Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Gino Galvez; Eric Marinez; Alvaro Monge

increase academic performanceand retention of Latino students. While the grant has several components, this paper will presentthe two programs that engage Latino students in research: the Winter Research Experience andthe Summer Bridge to the Beach.BackgroundThe two programs described in this paper place students in an active research project with afaculty mentor and ideally other peers. Such strategy is one that has been shown to be effectivein improving students’ sense of belonging and in increasing the relevance of the knowledgeacquired in STEM courses. Hurtado et al.1 report on the significant impact that the relevance ofsuch knowledge has on a student’s life on campus. Both programs provide such relevance byimmersing the students in a

Conference Session

Flipping ECE Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jia-Ling Lin, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Paul Imbertson, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Tamara J. Moore, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

mid-western university.7 To flip lectures, we utilizedproblem-centered learning combined with group discussions and contextualized lecturing duringregular in-class sessions. Students were instructed to know theories and content by watchingonline video modules before coming to the class, and solve problems with peers inside theclassroom. The design of the instructional model drew on an established framework for activelearning, which includes the Four Practices: (1) anticipating, (2) monitoring, (3) connecting andcontrasting, and (4) contextualized lecturing. The model has been implemented, and willcontinue to be modified through iterative cycles.8In our previous report, we used design-based-research (DBR) methods to study how the

Conference Session

Student Beliefs, Motivation and Self Efficacy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micah Stickel, University of Toronto; Siddarth Hari, University of Toronto; Qin Liu, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

be used forindividual, group, or full-class learning experiences. If the students come well-prepared and theexercises are well-designed, then it is hoped that students will leave the face-to-face time with adeeper understanding of the core concepts, one which they have worked to develop through theirown efforts with the support of their peers and the instructor.The inverted classroom approach has a basis in three well-known principles of the science oflearning: (a) Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development 1, (b) Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning 2,and (c) “How the Brain Learns” and the retention of core material 3. Lev Vygotsky introducedthe concept of a zone of proximal development (ZPD) to describe the intermediary state betweenthe things a

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technology Programs II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norman Pestaina, Florida International University; Tiana Solis, Florida International University; Peter J. Clarke, Florida International Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

project may be used to assess the SOs of a computer scienceprogram. Farrell et al.8 describe an approach that attempts to develop a system for the fairallocation of course grades to the members of the senior project team. In grading our seniorprojects we use some of the ideas presented by Farrell et al.8, e.g., peer group assessment andevaluating meeting minutesAhmad et al.5 performed a study of the undergraduate software capstone project at 19 Pakistaniuniversities and provides generic support for quality assessment of capstone projects at theundergraduate level. The study investigated the current practices followed for assessment ofcomputer science and software engineering capstone projects and the formulation of genericrubrics for quality

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University and Central Queensland University; Nichole M. Ramirez, Purdue University; Trina L. Fletcher, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Professorial Re- search Fellow at Central Queensland University. He has degrees from Swarthmore College, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Florida. His research on the longitudinal study of engineer- ing students, team assignment, peer evaluation, and active and collaborative teaching methods has been supported by over $12.8 million from the National Science Foundation and the Sloan Foundation and his team received Best Paper awards from the Journal of Engineering Education in 2008 and 2011 and from the IEEE Transactions on Education in 2011. Dr. Ohland is past Chair of ASEE’s Educational Research and Methods division and a member the Board of Governors of the IEEE Education Society. He was the

Conference Session

Addressing the NGSS, Part 1 of 3: Supporting K-8 Science Teachers in Engineering Pedagogy and Engineering-Science Connections

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott C. Molitor, University of Toledo; Joan N. Kaderavek, University of Toledo; Hoangha Dao, University of Toledo; Nicholas J. Liber; Regina Rotshtein, University of Toledo; Geoff Milewski, The University of Toledo; Charlene M. Czerniak, The University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

- hood Education at the University of Toledo. Dr. Kaderavek’s research has focused on classroom discourse and linkages between discourse and academic achievement.Hoangha Dao, University of ToledoNicholas J LiberRegina Rotshtein, University of ToledoGeoff Milewski, The University of ToledoDr. Charlene M Czerniak, The University of Toledo Charlene M. Czerniak is a professor at The University of Toledo in the department of Curriculum and Instruction. She received her Ph.D. in science education from The Ohio State University. A former elementary teacher in Bowling Green, OH, she teaches classes in grant writing, elementary science edu- cation, and science teacher leadership. Professor Czerniak has authored and co-authored over 50

Conference Session

Potpourri

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melodie A. Selby PE, Walla Walla University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

the Likert scale questions, students are asked to write responses to “What aspectsof the teaching or content of this course do you feel were especially good?” In 2011, all eightstudents responded. The top aspects mentioned were “the teacher’s attitude” by three students,“assignments” by two students, and “PowerPoints” by two students. In 2013, apparently somestudents responded multiple times because the report shows 13 comments from seven students.The top aspects mentioned were “The Avengers theme” by 11 students and “teacher’s attitude”by three students. Two pertinent comments were “The usefulness of the Avengers theme is agreat example of the purpose of fiction – to predict how real decisions are made in difficult butrelevant circumstances

Conference Session

Student Learning, Problem Solving, & Critical Thinking 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan M. Hicks, University of Florida; Amy Elizabeth Bumbaco, University of Florida; Elliot P. Douglas, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

connections by exploring relationships among the three topics, considers issuesrelated to the topics within engineering, and offers possible areas of future exploration.IntroductionMission and vision statements for universities and colleges across the country underline theimportance of critical thinking and related skills in higher education today.1-8 Without explicitlyusing the phrase, sources such as ABET EAC and the National Academy of Engineering assertthe need for engineers to be well trained in critical thinking skills.9,10 However, a number ofresearchers11-14 argue that many students show little to no gain in “critical thinking, complexreasoning, and writing skills”11 over the course of their undergraduate educations. Despiteconsensus that one

Conference Session

An Examination of Methods to Enhance Transfer Student Enrollment, Retenion, Persistence, and Outcomes

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shen Liu, West Kentucky Community and Technical College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

approach in the sophomore-level three-credit hour Statics course,emphasis is placed on designing models, data analysis, technical writing, and classroom Page 24.710.5presentations. Assigning different projects can prevent groups from sharing the same ideas, but itis hard to guarantee that different projects have the same level of effectiveness andinterestingness. The same project is assigned to all groups in the spring of 2014. The project isdesigned to encompass almost all the fundamental topics covered in the course and to address aset of course competencies as listed in the course syllabus. The project is related to the designand analysis of a

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Lam, California State University, Bakersfield; Melissa Danforth, California State University, Bakersfield; Hani Mehrpouyan P.E., California State University, Bakersfield; Ronald Hughes, CSUB STEM Affinity Group

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Technology. Additional duties included grant writing, management, and evaluation; and university committees. RESEARCH INTERESTS: Include teaching and learning cognition skills, informal learning environ- ments and strategies, and curriculum design. Page 24.1141.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Work in Progress: Summer Engineering Outreach Program for High School Students: Survey and Analysis Abstract In the academic year 2011-2012, the Department of Electrical and Computer Engi- neering and Computer

Conference Session

Assessment of Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Youakim Kalaani, Georgia Southern University; Rami Jubrail Haddad, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

engineering experiments, as well as analyze and interpret data (b) - Function effectively on multi-disciplinary teams to accomplish assigned tasks (d)4- Inquiry Skills (SLO4) Page 24.124.3 - Conduct research in electrical engineering discipline as part of life-long learning (i) - Evaluate engineering systems as pertained to novelty and contemporary issues (j)5- Profession Skills (SLO5) - Apply the rules of the code of professional conduct and ethics in electrical engineering (f1) - Provide alternative outcomes for a given conflict of interest or dilemma (f2)6- Communication Skills (SLO6) - Write technical reports that conform to standard

Conference Session

Topics in Computing and Information Technologies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manghui Tu, Purdue University Calumet; Kimberly Lynn Spoa-Harty, Purdue University Calumet Graduate Student

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

labeled as si has higher sensitive levelthan a data item that is labeled as sj if i > j. To fulfill tasks defined by the work role, a useraccesses sensitive assets with certain preference. Let O = {o1, o2, …, o} denote the set of Zaccess operations, for example, read, write, execute, delete, shutdown, print, copy, etc. Let Adenote the set of preference level where A = {a1, a2, …, an}, then the sensitive access preferencecan be defined by a set of 2-tuples, (di, aj). A data item with access preference ai is accessed withhigher frequency than a data item with access preference aj if i > j, and a1 is defined as thelowest access preference, e.g., zero access. Some operations will be performed regularly, and

Conference Session

Assessment of Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne Lu, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

category can be graded by the consistency ofcontents throughout the report. The depth of discussion category closely reflects the integrationof knowledge category so that reports showing good elaborations will have higher scores andreports with many hardware or software specification details will have lower scores.Cohesiveness category can be graded based on how well the report contents flow. The spelling& grammar category can be graded based on common writing basics such as a figure captionshould be under the figure and the table caption should be above the table; figure and tablecaptions and their corresponding figures and tables should be on the same page; and paragraphsshould have adequate lengths.The sources category can be graded based

Conference Session

WIED: Faculty and Gender Issues

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharon Patricia Mason, Rochester Institute of Technology; Carol Elizabeth Marchetti, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Margaret B. Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Stefi Alison Baum, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

andtheir social circles. A recent study of faculty participants at three private large, geographicallydiverse research-intensive universities indicates that female students in the sciences are lesslikely to be hired and are viewed as less competent than their male peers when applying for labmanager positions.24 In a randomized double-blind study, student application materials for a labmanager position were randomly assigned a female or male name. Science faculty fromresearch-intensive universities rated the male applicant as “significantly more competent andhirable than the (identical) female applicant.”24 The faculty reviewers also indicated a higherstarting salary and more career mentoring for the male applicant, and gender of the

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Walter W. Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering; John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University; Khalid S. Al-Olimat P.E., Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Science at Ohio Northern University. He received his MS and PhD degrees in computer science from the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, and his BS in computer science and engineering from The University of Toledo. His areas of research include simplifying the outcomes assessment process, first-year engineering instruction, and the pedagogical aspects of writing computer games. John currently serves as Chair of the Computers in Education Division and was one of the principal authors of the Best Paper Rubric used for determining the Best Overall Conference Paper and Best Professional Interest Council (PIC) Papers for the ASEE Annual Conference. He is a past recipient of Best Paper awards from the Computers in

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Engineering Economy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Weihang Zhu, Lamar University; Alberto Marquez P.E., Lamar University; Julia H. Yoo, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

ability and connectivity than a contemporarybasic feature phone. Smartphones run complete operating system software, providing a platformfor application developers. Apple iOS and Google Android are two examples of popularsmartphone platforms. Today, smartphones offer multi-touch screen interfaces featuring manysmall apps with different functions. Some of these small apps are educational applications viaonline market places, such as the Android Play store and the Apple App store. At the time of ourproposal writing in 2010, no suitable apps were available in the stores. Currently there are a fewsimple apps serving as calculators and interest tables. We have developed an app with a muchmore comprehensive coverage that allows students to learn most

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering: Research on Teachers' Perceptions, Attitudes and Impacts of Teacher PD

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anastasia Marie Rynearson, Purdue University; Kerrie A Douglas, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

learned that team work and group work is vital. (F,3) Problem Solving I think they learned some problem solving skills. (C,4) To talk about what they’re learning, you know, to write it down and just plan things out and think about it. (D,4) Other They’ve learned simple machines. (B,3) They learned what the engineering process is. (F,3) Types of Engineers That it could be different processes, like with chemical engineers...and manufacturing, you know designing different ways to make things. (A,2) I think they learned what engineers do and that there's lots of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn F. Trenshaw, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Renata A. Revelo Alonso, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Katherine Earl Earl, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

discussed codes for each interview until we agreed unanimously on all codes to reduceindividual variation in perceptions about students’ statements. Second, after theme development,we conducted peer debriefing where we asked two peers with knowledge of the course redesignproject and of relevant qualitative methods who were uninvolved in the study to debrief with uson our themes from the interviews. Through this process, we uncovered any interpretive leaps wemade during theme development and further refined our themes. Third, we carried out memberchecking by sharing a complete draft of the manuscript with the interviewed students and askingwhether it accurately reflected their experiences in the course. All students approved thepresentation of their

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Flora P. McMartin, Broad-based Knowledge, LLC; Sarah Holsted, Broad-based Knowledge; Joshua Morrill, Morrill Solutions Research (MSR); Joseph G. Tront, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

educationadministrators, promotion and tenure committees, and faculty colleagues did not value or knowhow to judge the value of the innovative courseware created or authored by these innovativefaculty members. [6, 13] The faculty members who made up the NEEDS community however,envisioned a future where computer-based, electronic teaching and learning materials would playa much more central role in engineering education; [9, 13, 17] and where evaluating the quality ofcourseware would become an essential practice by and for faculty who would use thesematerials. Peer review criteria were developed for the Premier Award and were used in theyearly judging process for the award. They also served as best practice guidelines for facultydeveloping courseware. [7]The

Conference Session

Biological & Agricultural Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Silvia Husted, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Nelly Ramirez-Corona, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Enrique Palou, Universidad de las Americas Puebla

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

, peer-, and self-assessments were also performed throughout the course and on final project. Additionally, aSpecific Course Rubric that included technical aspects regarding food product development aswell as abilities of the team to present their product and answering questions raised during oraland poster presentations, and during tasting of developed food products. For this specific rubric,the scale varied from 1 (novice) to 4 (expert).Mean values from Creative Thinking VALUE Rubric assessment of final projects were 2.35 forAcquiring Competencies (attaining strategies and skills within a particular domain), 2.42 forTaking Risks (may include personal risk, fear of embarrassment or rejection, or risk of failure insuccessfully completing

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yakov E. Cherner, ATEL, LLC; Maija M. Kuklja, University of Maryland College Park; Alexander Rudy, Institute of Physics and Technology of RAS, Yaroslavl Branch

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Paper ID #10563Customizable Virtual X-Ray Laboratory: An Innovative Tool for InteractiveOnline Teaching and LearningDr. Yakov E. Cherner, ATEL, LLC Dr. Yakov E. Cherner, a Founder and President of ATEL, LLC, taught science, engineering and technology disciplines to high school, college and university students. He has extensive experience in writing cur- ricula and developing educational software and efficient instructional strategies. Dr. Cherner introduced an innovative concept of multi-layered simulation-based conceptual teaching of science and technology. This instructional approach uses real-world objects, processes and

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tess Anne Hegedus, The University of North Carolina, Greensboro; Heidi B. Carlone, The University of North Carolina, Greensboro; Aundrea D. Carter, University of North Carolina, Greensboro

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Fall 2013. The fourth-grade teachers chose theSolid as a Rock: Replicating an Artifact (see http://www.eie.org/content/rocks) unit with a focuson materials engineering. The fifth-grade teachers chose to implement Now You’re Cooking:Designing Solar Ovens (see http://www.eie.org/content/energy) with a focus on greenengineering. Teachers chose units because they best aligned with district pacing guides andrelevant content standards. During the professional development, teachers engaged in andplanned the EiE units with their grade-level peers and the research team. These collaborationscontinued after the summer session ended through use of a team blog, email collaboration, ateam meeting during the fall semester and a team meeting in Spring 2014

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikunja Swain P.E., South Carolina State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

integration of students and development of student-faculty bonds. It is expectedthat eight seminars will be held per academic year. Potential seminar topics are: (1) The CSET-STEMProgram, (2) Applying for Graduate School and Financial Aid, (3) Finding a Mentor, (4) Ethics, (5)Public Speaking, (6) Understanding Group Dynamics, (7) Managing Intellectual Property, (8) TimeManagement, and (9) Technical Writing.(b)Graduate School and/or Employment Preparation -- Scholars will be urged to register with the SCState Career Center. This will ensure that they are prepared to connect with graduate schoolrepresentatives and employers.(c)Academic Mentors – Each scholar will choose an academic mentor from a list of available mentors.This list will include faculty

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Richard Millham

, we examine the mathematics, styles in order to feel more in control of theirphysics, and English secondary school grades of learning and learning environment [6, 8]students during the final year of Grade 10, justbefore they entered the program, and their E-learning has been found to be the most effectivesubsequent secondary school grades in these means of instruction by some. Differentsubjects throughout their Grade 11 year, as they educational pedagogies, such as peer and self-participate in the program in order to determine the instruction, were studied by Kroesbergen and it waseffectiveness of the e-learning intervention. found that self-instruction was the most

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Fernanda Gobbi de Boer; Carla ten Caten; Istefani Carisio de Paula

]. The methodologies include activities such as reading, writing,expected [3] competences of a production engineer, according problem solving, issue resolution, promotion of discussions,to the Ministry of Education (MEC) guidelines, include the among others [6].ability to use mathematical and statistical tools to project,implement and improve systems, products and processes, in Perceiving the constant need for change and students’ andorder to stay up to date with technological advances, to professors’ demands

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin William Weiser, Eastern Washington University; Hani Serhal Saad, Eastern Washington University; Robert E. Gerlick, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

studies presented above show a trend toward longer duration capstone experiences withcorresponding increases in content. There is a great deal of literature with very good discussionson the various content and organization of capstone courses, as well as the drivers involved –ABET, industry needs, evolving engineering specialties, program specialties and needs, etc.There is little research, however, on the implication of capstone duration to its intendedobjectives, and there are contradictions in the findings that are available, as mentioned byGriffin8. For instance, Griffin8 cites a study by Bateson9 that purported students in yearlongclasses outperformed their peers in similar semester-long courses, and going further saying thatthe shorter the

Conference Session

Data Analytics in Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Conrad Tucker, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Barton K. Pursel, The Pennsylvania State University; Anna Divinsky

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. The forums ofMOOCs represent a possible focal point for learners, providing a venue for tens of thousands ofindividuals to share ideas and insights around a common topic. In terms of learner intent, somelearners might be motivated solely by the availability of thousands of peers in a singlecommunity, and have no intentions to complete any of the course assignments. While thisappears to be a plausible reason to enroll in a MOOC, very little is known about how forumswith up to 100,000 students provide value to learners.To date, most research examining MOOC forums focus on the frequency of use and studentresponses to survey questions about the experience of using MOOC forums. One study

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Selyna Perez Beverly

years later, the GPA of students who took the course was 8 GPA points higher on averagethan those that did not take the course. Overall campus data has revealed that first year experiencecourses, including the College of Engineering’s FYE course, affect student’s GPA and retention in apositive way. Within both the lecture and the lab, student learning outcomes are assessed on a variety ofprojects and coursework including writing assignments about engineering and the campus community,interactions with engineering faculty, and group-level presentations. Student surveys are disseminatedfor both the lecture and the lab and results of both surveys consistently indicate that the learningoutcomes of the course have been successfully met. Students cite

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Jared Tuberty; Thalia Anagnos; Emily Allen

existing programming in otheracademic and student services divisions so that we are not squandering resources to duplicatewhat already is happening on campus. We refer students to the multitude of resources on campussuch as the Counseling Center, Peer Connections (a tutoring and supplemental instructionresource), and Writing Center.Gaining Additional Financial SupportHaving such a robust and well-managed scholarship program has allowed us to leverageadditional support from a range of donors including corporate, individual donors, and familyfoundations. Being in the heart of Silicon Valley, SJSU and the College of Engineering havebeen fortunate to receive support from industry. We have designed the program so that insteadof a company being matched

Conference Session

Teaching Dynamics

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brianno Coller, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

,they may implement it through an interface called the SpuPilot. Below, I provide a briefoverview of the interface so that when I present logs of student work, later in the article, thereader can understand what they are doing. Figure 6. GUI where students write mathematical equations for the thrust signal.One of the windows in the SpuPilot provides a graphical user interface (GUI) where students can Page 24.851.8write mathematical equations for the thrust signal to be sent to the spuCraft. See Figure 6.Variables that students can use to write their equations are: m, the spuCraft mass; mFeet, themass of only the feet of the spuCraft