A Laboratory Project. Am. J. Phys 55, pp. 645-8, 1987.6. Marcuso, M., and Webber, R.M. Kinematical Measurements Using Digital Image Capture

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 1: It's All About Teams and Teamwork

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jess W. Everett, Rowan University; Jenahvive K. Morgan, Rowan University; Kaitlin Engle Mallouk, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Paper ID #11641Pre-defined roles and team performance for first year studentsDr. Jess W. Everett, Rowan University Jess W. Everett has worked in four distinct areas: waste management operations research, contaminated site assessment and remediation, education innovation, and sustainable engineering. He has employed a wide variety of techniques, including computer modeling, laboratory experiments, field testing, and surveys. His current research focuses on energy conservation, alternative energy generation, engineering learning communities, and hybrid courses (courses with classroom and on-line aspects).Dr. Jenahvive K Morgan

Collection

2015 ASEE Zone 3 Conference

Authors

Daniel Bullock; Edward Carl Greco; Jim D. Reasoner

. 7 © American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 2015 ASEE Zone III Conference (Gulf Southwest – Midwest – North Midwest Sections)References 1. S.A. Ambrose, M.W. Bridges, M. DiPietro, M.C. Lovett, M.K. Norman. How Learning Works: Seven Research 2. Based Principles for Smart Teaching. Jossey-Bass, (John Wiley & Sons), 2010. 3. Clough, Michael, Using the Laboratory to Enhance Student Learning, NSTA Press, Arlington, VA, 2002. 4. Sheri D. Sheppard, Kelly Macatangay, Anne Colby and William M. Sullivan, Educating Engineers: Designing for the Future of the Field

Collection

2015 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Shawn Gross

variability associated with stability calculations ascompared to tensile material strength. The numerical values used in the exercise lead students tothe “correct” results when the joist is tested in the laboratory. The values also allow for differentrespective members to have the highest design stress ratios and failure stress ratios; the memberthat controls the design based on allowable stresses is not the member that is predicted toactually fail first.After all of the calculation steps are completed, the entire class takes the 15-minute walk acrosscampus to the Structural Engineering Teaching and Research Laboratory, SETRL. Prior totesting, the instructors introduce the students to the testing frame, hydraulic loading equipment,instrumentation

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Conrad Tucker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Soundar Kumara, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

extroverts 2. Page 26.178.2Figure 1: Typical Challenges Facing Students and Instructors During Engineering Design LaboratoriesScenario 2: Student interest availability, instructor/laboratory facility unavailability: In manyengineering laboratories, students are not allowed to work without direct supervision from ateaching assistant or instructor. Unfortunately, many engineering laboratory facilities are basedon the schedules of the instructor, teaching assistant or university, and may be misaligned withstudents’ schedules. For example, certain engineering and science majors are known to work andstudy at night such as Computer Science students 3

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Isaac L. Howard PE, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, masters, anddoctoral levels with instructional opportunities in and out of the classroom. Practitionerengagement (e.g. agencies, consultants, contractors, material suppliers, private laboratories) hasbeen a key component of this process, and is the focus of this paper. Practitioner involvement is:1) important to the educational process; 2) not always easy to obtain; 3) not always easy toeffectively utilize; 4) a key to the presence or absence of balance; and 5) debated amongsteducation literature. Key items that resonate through this paper are the student opportunitiescreated by balance, and how practitioners fit into this balance.Industry and agency collaboration concepts are nothing new and are discussed in literature1-5.The amount or extent of

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph P Hoffbeck, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

; Exposition.14. Buket Barkana, "A Graduate Level Course: Audio Processing Laboratory", 2010 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition.15. Tim Lin, Saeed Monemi, and Zekeriya Aliyazicioglu, "Interactive Learning Discrete Time Signals and Systems with MATLAB and TI DSK6713 DSP Kit", 2007 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition.16. Lisa Huettel, "Integration of a DSP Hardware Based Laboratory into an Introductory Signals and Systems Course", 2006 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition.17. Michael G. Morrow, Cameron H. G. Wright, and Thad B. Welch, "Old Tricks for a New Dog: An Innovative Software Tool for Teaching Real-Time DSP on a New Hardware Platform", 2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition.18. Michael G. Morrow, Cameron H. G

Collection

2015 ASEE Zone 3 Conference

Authors

Norman D. Dennis; Edgar C. Clausen

2015 ASEE Zone III Conference (Gulf Southwest – Midwest – North Midwest Sections) Clinical Faculty Development Program Norman D. Dennis, Jr. and Edgar C. Clausen College of Engineering University of ArkansasAbstractWith the significant increase in engineering student enrollment over the last ten years and therelatively flat number of tenure/tenure track faculty positions in engineering, a significant portionof the undergraduate teaching load has shifted to non-tenure track faculty. As a result ofincreased involvement of non-tenured faculty in teaching in

Collection

2015 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Ryan Milcarek; Ryan Falkenstein-Smith; Jeongmin Ahn

Proceedings of 2015 St. Lawrence Section of the American Society for Engineering Education Developing T-Shaped Professional Energy Systems Engineers Ryan Milcarek1, Ryan Falkenstein-Smith1, and Dr. Jeongmin Ahn1 1 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, 13244Abstract A fuel cell science and technology course was created to promote the development of T-shaped professional energy systems engineers. The course structure consists of lectures as wellas laboratory sections to reinforce principles discussed in class. Survey results conducted on thefirst day of class, at the midterm and on

Conference Session

Mechanics of Materials

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathon E. Slightam, Marquette University; Mark L. Nagurka, Marquette University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

students is highly encouraged for anyonedeveloping new laboratory experiments. The revised experiments were implemented in the “Design of Machine Elements” course in Page 26.1101.7the Spring 2014. Feedback from students and teaching assistants has confirmed the value of theexperiments in engaging students in the analysis and design of gears and geared systems. Stu-dents became familiar with different types of gears, experimentally determined parameters ofgears, analyzed, designed, and fabricated gears. From this, students gained an understanding ofthe applicability of gears to real-world problems while peaking interest.Feedback The intent of

Conference Session

ECCD Applications in Energy and Thermodynamics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan L Falkenstein-Smith, Syracuse University; Jeongmin Ahn, Syracuse University; Kang Wang, Syracuse University; Ryan James Milcarek, Syracuse University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

years starting in the Spring of 2012. Ryan currently works as a Research Assistant in the Combustion and Energy Research Laboratory (COMER). His current research is focused on new catalyst development, ceramic materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), combustion, energy conversion, fuel cell modeling, fuel cell technology applications and system design. Ryan is a Syracuse University Graduate Fellow and an Astronaut Scholar. Page 26.505.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Developing T-Shaped Professional Engineers through an Advance Energy

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy John Vaillant, University of Massachusetts Lowell department of Mechanical Engineering; Christopher J Hansen, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Jonathan D. Stolk, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Stephen Johnston, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Sammy G. Shina, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; David Joe Willis, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

the development of a computer numerical control (CNC) laboratory and theassociated preliminary data supporting an increase in student motivation as a result of project-versus lecture-based instruction. Ten inexpensive CNC milling machines have been deployed inan undergraduate teaching laboratory at the University of Massachusetts Lowell. Because theseare inexpensive, hobbyist CNC machines, the fundamental concepts behind modern prototypingand manufacturing become accessible for hands-on exploration by students with little to no man- Page 26.706.2ufacturing expertise or background. For example, incoming freshman mechanical engineeringstudents

Conference Session

First Year Programs Division Poster Session: The Best Place to Really Talk about First-Year Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tracy Jane Puccinelli, College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison; John Murphy, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, and availability of the content to instructors, clients, and teammates.2LabArchives ELN was chosen due to the very successful implementation of the classroomversion in the Department of Biomedical Engineering (BME) Design Courses, and the fact thatour university began a campus-wide contract with LabArchives to provide this technology toresearch labs and other courses. LabArchives was well-studied and compared with numerousother ELNs and deemed the best option currently available that provided both a research andclassroom edition.Electronic Laboratory Notebook FormatDue to considerable reluctance by many instructors teaching the freshman course,implementation of the ELN as a replacement for the paper design notebook was stronglyencouraged, but