Conference Session

Attracting Young MINDs

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Roli Varma

Out of the Mix: Native Americans in Information Technology Roli Varma University of New MexicoThe number of Native Americans − the original peoples of the United States of America −pursuing education in information technology (IT) related disciplines is low. For instance, the1999-2000 Taulbee Survey found that Native Americans earned 31 (0%) of computer science(CS) and 4 (0%) of computer engineering (CE) bachelor degrees.4 Under-representation ofNative Americans in IT is critical for the American society, which promotes equal access toeducation and employment. Because of their relatively small number

Conference Session

Hunting for MINDs

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Sr., Willyerd Collier; Ken Vickers; Benita Wolff; Greg Salamo

social factors from a black majority Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2002, American Society for Engineering Educationinstitution to a white majority institution, provided increased risk of academic instability to thesestudents as compared to non-minority students facing only one or two of these three factors.In this paper a system will be described that has evolved over the last five years at the UA toovercome these inherent systemic barriers to success of new HBCU graduate students. We willdiscuss the method by which institutional linkages between HBCUs and the UA are being usedto address this problem of graduate program knowledge

Conference Session

Attracting Young MINDs

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Dara O'Neil; Gordon Kingsley; Donna Llewellyn; Marion Usselman

quantifiable benefits to both sides? Page 9.980.13 Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering EducationIndications of Partnership BuildingSustainable partnerships must be built upon the efforts, concerns, and agendas of many people ifthey are to survive the departure of the original players. Bearing this in mind, our philosophyhas been to encourage all STEP participants to expand the partnership network wheneverpossible, and to include academic departments, individual laboratories, campus offices

Conference Session

MIND Education Trends

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Benjamin Flores; Jana Renner Martinez; Ann Darnell

providing funding forselected science and engineering undergraduates to participate in research projects under theguidance of a faculty mentor. Program assessment includes qualitative and quantitativeassessment and the longitudinal tracking of student participants. The results from thiscomprehensive study demonstrate that the large majority of students who have participated inthis program persist and graduate in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics(STEM) disciplines. To date, 88 percent of the 303 participants have graduated, 6 percent arestill enrolled in either the College of Science or College of Engineering (undergraduate), andonly 5 percent have stopped out. More than a third (37%) have either earned an advanced degreeor are

Conference Session

Hunting for MINDs

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Liz Oshaughnessy; Barbara Goldberg

which to fruitfully fine-tune delivery of services and design gender specific support programs. Page 7.1314.1 “Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2002, American Society for Engineering Education”Results obtained varied greatly depending upon the method of data collection. SSI surveying atthe Long Beach campus revealed female perceptions of equity to generally be on a par with, oreven exceed, those of males. However, female perceptions of quality of instruction, access toresources and helpfulness of support staff were less favorable than

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDs

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Doreen Lawrence; Broderick Boxley; Chris Kobus; Barbara Oakley

Session 1170 Using the Kumon Method to Revitalize Mathematics in an Inner-Urban School District Barbara A. Oakley†, Doreen Lawrence††, Walter L. Burt†††, Broderick Boxley†††, Christopher J. Kobus† † School of Engineering and Computer Science, Oakland University/ †† Kumon, North America/ †††School District of Pontiac Abstract It is a compelling challenge to provide inner-urban K-12 students with the skillsnecessary for a career in engineering. A solid grounding in

Conference Session

MINDing Our Business

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Friedman; Fadi Deek; Howard Kimmel

. Introduction A problem solving and program development process (Deek, 1997) offerscomputing instructors as well as instructors in other disciplines a comprehensive model Page 7.1132.1that assists in synthesizing their teaching and learning objectives. This methodology, Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2002, American Society for Engineering Educationadapted in various disciplines, is tailored to foster students’ and instructors' taking intoconsideration the necessary tasks to be performed, skills that must be developed, and theexpected learning

Conference Session

MINDing Our Business

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Ronald Sterkenburg

forpostsecondary education, and eventual graduation from college. The students will be enrolled inthe program during their last three years in high school. The program consists of twocomponents: a nine-month academic year program - during which the students will attend classes Page 7.753.1every Saturday morning at the Purdue Calumet campus to reinforce and supplement high school “Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2002, American Society for Engineering Education”offerings - and three summer components. During their first summer, the rising sophomores

Conference Session

MIND Education Trends

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Omnia El-Hakim

Louis Stokes Colorado Alliance for Minority Participation (LS CO-AMP) Dr. Omnia El-Hakim Colorado State University Page 10.320.1 1AbstractIn the summer of 1994, representatives from eleven colleges and universities in Colorado andnearby states and from four tribal nations met several times to discuss the creation of a uniquealliance. The purpose of this alliance would be to better serve undergraduate students fromunderrepresented minority populations in the areas of Science, Technology, Engineering, andMathematics (STEM). After undergoing a rigorous selection process, the Colorado Alliance forMinority

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Whalin, Jackson State University; Qing Pang, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

AC 2011-1399: SOLVING THE ENGINEERING PIPELINE CHALLENGERobert W. Whalin, Jackson State University - Dr. Whalin Associate Dean, Professor of Civil Engineering, and Director, Center of Excellence for Natural Disasters, Coastal Infrastructure and Emergency Management, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, Jackson State University. He is Director Emeritus of the Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. He received his PhD in Oceanography from Texas A&M University in 1971 and is a Registered Professional Engineer. Dr. Whalin was Director of Army Research Laboratory (1998- 2003; Adelphi, MD), and Technical Director /Director of Waterways Experiment Station (1985-1998; Vicksburg, MS

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah M. Brown, National Society of Black Engineers; Lauren D. Thomas, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

AC 2011-1408: TECHNICAL OUTREACH COMMUNITY HELP: INITIALRESULTSSarah M Brown, National Society of Black Engineers Sarah Brown completed a Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical Engineering at Northeastern University in May 2011 where she was an undergraduate research assistant at the Gordon Center for Subsurface Sensing and Imaging Systems, a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center. There her research is in computational electromagnetics and modeling of dispersive media. Her interest and experiences with engineering education have stemmed from partnerships with Gordon-CenSSIS and the Center for STEM Education at Northeastern University, as well as involvement with the National Society of Black Engineers

Conference Session

Engineering as a Professional Calling

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph M LeDoux, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jacquelyn E. Borinski, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kimberly Danielle Haight, Georgia Institute of Technology ; Elaine Catherine McCormick, Georgia Institute of Technology; Alisha A.W. Waller, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Paper ID #9632Engineering habits of the mind - an undergraduate course that asks: ”Whatis it that makes someone an engineer?” and ”What distinguishes engineersfrom other professionals?”Prof. Joseph M LeDoux, Georgia Institute of Technology Joe Le Doux is the Executive Director for Learning and Student Experience in the Department of Biomed- ical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University. He has also previously served as the Associate Chair for Undergraduate Studies for the Department. Dr. Le Doux’s research interests in engineering education focus on problem-solving, diagrammatic reasoning, and on the socio-cognitive

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT) Technical Session 1: Robotics and Bio-Inspired Projects

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monsuru O. Ramoni, Navajo Technical University; Jonathon Chinana; Ty Shurley, Navajo Technical University; Kathryn Hollar, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division (ENT)

Paper ID #38883Applying Entrepreneurially Minded Learning to the Design and Fabricationof Soft Robotic Fish with Native American Engineering Students.Dr. Monsuru O. Ramoni, Navajo Technical University Monsuru Ramoni is an Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering at Navajo Technical University, Crownpoint, NM. He has M.S. degrees in Manufacturing Engineering and Management and Industrial Engineering from the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom, and Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, respectively. He received his Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from Texas Tech University, Lubbock. His research focuses on

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wenshen Pong, San Francisco State University; Amelito G. Enriquez, Canada College; Hamid Shahnasser, San Francisco State University; Cheng Chen, San Francisco State University; Nilgun Melek Ozer, San Francisco State University; S. (Ed) Cheng, San Francisco State University; Hao Jiang, San Francisco State University; Hamid Mahmoodi, San Francisco State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

AC 2011-592: ENHANCING THE INTEREST, PARTICIPATION, AND RE-TENTION OF UNDERREPRESENTED STUDENTS IN ENGINEERINGTHROUGH A SUMMER ENGINEERING INSTITUTEWenshen Pong, San Francisco State University Wenshen Pong received his Ph.D. in Structural Engineering from the State University of New York at Buffalo. He joined the School of Engineering at San Francisco State University in 1998. He teaches courses in Civil/Structural Engineering. He is Director of the School of Engineering at SFSU. Dr. Pong is a registered Professional Engineer in California. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and the Structural Engineers Association of California. He has published over forty technical papers in the areas of

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Liping Liu, Lawrence Technological University; James A. Mynderse, Lawrence Technological University; Robert W. Fletcher, Lawrence Technological University; Andrew L. Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #17661Embedding Fluid Power into Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Coursesthrough Problem-Based Learning and Entrepreneurially Minded LearningModulesDr. Liping Liu, Lawrence Technological University Liping Liu is an assistant professor in the A. Leon Linton Department of Mechanical Engineering at Lawrence Technological University. She earned her Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Illinois in 2011. Her research focuses on thermal sciences and energy systems, with spe- cial interest in addressing transport phenomena in energy processes. She is a member of ASEE, ME, ASHRAE, and SAE

Conference Session

Programming, Virtual Reality, and Dynamic Systems

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James A. Mynderse, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #19467Incorporating Entrepreneurially Minded Learning into a Junior/Senior LevelMechatronics Course Project Covering Dynamic Systems, Modeling, and Con-trolDr. James A. Mynderse, Lawrence Technological University James A. Mynderse, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the A. Leon Linton Department of Mechanical Engineering at Lawrence Technological University. His research interests include mechatronics, dynamic systems, and control with applications to piezoelectric actuators, hysteresis, and perception. He serves as the faculty advisor for the LTU Baja SAE team. c American Society for

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kristin L. Wood, Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD); Aaron P Bauer, United States Air Force Academy; Blake Perez, Singapore University of Technology and Design; Milton Doria, United States Air Force Academy; Michael Lawrence Anderson P.E., United States Air Force; Luke Jensen, CREO

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #21644A Bio-Inspired Mind Map to Assist in Concept Generation for Wall ClimbingSystems: Development, Assessment, and Resulting PrototypesDr. Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy Dr. Dan Jensen is a Professor of Engineering Mechanics at the U.S. Air Force Academy where he has been since 1997. He received his B.S. (Mechanical Engineering), M.S. (Applied Mechanics) and Ph.D. (Aerospace Engineering Science) from the University of Colorado at Boulder. He has worked for Texas Instruments, Lockheed Martin, NASA, University of the Pacific, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and MSC Software Corp. His research includes

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 11

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James A. Mynderse, Lawrence Technological University; Liping Liu, Lawrence Technological University; Andrew L. Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University; Robert W. Fletcher, Lawrence Technological University; Hamid Vejdani, Lawrence Technological University; Wuming Jing, Lawrence Technological University; Kingman E. Yee, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #24752Development of an Entrepreneurial Mind-set within a Three-Semester Me-chanical Engineering Capstone Design Sequence Based on the SAE CollegiateDesign SeriesDr. James A. Mynderse, Lawrence Technological University James A. Mynderse, PhD is an Associate Professor in the A. Leon Linton Department of Mechanical Engineering at Lawrence Technological University. His research interests include mechatronics, dynamic systems, and control with applications to piezoelectric actuators, hysteresis, and perception. He serves as the faculty advisor for the LTU Baja SAE team.Dr. Liping Liu, Lawrence Technological University

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafic Bachnak, Texas A&M International University; Rohitha Goonatilake, Texas A&M International University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

curriculum beyond classroominstruction and laboratory activities. However, relevant and effective teaching is still critical forthose who aspire to be engineers. Research and teaching functions are often balanced to providea right recipe for optimum benefit to the clientele who target this population. It is believed thatuniversities need to recognize that they are in a competition with the rest of the world and Page 25.1212.2preparation and exposure of adequate innovation to young students are done accordingly [3].Keeping these ideas in mind, activities for this program were designed and implemented.Program SynopsisThis paper outlines a program

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmen Cioc, University of Toledo; Noela A Haughton, University of Toledo; Sorin Cioc

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division

Paper ID #36771Combining Problem-Based Learning with the KEEN'sFramework for Entrepreneurially Minded Learning in aFluid Mechanics Course: Pilot ImplementationDr. Carmen Cioc (Associate Professor) Dr. Carmen Cioc is Associate Professor in the Engineering Technology Department, College of Engineering, at the University of Toledo.Dr. Noela A. Haughton Dr. Noela A. Haughton is an associate professor of Education (Research and Measurement program) in the Judith Herb College of Education at the University of Toledo. She teaches courses in assessment and research methods.Sorin Cioc © American

Conference Session

Revitalizing Cooperative Education and Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debbie Gulick, Georgia Institute of Technology; Debbie Pearson, Georgia Institute of Technology; Gayle Elliott, University of Cincinnati; Jennifer Oliver, IAESTE United States; Karl Zimmer, General Cable

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

2006-393: DEVELOPING GLOBALLY-MINDED ENGINEERS THROUGHEDUCATION AND EXPERIENCE: A PANEL DISCUSSION ON INTERNATIONALCO-OP/INTERNSHIP PROGRAM MODELSDebbie Gulick, Georgia Institute of Technology Debbie Gulick is the International Practicum Coordinator at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Her responsibilities include developing and sustaining a large, broad-based program of international internships and cooperative education opportunities for students. Debbie has worked in the field of international education with a specialization in international technical internships for the past five years. She has sent students from over 50 universities to internships in approximately 40 countries. Debbie

Conference Session

Issues in the First Year - Focus on Classroom Activities

Collection

2017 FYEE Conference

Authors

Hyunjae Park, Marquette University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, FYEE Division - Paper Submission

Paper ID #20942Fostering and Establishing an Engineering Entrepreneurial Mindset throughFreshman Engineering Discovery Courses Integrated with an Entrepreneuri-ally Minded Learning (EML) Pedagogic ApproachProf. Hyunjae Park, Marquette University Research Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Opus College of Engineering Marquette Uni- versity Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Session W1A Fostering and Establishing an Engineering

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Charles C. Adams

Session 2261 The Role of the Humanities in Distinguishing Science from Engineering Design in the Minds of Engineering Students Charles C. Adams Dordt CollegeAbstractEngineering problems differ from scientific problems. Therefore the proper identification,formulation, and solving of engineering problems require an understanding of the distinctionbetween engineering and science. In this paper it is argued that the humanities and socialsciences (H&SS) play a major role both in the distinction between engineering and

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division WIPS 1: Projects, Teams, and Portfolios

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Danahe Marmolejo, Saint Louis University; Chris Carroll P.E., Saint Louis University; Michael A. Swartwout, Saint Louis University; Kyle Mitchell, Saint Louis University; Raymond LeBeau, Saint Louis University; Gary Bledsoe, Saint Louis University; Susheel Singh, Saint Louis University; Huliyar S. Mallikarjuna, Saint Louis University; Scott A. Sell, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

Paper ID #44046Work in Progress: Igniting Engineering Fundamentals—A Holistic Approachto First-Year Engineering with Entrepreneurial-Minded Learning and a Project-BasedExploration of MarsDr. Danahe Marmolejo, Saint Louis University Dr. Dana Marmolejo has been an assistant professor of practice in the Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department at the School of Science and Engineering since 2022. With a background in Chemical Engineering, her expertise lies in Thermodynamics and Process Systems Engineering. Dr. Marmolejo’s primary focus is teaching engineering courses, mostly for first- and second-year students. At

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qiang Le, Hampton University; Eric Sheppard, Hampton University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

team working skills.In a survey of the instructor’s experiences to the LITEE team, the instructor wrote: “I believe theuse of case studies has changed the students’ learning in my class. In my opinion, a businessstudent who is destined to pursue money, master money, and make more money is hard to be fed Page 14.85.4with technical stuff. The business students take the engineering courses not because of theirinterests, neither because they think the engineering courses would be useful in their futurecareer, but because their curriculum requires them to. So changing their minds about engineeringis a challenge for engineering faculty.” Based

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rema Nilakanta, Iowa State University; Giada Biasetti, Iowa State University; Shashi S. Nambisan P.E., Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

interpreter from the Scuola Superiore per Interpreti e Traduttori in Milan, Italy.Dr. Shashi S. Nambisan P.E., Iowa State University Since 2007, Shashi Nambisan has been the Director, Institute for Transportation (InTrans) and a professor of civil engineering at Iowa State University (ISU) in Ames, Iowa. He previously served on the faculty at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, for more than 17 years. He is a registered Professional Engineer in the state of Nevada. One of Nambisan’s passions is the development of the future transportation work- force. He enjoys working with students. His advisees have developed successful professional careers at universities or in the private and public sectors. Many of them serve in

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Whalin P.E., Jackson State University; Qing Pang, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

AC 2012-4155: SOLVING THE ENGINEERING PIPELINE CHALLENGE:REVISED, VALIDATED, AND COST-OPTIMIZEDDr. Robert W. Whalin P.E., Jackson State University Robert Whalin is Associate Dean, Professor of civil engineering, and Director, Coastal Hazards Center, Jackson State University. He is Director Emeritus of the Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Miss. He received his Ph.D. in Oceanography from Texas A&M University in 1971 and is a registered Professional Engineer. Whalin was Director of Army Research Laboratory (1998-2003, Adel- phi, Md.), and Technical Director/Director of Waterways Experiment Station (1985-1998; Vicksburg, Miss.). He has authored/co-authored more than a hundred technical papers and

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship and Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Erin A. Henslee, Wake Forest University; Lauren Lowman, Wake Forest University; Michael D. Gross, Wake Forest University; Anita K. McCauley, Wake Forest University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Paper ID #34466Student Motivation and Self-efficacy in Entrepreneurial-minded Learning(EML): What These Mean for Diversity and Inclusion in EngineeringClassroomsProf. Erin A. Henslee, Wake Forest University Dr. Erin Henslee is a Founding Faculty and Assistant Professor of Engineering at Wake Forest University. Her research spans biomedical engineering, e-sports, and STEM education. Prior to joining Wake Forest she was a Researcher Development Officer at the University of Surrey where she supported Early Career Researchers. She received her BS degrees in Engineering Science and Mechanics and Mathematics from Virginia

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jameka Wiggins, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Jamie R. Gurganus, University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Paper ID #34661WIP: Assessing Engineering State of Mind of First-Year UndergraduateAfrican American/Black Students in Scholar ProgramsJameka Wiggins, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Jameka Wiggins is an undergraduate senior Chemical Engineering major and Entrepreneurship minor at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC). She is a member of the Center for Women in Technology and Ronald E. McNair Scholar Programs, as well as a Senator for UMBC’s Chapter of The National Society of Black Engineers. Her research fields include the use additive manufacturing to create biomass containment devices and the

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Kitts, Santa Clara University; Anne Mahacek, Santa Clara University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Paper ID #20446The Santa Clara University Maker Lab: Creating the Lab, Engaging theCommunity, and Promoting Entrepreneurial-minded LearningDr. Christopher Kitts, Santa Clara University Christopher Kitts is as Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Santa Clara University where he serves as Director of the Robotic Systems Laboratory and as the Associate Dean for Research and Faculty Development in the School of Engineering. Kitts runs an aggressive field robotics program focused on the the design and operational control of robotic systems ranging from underwater robots to spacecraft. As part of this activity