Conference Session

IE Program Design I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manuel Morales, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Alexandra Medina-Borja, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

) Leaving Engineering: Lessons from Rowan University’s College ofEngineering, Journal of Engineering Education, January7. Felder, R.M., Brent, R., Understanding Student Differences, Journal of Engineering Education, January,p.57-72, 2005.8. Kroll, B.M., Teaching Hearts and Minds: College Students Reflect on the Vietnam War in Literature,Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1972.9. Astin, A.W., What Matters in College?: Four Critical Years Revisited, Jossey-Bass Publishers, SanFrancisco, 1993, Chapter 11.10. Marton, F., and Säljö, R., “Approaches to Learning,” in Marton et al. [11]11. Marton, F., Hounsell, D., and Entwistle, N., eds., The Experience of Learning, 2nd ed., Edinburgh:Scottish Academic Press, 1997.12. Heckel, Richard W

Conference Session

Entrepreneurial Leadership and Non-traditional Ways to Engage Students in Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Russell Dinardi, Lafayette College; Sharon Jones, Lafayette College

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

increasingdue to the increases in innovative technological advancementsCreative Thinking - The ability to think of original, diverse, and elaborate ideas.Critical Thinking - The intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfullyconceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating informationgathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, orcommunication, as a guide to belief and actionEntrepreneurship - Innovation; the process of starting or growing a business orventureEntrepreneurship Education – Programs, schools, and other ways to informpotential entrepreneurs about the tools necessary for a successful small businessLeadership - “The only definition of a leader is someone who has followers

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University-Great Valley; Danielle DeCristoforo, Lockheed-Martin

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, Page 13.1094.3while cognitive styles range from one extreme to a contrasting extreme (see Figure 1).Both cognitive level and cognitive style have multiple dimensions, each of which is measuredusing an appropriate psychometric instrument. As noted above, for example, cognitive level canbe measured in terms of potential capacity through intelligence tests and/or talent evaluations,while manifest capacity may be assessed in terms of (e.g.) skills, knowledge, and/or expertise.One of the most familiar dimensions of cognitive style may be Introversion-Extraversion, whichis often (although not the most accurately) measured using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator(MBTI®)17; Active-Reflective learning style (measured via the Learning Style Questionnaire9

Conference Session

Experiential and Service Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jim Chamberlain, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

setting of an engineering problem.The value of projects using the IPD is that students are introduced further to each of theabove characteristics and are able to “practice” engineering as a mentored beginner. Theauthor believes that better decisions about whether or not to continue in engineeringeducation will be made out of the experience of and reflection upon such practice Page 13.913.4Methodology for International Project Development (IPD) DesignThe IPD design methodology described in this paper is a series of steps that flowsequentially (Figure 1). The process includes initial brainstorming by the larger projectteam, preliminary design by the

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Schmaltz, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

such as timelines, responsibility charts, etc. 4. Students will be able to participate effectively in multi-disciplinary teams, demonstrating that they are effective team members and evaluating the performance of team members.Students self assess their achievement of the course outcomes, with a 0 indicating nomastery and 10 very proficient. The results of the student self assessment and instructorgrade based assessment of the course outcomes are shown in Figure 8 for the spring 2007capstone class. A target score of 8.0 for each outcome reflects student demonstration ofcompetence in these professional components. Students’ self-evaluation was consistentlycomparable (slightly higher or lower) to faculty evaluation, and

Conference Session

Technical Capacity Bldg for Developing Countries & Service Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauri Burke, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

International

4.9 3.5 0.9 1.3 Master’s Candidate 12.1 6.7 2.3 2.7 2.3 0.9 1.8 Freshmen Undergraduate 7.0 2.5 1.3 3.8 1.0 2.5 0.1Table 2. Average hours per week per groupNote: Efforts of the scholarship recipient during the Fall 2007 semester is given in average hoursper week per student. The Total Average column reflects the average hours worked each week,by degree program, for scholarship recipients working on both of the project teams. The other Page 13.523.12columns represent the average of the semester total hours for each

Conference Session

Learning to Communicate with Engineers and Non-Engineers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mieke Schuurman, Pennsylvania State University; Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University; Melissa Marshall, Pennsylvania State University; Christopher Johnstone, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

in the regular sections; only two minorities participatedin the engineering sections. These numbers are too low to include gender and ethnicity instatistical analyses. One interesting result that arose from the reflection essays in the engineering sections atthe end of the semester was that of the 11 female students in the engineering sections, all 11explicitly admitted the nervousness that they had at the beginning of this course for speaking inpublic. In contrast, fewer than half of the male students explicitly admitted having anynervousness. The issue of nervousness weighed much more on the female students. For instance,10 of the 11 female students brought up the issue of nervousness in the first two paragraphs ofthe 2-page essay

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy Gleixner, San Jose State University; Elliot Douglas, University of Florida; Olivia Graeve, University of Nevada-Reno

Materials course in Fall 2005 and Spring 2006. Each semester there was atraditional format section of the course and a PRIME Modules format of the course. The PRIMEModules format course both semesters (Fall 05 and Spring 06) were taught by the sameinstructor. The other two sections of the traditional format course were taught by two differentinstructors. The test was administered at the beginning and end of the semester to all sections.The results are given in Table 5. The scores are out of a possible 30. The relatively low finalscores reflect that the questions on the MCI do not directly relate to the material taught in thecourse. The low exit scores from these introduction to materials courses are similar to thosereported in the literature.17

Conference Session

Freshman Design and Other Novel Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Willits, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

their knowledge bybreaking the topics down for the high school level. The presenters were asked to fill out a shortquestionnaire (Table 3) about their experience of presenting their project for outreach. Whilethere were only a small number of student presenters (n=2), the feedback was good. They bothcited how the high school student questions allowed them to reflect on their knowledge.Additionally, both students cited methods of improving their projects as demonstrations,including using more games and focusing less on equations or actual lecture. The results fromthis questionnaire will be distributed to students in future courses, to allow them to see other’sreflections on their projects.Table 3: Questionnaire for students who presented their

Conference Session

Project and Model-Based Mathematics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dennis Berkey, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Bogdan Vernescu, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

motivation can be used to attract more studentsto mathematics.From its very beginnings in 1865, Worcester Polytechnic Institute has promoted, at thefoundation of its educational philosophy, the balance between theory and practice. The vision ofWPI’s Founders to emphasize the mutual reinforcement between theory and applications,reflected in the university’s motto “Lehr und Kunst”, is ubiquitous on campus from theundergraduate and graduate curriculum to the university seal and the architectural details of itsbuildings.WPI’s undergraduate curriculum affords a seamless transition from courses to real-worldprojects. In 1971 the WPI Plan pioneered a radical departure from the conventional approachesto engineering education by introducing major projects as

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin O'Connor, University of Rochester; Daniel Amos, University of Washington; Tori Bailey, Stanford University; Gary Lichtenstein, Stanford University; Lari Garrison, University of Washington; Heidi Loshbaugh, Colorado School of Mines; Marcus Jones, Howard University; Derek Seward, University of Rochester; Lisa Perhamus, University of Rochester; Reed Stevens, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

),during the first two years of the APS. Our person-centered framework led us to designethnographic interviews that “encourage respondents actively to reflect on and evaluate their lifeexperiences” with the aim of exploring “the most significant and meaningful aspects of the worldof the individual as experienced by him and in terms which he thinks, is motivated to act, andsatisfies his need.” 17 This approach leads us to construct detailed case studies of individuals, Page 12.1295.6especially with an eye to how similarities and differences in cases can inform our understandingof the broader culture. In this paper, we explore how two students at

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers – II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Shumway, Brigham Young University; Jared Berrett, Brigham Young University; Andy Swapp, Milford High School; Ronald Terry, Brigham Young University; Thomas Erekson, Western Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

summer program focused on systems control. The technology teachers had previouslyidentified systems control as an area of expertise that they needed and could use in theirclassrooms.Near the end of the summer of 2005, the BYU team met to reflectively assess the strengths andweaknesses of the program as we prepared for the next round of professional development. Ourassessment was that we successfully followed the model of 1) presentation of theory, 2)demonstration of a new strategy, 3) initial practice, and 4) prompt feedback about participant’sefforts. However, despite a successful incorporation of many of the “best practices”(competitive selection of participants, allowing participants to participate in the planning,professional development

Conference Session

Design of Lab Experiments II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerald Recktenwald, Portland State University; Robert Edwards, Pennsylvania State University-Erie

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

advantage to exposing students to preconfigured hardware thatdemonstrates a concept introduced in lecture, such laboratory experiences do not reflect thepractice of engineering. The goal of typical laboratories is to reinforce ideas presented in lectureand to “prove” that the theory does apply to the “real world”. An unfortunate consequence of thistype of laboratory exercise is to reinforce the misperception that the only purpose of a laboratoryexperiment is to set up a compare-and-contrast exercise for testing the agreement between theoryand measurement. Of course, alternative models for laboratory experiences exist. Bilal et al. describe alaboratory-based course designed to improve understanding of the theory of mechanicalvibrations1. The

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum in Engineering Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamad Albadr, Riyadh College of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

simply expressed – the provision of free health servicesfor the benefit of all the citizens of Saudi Arabia – and King Fahd has shown, throughout hisreign, a very real understanding of the importance of adequate health provision for those whoneed it, both within and outside the Kingdom.The Ministry of Health policy reflects the Government’s national development strategy,which is committed to improving the quality of life of the Saudi people, and to helping themto participate fully in the development plan and to benefit from it.To carry out this policy, the Ministry of Health provides a whole range of health services(preventive, corrective, educational and rehabilitative) to the entire population. This isachieved through a network of hospitals

Conference Session

ECE Curriculum Innovations

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mehmet Ozturk, North Carolina State University; Michael Escuti, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

mostly cover circuits with resistive elements. A few examples of circuitsinvolving capacitors and non-resistive elements (e.g. integrators and differentiators) are alsogiven as examples of signal shaping circuits.In the laboratory, operational amplifiers are used to amplify signals in two practical applications.In the first experiment, students amplify the signals from an ultrasonic emitter/receive pair. Theobjective of the experiment is to measure the speed of sound by measuring the time delaybetween the original and reflected signals. In the second experiment, an operational amplifier isused to amplify the signal from an infrared emitter/detector pair used to measure the speed of avariable speed DC motor. Both the motor and the emitter

Conference Session

Web-Based Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eugene Ressler, U.S. Military Academy; Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy; Catherine Bale, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

network hardware andoperating system software in good repair and up to date.As shown in the rightmost two columns of Table 4, time spent by contest administrators may bedivided into routine and task-oriented work that may be scheduled or unscheduled. Routine Page 11.547.14work occurs each week from the start of the qualifying round through the completion of finals.Scheduled tasks are generally aimed at preparation for the next contest round. Exceptions are thetasks of the webmaster and software authors, which reflect the effort of initial development.Unscheduled tasks result from unpredictable events such as software bugs and misbehaviors

Conference Session

Use of Technology to Improve Teaching and Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K-Y Daisy Fan, Cornell University; Clare van den Blink, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

five or six handsraised.”The faculty also used the PRS to promote student learning through reflection and peerdiscussion. When many students registered a common wrong answer, the faculty wouldeliminate the wrong answer and have the students discuss the question with theirneighbors: “I can see that they’ve all got it wrong … I would really encourage them to talk to a neighbor to discuss it and then answer again. So, that was new and I actually Page 11.24.12 really liked that; I like that buzz in the room when they realize, ‘oh, we were wrong,’ and they talk to their neighbors and try to figure out what the real answer

Conference Session

ChE: Bioengineering, nanotechnology, and systems engineering in the Classroom

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Marlin, McMaster University; Andrew Hrymak, McMaster University; John MacGregor, McMaster University; Vladimir Mahalec, McMaster University; Prashant Mhaskar, McMaster University; Christopher Swartz, McMaster University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

system(ABET17). Therefore, we do not perform a formal evaluation of learning outcomes using theABET categories a-k. However, we have prepared a summary in Appendix A giving our viewsof how the PSE program contributes to the key ABET learning goals.3.0 Teaching and Learning MethodsPSE material is presented using a range of teaching and learning methods that reflect the needsof the courses and the preferences of the instructors. Since the material is concentrated in the lasttwo years of the undergraduate program, many courses include projects that integrate the priorknowledge with PSE technology. Some of the instructors use Problem-based learning to involvestudents in problem definition and open-ended problem solving7. In addition, two of

Conference Session

International Engineering Education I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M.P. Sharma, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

International

by 43% in Taiwan.To be sure, the drop could simply reflect a reduction in the number of students who want to pursue graduate work inthe United States. Indeed, Payne says the volume also dropped by 37% in India, where the exam procedures werenot changed. But several university graduate deans believe that the more rigorous security might have scared offstudents less confident of their academic abilities. If so, that drop in applications may have come disproportionatelyfrom the lower end of the spectrum.”Concluding SummaryThis paper discusses data and observations from published literature and a case study involvinginterviews and discussions to find an insight into the cause of the phenomena of declininggraduate student applications and

Conference Session

Integrating Research Into Undergraduate ECE Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Georgiopoulos, University of Central Florida; Erol Gelenbe, Imperial College; Ronald DeMara, University of Central Florida; Avelino Gonzalez, University of Central Florida; Marcella Kysilka, University of Central Florida; Mansooreh Mollaghasemi, University of Central Florida; Annie Wu, University of Central Florida; Georgios Anagnostopoulos, Florida Tech; Ingrid Russell; Jimmy Secretan, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

machinelearning approaches. The approach taken here for Machine Learning I is to have a course that isenthusiastically taught by the principal investigators (since it will always be relevant to theirmachine learning research), reflects the ever changing research interests of the machine learningcommunity (the topics in this class will frequently change), and is a welcome alternative toundergraduate students (students are normally exposed to knowledge that is at least a few yearsold). The approach taken in Machine Learning II is to build on the fundamentals that the studentshave been exposed to in Machine Learning I in order to embrace the research aspects of agraspable Machine Learning project. In Machine Learning II the students have the opportunity

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Rosentrater, USDA-ARS; Radha Balamuralikrishna, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

International

manyopportunities to decrease our dependence on nonrenewable resources. Bio-based industries arepoised to contribute substantially to the supply of energy, transportation fuels, industrialchemicals, and manufactured products in coming years. These trends are reflected in manyfederal initiatives within both the Department of Energy (www.doe.gov) and the Department ofAgriculture (www.usda.gov). Prominent topics currently include ethanol, biodiesel, novelprocessing technologies, including enzymatic and microbial conversions, gasification ofbiomass, lignocellulose (e.g., corn stover, switchgrass, and woody crop) production,transportation, storage, and processing technologies, and even hydrogen production frombiomass. Some of these topics will be discussed more

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Soda, U.S. Air Force Academy; Gregory Toussaint, U.S. Air Force Academy; Albert Batten, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

numbers. However, thedifference in performance as averaged over the observations of a dozen different facultymembers is hard to deny.Challenges and Impressions Upon reflection, the greatest challenge in the creation of student engineer-management teams was to overcome the inertia of current practice. Clearlyaccommodations needed to be made by many of our engineering division departments toaccept SE and SEM students into their design teams. There were issues of course creditto be settled and details of scheduling to be worked through. The initial process forassigning cadets to teams took cooperation and thoughtful planning. In truth, it was thecommitment of department chairs to complete this enterprise, and the effort of a few keyfaculty

Conference Session

Student Learning and Teamwork

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

ramin Sadeghi, Power and Water University of Technology (PWUT); Saeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

education will be more that 7 billion dollars that reflects a 98% growthfrom 1997 to 2002. This shows the size and the extents of market growth at the present.Electronic education will soon replace the other methods of education, thanks to its rate ofgrowth.Development Factors of the Electronic EducationTechnology has revolutionized the businesses and now, the realm of education should berevolutionized. Information and knowledge are the armaments of today's competitive world, andcan create monumental changes in it. The traditional methods of education are no moresufficient, because the cycles of production, industrial information and organizational strategiesrevolve much faster than was expected and the employees should be re-educated in

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roxanne Toto, Pennsylvania State University; Mark Wharton, Pennsylvania State University; John Cimbala, Pennsylvania State University; John Wise, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

implementation and use of theTablet PC in an Electrical Engineering (EE) course. Each professor was asked to provide awritten reflection on his experience, listing the hardware and software used.An online survey tool with eighteen questions was created to gather data from students related toattitudes and preferences regarding the Tablet PC use, how the Tablet impacted their learning,and how the tool was implemented and used in the classroom. The question format affordedstudents the ability to indicate or select choices and then explain that choice further. Examplesare provided in Figure 1. Q1. Please select the statement you most agree with - (1) It was better when the instructor used the blackboard in class

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Klingbeil, Wright State University; Richard Mercer, Wright State University; Kuldip Rattan, Wright State University; Michael Raymer, Wright State University; David Reynolds, Wright State University

Tagged Divisions

Council of Sections

placement of formerly sophomore-level engineering courses within thefreshman year. The WSU model concludes with the development of a revised engineeringmathematics sequence, to be taught by the math department later in the curriculum. The resulthas shifted the traditional emphasis on math prerequisite requirements to an emphasis onengineering motivation for math, with a just-in-time placement of the new math sequence. Thecurrent paper summarizes the motivation, goals and development to date of the WSU model,which is currently in its first year of implementation. The paper reflects modifications since theapproach was first reported one year ago, and includes a preliminary assessment of studentperformance and perception during the first run of EGR

Conference Session

Energy Resources, Efficiency, and Conservation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarma Pisupati, Pennsylvania State University; Wendy Mahen, PennSylvania State University; Mark Deluca, Pennsylvania State University; Martin Gutowski, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

exams.Comments like “Quizzes didn't always seem to reflect the "important" material presentedin the lessons”, “Quizzes every week. Sometimes the quizzes were completely differentfrom the self assessment”, “the quizzes every week, because they were really difficult,they are more difficult than the exam, which is odd” show that concern.However, the practice questions were changed to multiple choice format midway throughthe semester and a study guide was provided highlighting the important concepts thatstudents need to concentrate on. Comments like – “the tests. I felt a study guide wouldhave helped out and a little later in the course we were provided with one” indicated thatthey like straight forward questions and study guides.Another difference in this

Conference Session

Engineering Practice for a Moral World

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Rossler, Oklahoma State University; Martin High, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Texas there are sevenunregistered ones.10 Unregistered engineers are presumably not only less likely to know orunderstand their ethical obligations as engineers, but are less likely to see them as obligationsthan are registered engineers.11The legal profession has developed over the years a wealth of doctrines, curricula, cases, andrules pertaining to attorneys’ ethical conduct. Ethical conduct, however, is not necessarily moralconduct. Ethics involves principles of conduct that reflect a profession’s choices amongpotentially conflicting moral or value considerations. Certain ethical conduct on the part oflawyers might strike some outside the profession as immoral. The same could be said of otherprofessions’ conduct, including engineering. A

Conference Session

Introducing Active Learning into ME Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ibrahim Olwi, King Abdulaziz University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

mechanicscourse represents a good candidate for such transformation because it is a mandatory coursefor several engineering programs. The fluid mechanics course under consideration in thepresent work is a 4-credit, 6-contact hours course and enrolls about 150 students in 5 sectionsper semester.The course was redesigned and delivered during the last semester for one section only inorder to compare results and evaluate the experience with respect to the other four sectionshaving classical lectures but using data shows and power point presentations. The new coursedesign reflected the 5 pillars of active learning, namely; positive interdependence, individualaccountability, face to face interaction, social cooperative skills, and group processing. Inorder to

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven; Samuel Daniels, University of New Haven; Michael Collura, University of New Haven

outside class reported by the students is considerably higher for Page 11.74.11EAS211 than for the other courses. However, the comparison is to first year courses that involvesignificant in-class project work, so the nature of the courses makes the comparison difficult tointerpret. In general the lower rating is probably an accurate reflection of the student’s opinions.They found the course challenging and were not accustomed to seeing the variety of topics in asingle course that they found in EAS211. It was also the first heavy dose of engineeringmathematics for most of the students. Finally, as it was the first time offered, there were

Conference Session

Aspirational Visions of Civil Engineering in 2025 & Policy 465

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Russell, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Gerry Galloway, Univ of Maryland; Thomas Lenox, American Society of Civil Engineers; James O'Brien, American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

of Engineering in the New Century” (NAE 2004). The second report isentitled “Educating the Engineer of 2020 – Adapting Engineering Education to the NewCentury” (NAE 2005).The second report validates ASCE Policy 465 by stating that: “It is evident that the exploding body of science and engineering knowledge cannot be accommodated within the context of the traditional four year baccalaureate degree.”In addition, the first recommendation of the second report indicates that: “#1 The baccalaureate degree should be recognized as the “pre- engineering” degree or “bachelor of arts” in engineering degree, depending on the course content and reflecting the career aspirations of the student.” (NAE