Conference Session

Adaptive and Supportive Learning Environments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

W. Vincent Wilding, Brigham Young University; Thomas Allen Knotts IV, Brigham Young University; William G. Pitt, Brigham Young University; Morris D. Argyle, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering, Minorities in Engineering

, where he has served since 1987. He is currently the Pope Professor of chemical engineering at BYU and an Adjunct Research Professor in the Bioengineering Department of the University of Utah. During his 24 years at BYU, his teaching has been in the areas of materials, polymers, and transport phenomena. His research has spanned many disciplines ranging from biomedical material surfaces and composite materials to his current work in controlled drug and gene delivery. With colleagues and students at BYU and other institutions, he has more than 110 peer-reviewed journal publications.Prof. Morris D. Argyle, Brigham Young University

Conference Session

Course and Curriculum Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yuan Liao, University of Kentucky; Lawrence Holloway, University of Kentucky; Paul A. Dolloff, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

pricing calculation• Understand key technologies in distribution systems that enable smart grid• Understand key technologies in transmission systems that enable smart grid 2.3 Pedagogical methodThis course intends to be delivered through classroom lectures. Both traditional blackboardmethod and power point presentation methods are utilized. Students are required to present someof their project results in the class, from which students can also learn from their peers’ work.We utilize various software packages in the class including Matlab simpowersystem andoptimization toolboxes, and IBM ILOG optimization suite. Students will further enforce whatthey learned by independently completing assigned projects described in Section 3 utilizing theirown

Conference Session

First-year Programs Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Beverly Louie, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jordan Michelle Hornback, University of Colorado at Boulder

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

typical first-yearcourse. Students encounter no exams, self- and peer-reflections (i.e., writing!) are assigned, andcollaborating with fellow classmates is expected. A problem-based learning (PBL), activeapproach is used to guide the learning experiences of these students. After the formation ofsemester-long teams, students take on challenging, open-ended projects in diverse topics such asassistive technology, Rube Goldberg, sustainable technology, science concept demonstrations,recreating existing devices and robotics challenges. Along the way, students must developsufficient proficiency in technical drawing, testing, machining, electronics, and/or

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Kean, California Polytechnic State University; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University; Mathew Bissonnette

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

directly.Using Physical MEAs to Help with Self-AssessmentFor many MEAs, providing a means for students to “check” the validity of their models can bequite difficult. Strategies can include providing fictitious data from the client, referring studentsto peer-reviewed literature, and depending on student experiences to help them determine when asolution “seems” correct. We have found that one of the most powerful ways to provide self-assessment is in the form of actual laboratory or physical activities. Examples of this include theCatapult MEA and the Force Transducer MEA.Catapult MEAThe Petersborough Museum in England hosts a Medieval Exhibition each year, and plans to holda catapult launch competition. As part of the competition they want to award a

Conference Session

BME Laboratory and Project Experiences

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara Burks Fasse Ph.D., Georgia Institute of Technology; Essy Behravesh, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

) Page 25.1105.4and suspension (HL-60) cell lines were selected based on available body of work in peer-reviewed literature, ease of culture, and flexibility in the type of projects for better studentengagement students.Facilitators in the revised lab course were encouraged to actively allow students to maketechnical but not strategic mistakes. For example, students were required to have proper positiveand negative controls in their experiments but allowed to err during a western blot as long astheir controls gave them clues about where the error might have occurred. Report discussiongrades were weighted heavily in the final grading to encourage a revisit of procedures andmethodologies that might have resulted in errors or limitations for the

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Experiences and Assessment in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

worked on adifferent project, and in many cases the teams were multi-disciplinary. This approach has thebenefit of encouraging students to be more diligent in their presentation, because of the audienceof peers, faculty from across campus, and industry sponsors who may be hiring graduates.A different design competition model is to promote internal-competitions among students withina single course. At the University of Colorado Boulder (CU), the Civil Engineering capstonecourse has always used only one or two projects and therefore multiple teams all work on thesame project. This engenders a degree of competition among teams, but competition was notdirectly encouraged until 2009. In that year the course was re-designed with a local

Conference Session

Topics in Computer Science and Programming

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Walter W. Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering; Mark J. Sebern, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Implementation & Test 7 Project: Code Review Testing Project, Cycle 1: Status Memo Configuration Management Implementation & Test cont. 8 Test Case Exercise Generalization Project, Cycle 2: Cycle 1 Final Report Analysis & Design Peer Evaluation Role Summary 9 Additional Design Software Metrics Estimation Project, Cycle 2: Cycle 2 Analysis &

Conference Session

Laboratory Exercises for Energy, Power, and Industrial Applications

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zeit T. Cai, Princeton University; Jeremy John Worm P.E., Michigan Technological University; Drew Dosson Brennan, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Page 25.613.4tasks. Students will write a report which summarizes their results.Lectures and Background InformationAs indicated previously, the assignment begins with lecture material that focuses on the sourcesof drag and rolling resistance. This includes tires, drivetrain components, body geometry andunderbody aerodynamic effects. The students see where the losses originate and how to estimatetheir impact. Lecture material also covers the coastdown experimental procedures and the datareduction process required to determine drag and rolling resistance from the experimental data.Through this process students become familiar with the functional form of the expressiondescribing the vehicle velocity as a function of time3 as shown in Equation 1

Conference Session

Hands-on Laboratory and Design Experiences in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Ross Pfluger P.E., U.S. Military Academy; David-Michael P. Roux, U.S. Army; Michael A. Butkus, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

introductory environmental engineering courses14 and in environmentalsampling and analysis laboratory courses.17 The most common measurements appear to beparticulate matter (PM), CO, CO2, and aerosols (Table 1). One air pollution project at theUniversity of Utah examined the outdoor concentrations of PM and the students’ work resultedin peer-reviewed publication.22An example of a previously published IAP project was described by Eschenbach and Cashman(2004), who reported on students’ use of CO2 meters to determine the ventilation rate of a spaceof their choosing. The instructor provided a website and associated readings that explain the useof the CO2 meters, the proper data collection methods, as well as describe the use of regressionto determine the

Conference Session

Assessments, Assessments, and Assessments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David B. Meredith, Pennsylvania State University, Fayette

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

. Page 25.1274.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Test Preparation and Test Quality Assessment – What I Wish Someone Had Told Me in the BeginningAbstractHow does an instructor prepare a test and feel confident that it is fair, balanced and the correct length? That issueworried me as I entered the teaching profession three decades ago. After a decade of writing multiple choicequestions for the Professional Engineering exam and two decades of national involvement with the ABETaccreditation process, it is time to pass some of the “tricks of the trade” along to the next generation of newfaculty members.As a starting point for this discussion, the assumption that

Conference Session

Aircraft Design Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacques C. Richard, Texas A&M University; Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University; Dimitris C. Lagoudas P.E., Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

assistant, usually a graduate student,and a peer teacher, usually an undergraduate student who recently completed the freshman-engineering sequence. The graphics portion of the class has the students use a commercialgraphics package that can be used to draw parts selected from outside of class or parts of theirrobot by the end of the semester. At the beginning of the semester, basic project planning iscovered as well as an introduction of flowcharting and some basics of the visual programmingenvironment, in this case LabView. The most important aspect of the programming portion isactually what the program is being asked to do and how it completes the task. Since LabView ismany times not the programming language of choice in the student’s follow-on

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Marshall, University of Southern Maine; William R. Marshall, Alief Independent School District

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

from peer reactions and should be encouraged to take responsibility for their ownlearning (i.e., taught to self-evaluate). Providing accurate feedback and helping students totake charge of learning can stimulate healthy minds. Page 25.469.3Improving Pedagogy with Differentiated InstructionA key concept in differentiated instruction is applying a proactive approach to the learning andteaching model. As such, this document is divided into two major themes: active learning; andactive teaching.Topics included in the “Active Learning” section include: 1) Focusing on Learning and NotTeaching; 2) Problem Based Learning; 3) Facilitating Group Learning

Conference Session

Capstone and Design Projects in Engineering Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Biswajit Ray, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Introduction to Engineering Technology course,offered to freshmen electronics engineering technology students, are presented. The primaryobjective of this course is to improve the quantitative and qualitative problem solving skill offreshmen students during their first semester of college experience. This in turn contributes totheir preparedness for subsequent science, math, and engineering technology courses, positivelyimpacting student retention rate. The course presented herein also includes a number of hands-on projects to introduce the concepts of engineering design, prototyping, and testing. Soft skillssuch as formal report writing and team work, and orientation to engineering profession andindustry are also key components of this course. Course

Conference Session

FPD II: Hands-on Curriculum in the First Year

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beverly K. Jaeger, Northeastern University; Susan F. Freeman, Northeastern University; Richard Whalen, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. This second semester ‘programming’ course had not fullymade the connection between software written to solve a practical problem and how it might be used todrive hardware/devices in a visible experiential way. As a result, students were skeptical, expressing adisconnect with real-world and career applications. This weak cause-and-effect association at timesresulted in a somewhat uninterested learning population. It became apparent that students did not deeplyunderstand the importance of writing code in relation to engineering problem solving. We as instructorssaw an opportunity to take a role in bridging this gap.Challenge #2: Resources. A further challenge relates to resources: How can we demonstrate the value ofprogramming and problem

Conference Session

NEW THIS YEAR! - ASEE Main Plenary II: Best Paper Recognition & Industry Day Session: Corporate Member Council Speaker

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen R. Turns, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Topics

ASEE Board of Directors, Corporate Members Council

successful peers (e.g., Refs. 22, 23). These differences have beenassociated with performance on classroom assessments24 and problem solving measures.2 Taken together, this body of research suggests that one way in which an instructor couldimprove students’ problem solving is by helping students to develop a well-organized knowledgebase and showing how this knowledge applies to specific problems. In a later section, wediscuss ways to promote high quality knowledge organization amongst students inthermodynamics.Procedural Knowledge In our theoretical framework, procedural knowledge includes both the skills andstrategies a student knows. Automated skills include knowledge such as how to applyalgorithms and construct diagrams. Strategies

Conference Session

New and Innovative Ideas

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer S. Atchison, Drexel University; Danielle Tadros, Drexel University; Yury Gogotsi, Drexel University; Paul Holt; William Andrew Stoy, North Carolina State University; Joy A. Kots, Father Judge High School; Caroline Louise Schauer, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

their peers and compete in local and regionalscience fairs.This project was a joint effort between high school teachers who participated in the 2011Research Experience for Teachers in Nanotechnology (RET-Nano), students in the 2011Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU), their graduate mentors and faculty. The Page 25.617.2RET-Nano teachers and REU students/mentors worked together to develop lesson plansand activities to scaffold the high school student’s learning experience. The REU studentsdesigned, built the tested the experimental hardware for the electrospinning traveling kit.And the graduate mentor travelled to all of the schools to

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David C. Che, Geneva College; David Allen Clark, Geneva College; David W. Shaw, Geneva College; James S. Gidley, Geneva College

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Page 25.891.2expounded on the benefits of peer-led team-learning that comes with SAE Baja projects4. Reimer,Lawrence and Abro noted that competitive activities such as Baja could help nurture theentrepreneurial mindset in students5. Hoff and Davis pointed out that the SAE Collegiate DesignSeries can provide valuable hands-on experience for undergraduates6. Novoselich and Dillonexplored the unique dynamics and benefits of creating two student teams instead of one to furthermotivate students to excel, in the context of a large engineering program7. Marlor shared hisexperience serving as a faculty advisor to the SAE Baja team, especially from advising the SAE clubperspective8. In this paper, we will share our experience working with a small pool

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University; Micah Lande, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

company, and an electronic coachingglove for a bowling coach. Student teams were required to propose projects for the course that would allow for theuse of an Arduino Uno microcontroller, receive input from at least one sensor and control at leastone actuator. In addition, budget constraints ($160/student team) and user testing requirementswere given. At the beginning of the semester, teams presented multiple options for potentialusers / clients / stakeholders and received peer and instructor feedback that guided theirselection. Student teams completed detailed benchmarking, user observations and datacollection, a mission statement, and defined requirements and specifications based on the user.The majority of the semester was then spent

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students - Diversity and Assessment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sylvanus N. Wosu, University of Pittsburgh; Devdas M. Pai, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Minorities in Engineering

the ever-increasing diversity in the U.S., expected large-scaleretirements from the STEM disciplines, and the need to ensure a stable future STEM workforceto maintain U.S. competitiveness in science and engineering. Nelson and Rogers write, “Ifsignificant progress is to be made within the next couple of decades, new and totally differentapproaches to solving problems facing women and minority faculty will be needed.13”This paper presents a comprehensive multi-dimensional approach to addressing the above three-body pipeline problem that result in low production of URM PhD and under-representation ofURM faculty in STEM. The model premise is that multi-campus recruiting pipeline, graduatementoring, retention system, and institutional receptivity

Conference Session

FPD VII: Research on First-year Programs Part II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Doug Bullock, Boise State University; Seung Youn Chyung, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

couldn’t whip out my laptop during an exam. I painstakingly turned it on andstarted using it. In the Jimmy Carter days, I used reverse polish notation, and there wereno graphing calculators available for use in examinations.Now – my past experiences made me aware that there is definitely a way to store anumber in a calculator. Yet how to do this was not obvious to me in peering with myreaders down at the tiny notation on the calculator side-buttons. During an in-classexercise, hand-calculating a series of secant slopes, I realized how it would be useful tostore the outcome of X times “e” raised to the X, where X was 1.003476. As anexperienced “networker,” I have realized that simply “asking one who knows” is a fasterway of figuring out how to do

Conference Session

Computer-based Measurements

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bridget M. Smyser, Northeastern University; Kevin McCue, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

. Demonstration type labs seem to haveevolved primarily to deal with increasing enrollment, which has gone up dramatically in recentyears. Unfortunately, it has been difficult for the infrastructure to keep up with the increase.Since a broken piece of equipment in the first of six lab sections makes it impossible to teach theremaining sections, the emphasis had shifted in many cases to protecting the equipment above allelse. In the Measurements and Analysis class, for example, the pressure experiment was by andlarge performed by the TA, with the students watching and writing down data. In anotherexample, the strain lab required several inconvenient work-arounds to allow students to adjustthe zero setting on a Wheatstone bridge. In real life this would be

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computer-oriented Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Naser El-Bathy P.E., North Carolina A&T State University; Clay Samuel Gloster Jr., North Carolina A&T State University; Ghassan M. Azar; Cameron Seay, North Carolina A&T State Univeristy; Mohammed K. El-Bathy, Lawrence Technological University; Ibraheem A. Kateeb, North Carolina A&T State University; Rajeev K. Agrawal, North Carolina A&T State University; Aiman Ghassan Baset

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

information technology with business strategies, goals, and needs. While the study of and research in computer science is his prime objective, his interests in literature, music, travel, and nature help him to maintain a sense of perspective in life. He likes to write and has published some articles and is a co-author of a published book. He believes that each of us must give something back to society, so he contributes to local organizations that focus on the environment of his hometown.Dr. Ibraheem A. Kateeb, North Carolina A&T State University Ibraheem Kateeb received his B.S. in physics and mathematics from Yarmouk University in Jordan, and M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. from NCA&TSU in North Carolina in electrical and

Conference Session

Expanding Access and Opportunities for M/30

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock E. Barry P.E., U.S. Military Academy; Scott M. Katalenich, U.S. Military Academy; Brad C. McCoy, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

finalhomework assignment was a reflective essay on whether or not the student planned to remain acivil engineering major and why/why not, and what strengths/weaknesses did they have when itcomes to the skills/attributes outlined by the BOK2 and ABET.The freshmen thought that the five most important skills were communication, ethics, teamwork,creativity, and design. Although the small number of female and minority students madeidentifying statistically significant differences difficult, at the conclusion of the Introduction toCivil Engineering course, reportedly a greater percentage of females (20%) had lost interest incivil engineering compared to their white male peers (10%). Out of 134 students, 11 lost interestin being a civil engineering major, yet

Conference Session

Thinking About the Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Mark H. Somerville, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; David E. Goldberg, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Kerri Ann Green, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

experimental IM discussion sections. These TAs changed their teachingactivities and grading activities to focus on supporting students’ autonomy rather than any oneparticular learning outcome. Since these TAs also want to become faculty, this increasedresponsibility for the TAs created a secondary benefit of training these TAs to become agents ofchange in their future careers. To create an IM supportive environment for the TAs, the faculty gave the TAs greaterautonomy to choose the structure of their discussion sections and to choose grading procedures.This autonomy was supported by a weekly one-hour coaching and peer-support TA meeting.This meeting consisted of training in grading schemes, listening skills, team building skills, anddiscussions

Conference Session

Remote and Network-based Laboratories

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander A. Kist, University of Southern Queensland; Andrew Douglas Maxwell, University of Southern Queensland; Peter D. Gibbings

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

(NCEA) researching significantly funded industry projects examining the design and modelling of specialist conductivity instrumentation and modelling for foods in the dairy industry. Since 2009, he has been a lecturer in electronics and communications engineering at the Faculty of Engineering and Surveying at USQ. He has published commercial research reports, trademarks, patent, and academic peer reviewed research papers both nationally and internationally including two recent publications directly relating to improving STEM engagement in schools using remote access laboratories and robotics. His research interest includes surrogate instrumentation systems, remote and non-contact measurement, remote laboratories, and

Conference Session

Undergraduate Recruitment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia R. Backer, San Jose State University; Rona Tamiko Halualani, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

in math, science, or engineering than their male peers. TheCollege of Engineering at San José State University has also witnessed an overall decrease in thenumber of women engineering students, dropping from 19% in 2001 to 14% in 2011.Table 1. Women Undergraduates in the College of Engineering at San José State University Full‐time Students First‐time Freshmen New Transfer Students 25.0% 22.4% 22.4% 21.2% 20.0% 17.1% 17.9% 17.8% 18.1% 16.2% 14.4% 13.7% 13.6% 15.0% 18.8% 16.4% 17.6

Conference Session

IT-based Instructional Technologies

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander A. Kist, University of Southern Queensland

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

performance parameters and contrasts thisinformation with key parameters of the NBN. The study suggests that a digital divide will remainfor locations that have to rely on satellite Internet access, even once the NBN has been deployed.IntroductionIn step with the developments in technology and society, educators have embraced computer andInternet-based learning and teaching tools. This includes administrative tools such as CourseManagement Systems (CMS), e.g. Moodle, as well as tools with a strong learning and teachingfocus, such as peer assessment tools. Such learning tools are used by both, distance as well asface-to-face education. Modern distance education relies heavily on Information andCommunication Technology (ICT) to provide students with an

Conference Session

Information and Network Security

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mudasser Fraz Wyne, National University; Gregory Stuart Rogers; Preston Jay Mendoza, National University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

. Wyne has been with the ABET USA for more than 10 years and is currently serving as a Commissioner for Computing Accreditation Commission (CAC) of ABET. In addition, he is a Guest Editor for a journal, Associate Editor, and is serving on editorial boards for four international journals. He has also served as Chair and Co-chair of numerous conferences, workshops, tracks, and panels, in addition to serving on the program committee for more than 60 international conferences. Wyne has given invited talks on numerous occasions and published a number of articles in peer-reviewed international journals and peer-reviewed international conferences.Mr. Gregory Stuart RogersMr. Preston Jay Mendoza, National University Business

Conference Session

Faculty Career Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa G. Bullard, North Carolina State University; Penny M. Knoll, Montana State University; Ann Saterbak, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

. Fahien Award, the John Wiley Premier Award for Engineering Education Courseware, NCSU Fac- ulty Advising Award, National Effective Teaching Institute Fellow, NCSU Alumni Outstanding Teacher Award, George H. Blessis Outstanding Undergraduate Advisor Award, ASEE Southeastern Section New Teacher Award, and ASEE-ERM Apprentice Faculty Grant Award. Bullard’s research interests lie in the area of educational scholarship, including teaching and advising effectiveness, academic integrity, process design instruction, and the integration of writing, speaking, and computing within the curriculum.Prof. Penny M. Knoll, Montana State University Penny Knoll is an Associate Professor and Program Coordinator for the undergraduate

Conference Session

Model Eliciting Activities

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

rankings. For the Team Draft 2and Team Final Response, teams revisit their procedure (using peer and instructor feedback) andwork with the larger historical data set.As with any MEA, students are not specifically instructed to use particular mathematical orstatistical methods. For discussion purposes here, Table 1 provides summary statistics of thedata to demonstrate what the student teams should have noticed about the data and referred towhen developing their own data sets to further test their mathematical models. Given the dataprovided at Draft 1, the student teams should have concluded that the mean alone cannot be usedto differentiate the shipping companies. The means are all within about 0.1 minutes (not enoughto make a practical difference