Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MD B. Sarder, University of Southern Mississippi

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

Page 26.872.4 curriculum is based on the feedback from variety of stakeholders. It integrates real life experiences into the general classroom.  Up-to-date and effective course content:  Uses multiple methods to systematically gather data about student understanding and ability  Uses student work/data, observations of instruction, assignments and interactions with colleagues to reflect on and improve teaching practice  effectively allocates time for students to engage in hands-on experiences, discuss and process content and make meaningful connections  Highly educated professors who continuously up-to-date the course

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle M. Blum, Syracuse University; Katie D. Cadwell, Syracuse University; Julie M. Hasenwinkel, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

. Finally, students are askedto reflect on their scaffold design. After a discussion on mechanics and the importance of fiberdirection, students are asked how they would change their design to better mimic the structureand function of the distal bicep. Finally students are asked to sketch a representative pattern of ascaffold design to be strong in shear, and to discuss within their group why this would result inthe desired the material response. Page 26.1.6Discussion & Student OutcomesThe described activity can be tailored toward different educational levels. This activity wasperformed successfully with 32 rising eighth grade girls as well as

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tameshia Ballard Baldwin, North Carolina State University; Vincent William DeLuca, North Carolina State University; Aaron C. Clark, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

engaging science teachers in projects with substantive focus on reflection ontheir own teaching is important in helping to change their thinking about science teaching andlearning and to initiate the development of PCK. Furthermore, Nilsson16 found that teamteaching and videotaped lessons were two useful ways of promoting reflection of their teaching,and subsequently developing their PCK. Similarly, in a study investigating two components ofPCK: (i) knowledge of students’ understanding, conceptions and misconceptions of topics, and Page 26.16.3(ii) knowledge of strategies and representations for teaching particular topics, it was concludedthat

Conference Session

Nuclear and Radiological Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bryndol A. Sones, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

series ofJournal Articles to articulate contemporary issues related to the capstone projectABET Student Outcomes j. Students have a strong awareness of the StudentOutcomes since the SOs are published in all of the NE course syllabi for theprevious two years and are used for assessment data in each of these earliercourses.Student Outcome Essays The Student Outcome Essay is an announced, in-class reflective writing Page 26.18.3assignment during which students are asked to write two essays that are 500-1000words on their laptops. Students are asked to develop a convincing argument thatidentifies the Student Outcomes for which they have attained the highest

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aatish Bhatia, Princeton University; Peter Christopher Chen

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

STEM9–11.Introductory engineering courses taught with forms of active learning such as project-basedlearning and problem-based learning have led to increased retention of engineering majors12–15,improved student performance13,15, higher quality of peer interactions13, and more positivestudent attitudes about engineering13,16. In addition to the strong case for adopting active learningin introductory engineering classrooms17, there is growing concern about how to effectivelydisseminate innovations in engineering education18. Recommendation for adoption anddissemination include attending to the specific needs of varied university cultures and curricula,supporting educators in becoming reflective teachers, and providing long-term support

Conference Session

Communication and Literacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chad M Gotch, Washington State University; Quinn Langfitt, Washington State University; Brian F French, Washington State University; Liv Haselbach, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

theperformance descriptors associated with each score for each rubric dimension. Within eachdimension, raters could give a score of 0, 1, 3, or 5. These score options reflect the conceptualdistinctions between performance descriptions. For example, the additional energy literacydemonstration required to move from a score of 1 to a score of 3 was seen as greater than theadditional demonstration required to move from a score of 0 to a score of 1. Each sub-principlewithin the DOE framework was mapped directly to one or two rubric dimensions to facilitateconsistent scoring based on tangible indicators of energy literacy.Data collection Project posters and abstracts from an annual high school energy science/designcompetition held in the Pacific

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Bartus, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

  (1)​Astronauts go on spacewalks to make repairs, do experiments and test new equipment ​ .  Two big challenges in spacewalks are, first, that space can feel very cold (­250 degrees F) to an  (2)​astronaut in the shade and, second, space can feel very warm (250 degrees F) in the Sun ​ .  The reason for this is that an astronaut will be exposed to about ​ 7 times​  the amount of radiation that we, on the Earth’s surface, experience due in part to the reflectivity of the surface and  (3)​atmosphere

Conference Session

Design Pedagogy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Wu, California State University, Fresno; Yupeng Luo, California State University, Fresno

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

: provide inputs to other team members from the owner’s perspective (more focus on budget and time control) to support their work; assist in design review and project documentation. ● One (1) Project Engineer (optional): provide inputs to other team members from a project engineer’s perspective (more focus on constructability) to support their work; assist in project documentation.Except for the LEED consultants, other team members were encouraged to rotate roles duringthe process to enhance their learning experience. The overall assessment plan of this studyemphasized on the learning progressions and periodical reflections, and included both formativeand summative approaches. Considering the lack of previous exposure

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Dianne J DeTurris, California Polytechnic State University; Alana Christine Snelling; Nhu Y Tran; Lia Marie Applegarth

Tagged Divisions

International

States, 1775-1945” – argues that engineering “drawings were farmore than a tool; they became a language reflective of the context in which they originated”(2000, p. 237).17As US engineering culture developed, Brown argues that engineers began to use shop drawings“to achieve thorough control over the labor of patternmakers, blacksmiths, machinists, anderectors” (p. 216) and, in combination with piecework, facilitated the “firm’s effort to subdivide Page 26.1068.9and standardize work tasks” (p. 217). As Brown continues, “Shop drawings and piecerate payprovided American engineer-managers with two interlocking methods to divide up work tasks,boost

Conference Session

Topics in Computing and Information Technologies I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Benin, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Scott Thomas Howie, United States Coast Guard Academy; Benjamin B Hannon, USCGA; Nicholas Williamson, United States Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

tasks for the upcoming week. This is furthersolidified by weekly status reports that provide additional reflection on the project progress,outline problems, and highlight effort expended. In addition, students are required to draft aProblem Statement, Requirements Specification, Functional Design, Project Plan, and Test Plan.The nature of the projects varies widely from continuing a previous project with well-definedexpectations to venturing into uncharted waters with only a vague sense of a reasonabledestination. Thus all of these documents are flexible in their nature. For example, the test plancould be for the final product or for a milestone. Either way it will contain similar complexityand comprehensiveness. Assessment for this semester

Conference Session

Makerspaces in the Library: Using 3D printers, Laser Cutters, and Kits to Enhance Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adam Rogers, North Carolina State University Libraries; Ben Leduc-Mills, SparkFun Electronics, Inc.; Brendan C. O'Connell, Smith College Libraries; Brian Huang, Sparkfun Electronics

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

this paper is to share the lessons we learned by reflecting upon our experiences withtechnology lending and teaching workshops while examining data from checkout informationand personal surveys to draw conclusions about best practices and the impact we have on thecampus community.Technology LendingLibraries have very robust systems for lending books to their users, and often use these systemsto loan non-book items. At North Carolina State University Libraries, we have loaned a varietyof technology items (such as laptops and cameras) for over a decade through our TechnologyLending Service. Using the existing infrastructure, adding a new type of item requires only asmall amount of policy decision-making and staff training. For example, in 2010

Conference Session

Enviromental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Veera Gnaneswar Gude P.E., Mississippi State University; Dennis D. Truax PE, BCEE, F.ASCE, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

-directed learningoutside of class create opportunities for the students to apply knowledge and identify questionswhich can be resolved in the SI session. Students follow a set of steps to develop properquestions and find their own solutions by applying critical thinking skills. Finally, project basedlearning creates interactive and collaborative learning opportunities that promote the logicalprogression in creative thinking that leads to critical thinking. This paper presents theobservations made through these learning methods and provides a platform for discussion onthese topic areas. The improvement in students’ critical thinking skills were reflected by thequality of the writing assignments and the higher grades obtained by the group of

Conference Session

Microcontrollers, Programming, and Data Acquisition

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Rhudy, Lafayette College; Tobias Rossmann, Lafayette College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Musical Analogies as a Teaching Tool for Engineering ConceptsAbstract This project investigated the inclusion of a music laboratory experience within theexisting core Mechanical Engineering curriculum at Lafayette College. Music is a naturaladdition to engineering curricula as it can easily be used to illustrate many different engineeringconcepts. This allows students to think about their engineering topics from a differentperspective, which helps to improve their understanding of these concepts. Additionally, byusing music as a teaching tool, students are also exposed to topics from the art of music.Students completed a survey both before and after the experience in order to reflect on theirlearning. On average, the students reported a

Conference Session

Enviromental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Veera Gnaneswar Gude P.E., Mississippi State University; Dennis D. Truax PE, BCEE, F.ASCE, Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Taxonomy1 defines higher levels of learning as “synthesis - to create, design,develop, formulate...; and evaluation - to evaluate, rate, defend, predict”. To promote higherlevels of learning (or taxonomies), proper instructional strategies should be implemented. Theseinstructional strategies should include learning elements that provide authentic contexts, criticalthinking, authentic activities, multiple roles and perspectives, coaching and scaffolding, access toexpert performances and modeling, promote reflection to enable abstraction and articulation.These elements should support collaborative construction of knowledge and the use of authentic

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward F. Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

use time effectively during class. This paperpresents resources for addressing both of those needs. To uncover a wide variety ofresources, a web-based survey was sent to three listservs for college educators andeducational researchers: the POD Mailing List, the ACM SIGCSE Members List, and theEngineering Technology1 listserv in October 2014. These listservs have a total of about3000 subscribers, but only 32 responses were received. This probably reflects the factthat few educators have yet “flipped” their classes, but since thousands of faculty andhundreds of faculty developers were surveyed, it’s likely that they were able to namemost of the prominent resources and techniques.1 pod@listserv.nd.edu, the listserv of the Professional and

Conference Session

Curriculum Exchange

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Mitchell, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; John M. Keller, California Polytechnic State University; Victor M Castillo Jr, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

stream table, very similar to the actual stream tablesstudents used in the first activity. Students can adjust parameters for the model such as table slope, soilproperties, and water flow rate. They then make observations of the resulting erosion patterns, and discusssimilarities and differences to the real stream table. Students also reflect on the utility of a computationalmodel.Activity #3: RivertownThe second computer-based activity introduces students to Rivertown, a fictional town within the NetLogosimulation, in a flood plain next to a river. The river can overflow its banks, which will flood the town’s Page 26.1355.2fields

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Dixon, East Carolina University; Gordon Thomas Beverly III, East Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

looking for students who excel in the ability to present informationorally. Instances that require effective oral communication include working in teams, dealingwith customers, and making presentations at trade shows and conferences2. A study was done bythe Peter D. Hart Research Associates in which hundreds of companies completed a survey. Theemployees at these companies had acquired at least a bachelor’s degree. Employers were askedabout the skills that potential hires should possess, as well as what learning outcomes universitiesshould put more focus on. Results reflected the importance of oral communication skills incurrent society. Approximately 30% of the companies believed that strong oral andcommunication skills were important in new

Conference Session

Qualitative Methodologies

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie P Martin, Clemson University; Aubrie Lynn Pfirman, Clemson University; Rachel K. Anderson, Clemson University; Shannon K Stefl, Clemson University; Frederick Paige, Clemson University ; Lindsey Whitfield Cain, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. These embedded forms are not made up of “individual acts of meanness by members of[the dominant group],” but by institutional history9.In her distinguished lecture, McIntosh addressed White privilege and the surrounding myths thatpeople can unknowingly propagate. She began by speaking of her upbringing in a “normal”family and of her father working as an engineer at Bell Labs. As circumstance in her life gaveher reason to pause and reflect, she realized that as a White woman, she was allowed to considerherself normal, as she was part of what society considers normal. She referred to her seminalwork, White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack, in which she discussed earnedstrengths and unearned powers9. These unearned powers accrue into

Conference Session

Curriculum in Engineering Leadership Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle G. Gipson, James Madison University; Meghan Daly, James Madison University; Cairo Jahan Lakil Sherrell, James Madison University; Thomas Atcheson Ware; Diane L. Foucar-Szocki, College of Education, James Madison University; Justin J. Henriques, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

Seminar course was the engineering entry course for the first-yearengineering students in the first four years of the program. The first iteration of the coursefocused on the student gaining awareness about the multiple disciplines of engineering throughmini-design challenges and providing opportunities for students to meet and speak withprofessionals in field. Assignments ranged from information literacy to reflecting on practicingengineers and upper division students who shared experiences about the discipline and program.In 2012, the seminar course was not offered, leaving only one course in engineering for studentsto take in their first year. Fall 2014 saw the reintroduction of the course under the title,Engineering Opportunities, where the

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devshikha Bose, Boise State University; Krishna Pakala, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

success,as indicated by parameters like higher course pass rates, higher Grade Point Averages, creditaccumulation, retention, and graduation rates11. Skills can be taught which are consistent acrossprograms, as well as customized to fit individual courses12. E-portfolios can support assessmentby identifying goals and providing a repository for organizing, storing, and sharing records. It isinstructionally valuable in that students can connect their own work with the broader programexpectations, thus self-evaluating their status. Students can engage in reflection, which maydevelop their critical thinking skills.This study is a follow-up to a previous study made by the researchers13 (see Bose & Pakala

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division – Tactical Approaches to Entrepreneurship Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Gettens, Western New England University; Harlan E Spotts Jr., Western New England University; José Antonio Riofrío, Western New England University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

understand the appropriate behaviors to observe and questions toask. The process then moves to observing the client’s pain point experience. Observing is not Page 26.1208.2enough, students need to at least talk with the client and, if possible, experience the pain pointthemselves. All through this process students are framing and re-framing their problemstatements as they collect additional information. The Thinktank concludes with a final revisionand refinement of the problem statement that reflects their empathetic understanding of theirclient’s pain point and preparation for the next phase of the process, ideation.Why is an entrepreneurial

Conference Session

Assessment and Outcomes: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah M. Grzybowski, Ohio State University; John T. Demel, Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

honorsstudents. Preliminary analysis show a student population with normal distributions on the active-reflective, sensing-intuitive, and sequential-global Felder Learning Styles scales and anextremely skewed visual-verbal distribution favoring visual learners with less than 5% of thetotal population self-rated as moderate to strong verbal learners. We report on a comparison ofthe Felder Learning Styles scales, assignment preparation time, and course performance. Theseresults provide insights into significant predictors of student success based on learning style andcurriculum type. The ultimate goal is to provide appropriate preparatory course materials to

Conference Session

Studying Engineering Education Research & Institutions

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corey Owen, University of Saskatchewan; Debora Rolfes, University of Saskatchewan

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

approach to teaching professional communication, andintroduce our larger research project, which aims to assess the effectiveness of our program.Finally, we shall briefly reflect on whether the small communication class is really as inefficientas some have suggested. The purpose of this study is to develop the theoretical groundwork fora larger study we are just beginning to conduct on the efficacy of our professionalcommunication program. Using the investigative tools of narrative research and discourseanalysis, we hope ultimately to determine the degree to which our program, which maintainssmall classes and focuses on cultivating students’ rhetorical judgment, effectively graftsprofessional communication onto our students’ burgeoning

Conference Session

ECCD International Outreach

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mustafa G. Guvench, University of Southern Maine; Philip W Swanson, University of Southern Maine; Kevin Michael Wacker, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

bent, positioned and held in a frame to reflect the lightat the focal point where the multi-junction cell is fixed. The system follows the celestial path ofthe sun within 1.6 degree.This project was completed as a senior capstone design project utilizing all of the educationgained thus far in the engineering curriculum along with a large amount of self-directed learning.Every stage in the design and development of the project was an educational test that had to beovercome. Discussion on the short comings, challenges, and the use of the education received toresolve these issues are presented.1. IntroductionAccess to power namely, heat, and electricity is ubiquitous in developed nations. Much of thedeveloping world however, still lacks access to

Conference Session

Technical Session: Pedagogical Strategies and Classroom Techniques for Teaching Assistants

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Ilkhanipour Rooney, University of Pennsylvania; Julie Schafer McGurk, University of Pennsylvania; Emily R. Elliott, University of Pennsylvania; Ursula J. Williams, University of Pennsylvania; Leann Dourte Segan, University of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Student

thesegoals, 3) facilitating positive student group dynamics, 4) providing student feedback, and 5)reflection. It is important to note that this is a collaborative process between the courseinstructor and TA, so the steps in this system involve both parties.BackgroundThe “Active Learning in STEM Courses” mini-course is a series of four 2-hour sessions led bytwo staff members of the University of Pennsylvania’s CTL. The objective of this mini-course isto introduce graduate students and post-docs to active learning techniques and how to createactivities that reinforce and strengthen course goals. This objective is different from the “SAIL(Structured Active In-class Learning) TA Training” (also led by the same two staff members ofthe CTL), which aims to

Conference Session

Evaluation: Exploring the Impact of Summer Programs on K-12 Youth.

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emma Koller, University of St. Thomas; Lauren M. Van Beek, University of St. Thomas; Deborah Besser P.E., University of St. Thomas; Siddika Selcen Guzey, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Annmarie Thomas, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

frustrating.”Basic STEPS AssessmentDraw an EngineerAssessment of the 2014 Basic STEPS Camp included participant pre and post surveys,participant engineering notebooks, and analysis of daily reflections. Participant engagementwith the e-textiles showed the most electrifying measurements. Girls were asked before andafter their STEPS experience to complete an activity called “Draw an Engineer.”4 In this activitythe girls first described what engineering is and then what engineers do. They were then asked todraw an engineer. The drawing in particular is meant to capture stereotypes that students mayhave towards engineering4. Girls at STEPS were given this activity before and after camp toevaluate how their perception of what engineers do changed. Due to

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Elizabeth Bumbaco, University of Florida; Elliot P. Douglas, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engineering studentswas that critical thinking was often similar or equivalent to problem solving. However, Englishstudents saw critical thinking as a way of forming opinions, forming and defending an argument,and making connections. Common themes for both groups included aspects such as broadeningideas, needing deeper understanding, and needing reflection and metacognition. Both groupsutilized the concepts common throughout their major classes as the physical representation ofcritical thinking. The embodiment of course concepts as critical thinking may be supported bythe idea of engineering identity and self-efficacy. Students may choose engineering, and stick toit, because they relate to the concepts and to how engineers think. However, faculty

Conference Session

Communication Across the Divisions II: Communication and Transdisciplinary Pedagogies

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey J. Evans, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Amy S. Van Epps, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Michael Thomas Smith; Sorin Adam Matei, Purdue University Polytechnic Institute; Esteban Garcia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Mechanical Engineering, Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

Narratives aims to provide students with a toolkit for successfulcommunication in contemporary society and the workplace. This integrated course experience invitesstudents to reflect and use diverse ways of communication in the digital era. During one semester,participants were introduced to oral, written, visual and auditory techniques of communication, anddocumented through various digital media artifacts. Page 26.127.3Our value proposition that artistic storytelling can help students think, communicate and aid in theiremotional wellbeing is backed by a long history of scholarship. Such seminal articles as K. Egan’s“Memory, Imagination

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Bowen, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

cohort of teacher participants. Table 2 reports the results forthe statistical analysis comparing the current cohort’s actual and intended use of various STEMteaching techniques. The researcher focused on these eight items because they are related tocommunication and reflection, which are critical components of STEM learning, and seem to bea recurring them in regards to one of the most important lessons learned from the workexperience. Page 26.1459.4 Table 2. Statistical analysis comparing current cohort’s current (pre) and intended (post) frequency of STEM teaching techniques Question Survey N

Conference Session

Online Teaching

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan L. Miertschin, University of Houston (CoT); Carole E. Goodson, University of Houston (CoT); Barbara Louise Stewart, University of Houston

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

have low TM scores than have strong TM scores.• Among older students (at least 31 years of age), more have strong TM scores than low TM scores. In other age categories, there appears to be a more nearly equal division between low and strong TM scores.• Among the students with the highest GPA, 66% have strong TM scores while 34% have low TM scores. Among students with the lowest GPA, 57% have strong TM scores while 43% have low TM scores. The unexpected direction of difference at the lower end of the GPA scale perhaps reflects a wider range of TM score values and/or the very small n for this GPA category.• Among students who are not employed and those who are employed part-time, higher proportions