Conference Session

Projects and Problems in First-Year Courses

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vinod Lohani, Virginia Tech; Ganesh Balasubramanian, Virginia Tech; Ishwar Puri, Virginia Tech; Scott Case, Virginia Tech; Roop Mahajan, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

-nanotechnology, space elevators and microchips. While most considered nanotechnology tobe a huge area for scientific research and predicted development in medical sciences, some alsoraised critical opinions about ethical negative aspects of such powerful technologies, withimaginations drawn from “nano-babies” using DNA interactions to producing “nano-weapons”using novel high energy physics applications. Table 2: Students’ example responses during in-class Q/A session List two eng in eering  Su ppos e yo u are inv ited to you r  ap plica tion s o f nano tech nolog y  high sc hoo l to  g iv e a sh ort t alk

Conference Session

Critical issues in IT and IET: Focus Group

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Scachitti, Purdue University, Calumet; Juan Salinas, Purdue University, Calumet; Deepthi Karanam, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

”, Proceedings of the 40th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences – 2007, pp.131b. 5. Yvonne Lejtman, Ebrhim Shayan, Romesh Nagarajah, “Design of a suitable production management system for a manufacturing company”, Computers & Industrial Engineering, 42(2002), pp.169-174. 6. Andrew Potter, Biao Yang, Chandra Lalwani, “A simulation study of dispatch bay performance in the steel processing industry”, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol 179, Issue 2, pp.567-578. 7. Simone Appelt, Rajan Batta, Li Lin, Colin Drury, “Simulation of passenger check-in at a medium-sized US Airport”, Proceedings of the 2007 Winter Simulation Conference, S. G. Henderson, B. Biller, M.-H. Hsieh, J. Shortle, J. D. Tew

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian Belu, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Page 14.91.7converters’ and inverters’ experiments designed by the MNPRE center of the Universityof Minnesota (see Figure 3), and a rectifier module, developed at our electronicsworkshop. Beside these functional modules, reconfigurable test-beds are used by thestudents to construct, test and design their own converters or power electronics circuitsused during the project phase of the course. The cost of these functional modules is rathermodest and the equipment and instrumentation employed is the usual one.The power stage of a typical power electronics converter consists of only passivecomponents (such as inductor(s), capacitor(s)) and power devices (such as switch (es)and diode(s)), as one can see in Figure 2. The use of such prefabricated

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Agnieszka Miguel, Seattle University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

AcknowledgementsThe author would like to thank Elizabeth J. Mills and Lisa Berman for their editorial review of thisarticle.References [1] R. Boice, “Classroom incivilities,” Research in Higher Education, vol. 37, pp. 453–486, August 1996. [2] L. B. Nilson, Teaching at Its Best. Bolton, MA: Anker Publishing Company, Inc., 2 ed., 2003. [3] J. M. Braxton and A. E. Bayer, eds., Addressing Faculty and Student Classroom Impropri- eties, vol. 99 of New Directions for Teaching and Learning. San Francisco, CA: Wiley Peri- odicals, Inc., Fall 2004. [4] S. Brown, “Civility in the classroom,” http://www.tc3.edu/instruct/sbrown/ fac/civilbib.htm, 2004. [5] P. J. Morrissette, “Reducing incivility in the university/college classroom,” International

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics V

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ochs, Lehigh University; Lisa Getzler-Linn, Lehigh University; Margaret Huyck, Illinois Institute of Technology; Scott Schaffer, Purdue University; Mary Raber, Michigan Technology University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

. Mission Statement Development Identify Establish Generate Select Test Set Plan Plan Customer Target Product Product Product Final Downstream Needs Specifications Concepts Concept(s) Concept(s) Specifications Development Perform Economic Analysis Benchmark Competitive Products Build and Test Models and

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lingguang Song, University of Houston; Sang-Hoon Lee, University of Houston; Junshan Liu, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

transform these images into an interactive 3-D model. This model provides students with a360-degree view of a construction site and the capability to navigate and investigate constructiondetails. Future research effort will focus on enhancing the usage of the proposed technologies aswell as identifying new data acquisition technologies to serve classroom learning needs. Page 14.727.15 Matched Digital Photos in Photosynth Feature Points in a 3-D Point Cloud Figure 4. Matched photos and 3-D point cloud in Photosynth.Bibliography1. AbouRizk, S. M. (1992). “A

Conference Session

Integrating Design into the BME Curriculum

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Chris Yoder, University of Pittsburgh; Phil Weilerstein, National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance; Angela Shartrand, National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

development, testing and preproduction, introduction and productionand life cycle management. Elements that were not specific to any one stage were then groupedinto a sixth “on-going” stage.The model is delineated as follows:≠ Stage one involves conceptualization of the product/technology, the identification of a potential target market, and competitor benchmarking. The project scope is then defined, resources are allocated, and technical feasibility and financial evaluations are conducted.≠ Stage two involves the design and physical development of the technology. A critical activity is an assessment of customers’ needs and specifications. Finally, a detailed design is created and a prototype(s) is developed.≠ The third stage ensured

Conference Session

Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beverley Pickering-Reyna, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee(UWM) College of Engineering & Applied Science (CEAS) assumed that significant principlesof the Information Technology Life Skills Career Development9 (IT-LSCD) model for youngadults could transfer to educational aspects of another technical discipline. IT-LSCD, as themodel operated from 1998 – 2003 in the UWM School of Information Studies, primarily servedthe learning needs of urban minority high school students. The intent was to help these learnersmake sense of emerging fields and learn how to overcome obstacles between them and society’stechnical fabric. Model fundamentals comprised education, training, mentoring, counseling,subsidy, tutoring, evaluation, recommendations for revision(s) as necessary, and

Conference Session

Measuring Success of Graduate Program Components

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

author’s data is shown in Appendix G.[Copyright for VARK version is held by Neil D. Fleming, Christchurch, New Zealand andCharles C. Bonwell, Green Mountain, Colorado, USA]. Page 14.253.10APPENDIX B (Rubrics courtesy of W S U, Pullman, WA) (Narayanan, 2007). Rubrics based on Likert Scale5 Has demonstrated excellence. Has analyzed important data precisely. Has provided documentation. Has answered key questions correctly. Evidence of critical thinking ability. Has addressed problems effectively. Very good performance Has evaluated material with proper insight

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashlyn Munson, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Alka Harriger, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

significant accomplishments,the students still wanted younger speakers. This may be accomplished by including collegestudents who are majoring in IT as part of the summer workshop, linking high school and college Page 14.1104.10with a career in IT. A similar approach is likely to be appropriate to other high schoolinterventions which share similar goals. Even without these changes, the SPIRIT workshopsappear to be accomplishing their goals with respect to the participating student groups.Bibliography1. Patterson, D. A. (2005). “Restoring the popularity of computer science”. Communication of the ACM, Vol. 48(9),pp. 25-28.2. Reges, S. (2006). “Back to

Conference Session

Goal Specific First-Year Courses

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lesley Strawderman, Mississippi State University; Bill Elmore, Mississippi State University; Arash Salehi, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

-semester course adjustments need to be detailed.Bibliography 1. Darling-Hammond, L. and J. Bransford (eds.), Preparing Teachers for a Changing World, Jossey-Bass Education Series, Wiley & Sons, 2005, ISBN 978-0-7879-7464-0. 2. Rising Above the Gathering Storm, Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21 st Century: An Agenda for American Science and Technology, The National Academies Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-309- 10039-7. 3. Donovan, M. S. and J. D. Bransford (eds.), How Students Learn: History, Mathematics and Science in the Page 14.615.12 Classroom, The National Academies Press

Conference Session

“And Other Duties as Assigned”

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Sapp Nelson, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

. 68, pp. 92-95.8. Conley, K. and Tucker, T. 2005. Matching media to audience equals marketing success. College &Undergraduate Libraries, Vol. 12:1/2, pp. 47-64.9. Campbell, J. and Gibson, S. 2005. Implementing an action plan: strategies for marketing library services.College and Undergraduate Libraries, Vol. 12:1/2, pp. 153-164.10. Duke, L. M. and Tucker, T. 2007. How to develop a marketing plan for an academic library. TechnicalServices Quarterly, Vol. 25:1, pp. 51-68. Page 14.862.1011. Shamel, C. 2002. Building a brand: Got Librarian? Searcher, Vol. 10:7http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/jul02/shamel.htm.12. Alire, C. A

Conference Session

Project-Based Student Learning: Part I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Everly, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

inexpensive (less than $650/unit), cover the 3-30MHz high frequency (HF) spectrum, plus they have reasonably decent technical specifications.The remaining sections of the paper introduce Scattering or "S" parameters which turn out to bethe language of network analyzers. Also, each of the three VNAs tested in this paper has its own"unique to the device" software front-end and, for comparison purposes, a common data displayformat was implemented. For each filter examined, a picture is presented showing the location ofthe filter on the NorCal 40A printed circuit board, followed by a schematic diagram of theselected filter configured for the network analyzer test set-up. Also, when appropriate, three plotsof the circuit’s performance using each of the

Conference Session

Signal Processing Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thad Welch, Boise State University; Cameron Wright, University of Wyoming; Michael Morrow, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Travis Kent, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, full control of the SDR-14’s digital downconverter’s decimation and filtering processes is possible (as shown in Figure 3), in order to createthe required I and Q data. Page 14.1162.4 Figure 4: AR 5000A communications receiver.3 Commercial FMAnother common signal is the commercial frequency modulation (FM) radio station signal. An FMsignal (88–108 MHz, in the United States) would be a challenge for the SDR-14 to capture withoutadditional analog RF signal conditioning circuitry. An alternative to designing and implementingthis analog RF signal conditioning circuitry is the use of a radio receiver that has its

Conference Session

Classroom Engagement

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Stice, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

from reading, for instance,and this is backward from what Dale’s Cone suggests. I’m not “ear-minded” as the learningpsychologists say, and I understand that about a third of the U. S. population is like me (and Ican’t quote an exact source for this number either – I got it from learning psychologist FredKeller7 in a conversation with him). I don’t receive vocal information as efficiently as I do whenI read about something – I can always read text over again, but it isn’t usually possible to“replay” a lecture or a conversation. So my learning skills don’t match the lower levels of Dale’sCone. But after 43 years of teaching engineering subjects I am quite comfortable with the ideasthat, for most engineering students, Visual Receiving is superior

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rick Williams, East Carolina University; Stacy Klein-Gardner; Loren Limberis; Stephanie Sullivan, East Carolina University

other fields such as medicine and law with successin learning for some time now.17 These cases are similar to the Legacy Cycle in the use of aninitial “challenge” or problem that must be solved. However, Legacy Cycle lesson design addsmore specific structure to the traditional problem-based learning format, as after the statedChallenge and following the Generate Ideas activity, students examine selected thoughts fromexperts that relate to the problem and direct their thoughts in the desired direction(s) beforeengaging in “Research and Revise” activities. These steps are supported by additional researchthat has demonstrated improved learning when students first generate their own ideas and thenhear experts’ ideas prior to consulting resources or

Conference Session

Professional Development in Materials Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Griffin, Texas A&M University, Qatar; Reza Rowshan, Texas A&M University, Qatar

Tagged Divisions

Materials

tested a 6061 aluminum alloy link. The students were able to directly see the results of theirdesign and the difficulties in translating an idea to a finished product.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thank the following students in MEEN 360, fall 2008 at Texas A&MUniversity at Qatar. The students were: OMAR ABDALLAH, SOHA HISHAM AABDELSATTAR, ZUHAIB SYED ABDIN, MOHAMMED A AL-KHORI, OMARMOHAMMAD J M AL-QATAMI, AHMAD MOHAMMED S A ALMANSOOR, COLLIN CDAVIS, ALI MOHAMAD FAYAD, MISAM ALI MEHMOOD JAFFER TIMOTHYRAYMOND, TAYLOR, DANI JAAFAR WANNOUS, and Ric Carusi the machinist. Page 14.882.6Page 14.882.7 Table

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeff Jalkio, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

conceptual gains and usingthose gains to motivate development of the math skills needed for application.Bibliography1.Olds, Moskal, and Miller, “Assessment in Engineering Education:Evolution, Approaches, and FutureCollaborations”, Journal of Engineering Education, January 20052. David Hestenes, Malcolm Wells, and Gregg Swackhamer, “Force Concept Inventory”, The Physics Teacher, Vol. Page 14.15.630, March 1992.3. Evans, D.L. Gray, G.L. Krause, S. Martin, J. Midkiff, C. Notaros, B.M. Pavelich, M. Rancour, D. Reed-Rhoads, T. Steif, P. Streveler, R. Wage, K. “Progress on concept inventory assessment tools”, Proceedings ofthe 2003 Frontiers in

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Laboratories

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Edwards, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Gerald Recktenwald, Portland State University; Brian Benini, Case Western Reserve University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

the overall pedagogy involved. 4) Publishing all of the exercises on the website http://eet.cecs.pdx.edu.AcknowledgementsThis work is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DUE 0633754. Anyopinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those ofthe author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Page 14.37.11 References:1. G. Recktenwald, R.C. Edwards, “Using Simple Experiments to Teach Core Concepts in the Thermal and Fluid Sciences,” Proceedings of the 2007 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference

Collection

2009 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Olugbenga O. Akinbiola

identified and eliminated, andonce statistical control has been established, Shewhart charts can be used to monitor the processfor the occurrence of future special causes and to measure and reduce the effects of commoncauses, Montgomery Douglas6. These techniques include control charts, histogram distribution,Pareto analysis and correlation methods. The concept of Statistical Process Control has itsorigins in the 1920s4. Shewhart’s work was used extensively during the World War II period inthe American defense industry, . In the 1940’s Deming continued the work of Shewhart andintroduced a 14- point plan for quality management. In 1997, Bjorn Andersen and Loland H2 inhis paper concluded that everyone working with quality improvement and process

Conference Session

Educational Issues in Civil Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

institutions in the U.S., Universityof Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. The goal ofeach REU Site was to provide eight week summer full-time in-residence research training andprofessional development program on the use of modern technology in conducting anddisseminating research in “Structural Engineering,” with special focus on techniques to studythe "Development of Enhanced Materials and Structural Assemblages for Seismic PerformanceEvaluation Studies." Each year six to nine students were selected, based on a nationalapplication process, who were divided in three teams, and each team worked on a well-definedresearch project under the guidance of faculty mentors(s) and a graduate research assistant(GRA

Conference Session

Embedded Computing

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Barrett, University of Wyoming; Jeffrey Anderson, University of Wyoming; Jerry Hamann, University of Wyoming; Robert Kubichek, University of Wyoming; Suresh Muknahallipatna, University of Wyoming; John Pierre, University of Wyoming; David Whitman, University of Wyoming; Cameron Wright, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, ROM, and I/O. The initial experiment has the students use theHC11’s Buffalo Bug software to manipulate port outputs. The traffic light LEDs are connectedto the output ports of the microprocessors. Thus, the students directly control the lights bymodifying the contents of the memory locations associated with the output ports. This helps thestudents see the connection between software and what happens in hardware. Then the lectureexplains how programs can be written for the microprocessor and stored in on-chip RAM. Theidea of a simple flow chart is introduced to alternate green and red lights between N/S and E/W.The second experiment has the students implement the flowchart in C code, compile the code,and download it to the microprocessor. The

Conference Session

Focus on Faculty

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ane Johnson, Virginia Tech; Margaret Layne, Virginia Tech; Janis Terpenny, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

., Rosser, S.,Shalala, D. & Sheridan, J. (2005 August). More women in science. Science Magazine 309. 1190-1191.Trower, C. & Chait, R. (2002 April). Faculty diversity: Too little for too long. Harvard Magazine.Stewart, A. Malley, J. & LaVaque-Manty, D. (2007). Transforming Science and Engineering: Advancing AcademicWomen. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.7 Etzkowitz, et. al. (1994)Gibson, S. (2004). Being mentored: The experience of women faculty. Journal of Career Development 30(3). 173-188.Stewart, A. Malley, J. & LaVaque-Manty, D. (2007). Transforming Science and Engineering: Advancing AcademicWomen. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Yedida, M. & Bickel, J. (2001). Why aren’t there more women leaders in

Conference Session

Computational Tools and Simulation II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Trent McDonald, West Inc.; David Mukai, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

meanthat students are better equipped to solve statistical problems later in their careers.The benefits of NPCI are being investigated and results are presented elsewhere.This paper focuses on the concepts, methods, and applications of NPCI statistics.NPCI Concepts Page 14.912.2The theory behind many NPCI methods is not new. Many of the basic conceptshave been in the statistics literature since the 1940’s. However, NPCI methodsdid not see widespread application until the early 1980’s because the necessarycomputing power was not available. With the advent of cheap and easy-to-usecomputers, computer intensive methods for realistic data sets became possible.The

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University; Kyle Hoermann, Texas A&M University

, individualize studentmodel, tutor module, and post-test module.Pretest and question module. The system offers a dynamic pre-test that can classify learnersaccording to their level of knowledge, such as beginner, intermediate, or advanced.Student model. The system includes an Error Patterns database that records patterns of errors inrung programming. If a learner attempts to run a program that contains an error, the system willuse built-in heuristic functions to identify the error pattern in the database that most closelymatches the learner’s error. Once the most similar error pattern has been identified, themisunderstood concept(s) will be displayed for the learner to see

Conference Session

Distance and Web-Based Learning in ET: Remote and Virtual Laboratories

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ranjeet Agarwala, East Carolina University; Andrew Jackson, East Carolina University; Jackson Sherion, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Distribution & Logistics Manufacturing Systems Mechanical Technology Architectural Technology College of Technology and Computer Science 1st P Technology programs to match a student’s skills and ambition r o f Doctor of Technology Systems (DTS) e (Proposed Fall ‘08) s s Operational Systems Information & o Computer Technology n a l M.S. D

Conference Session

Issues of Persistence in Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Ohland, Purdue University; Michelle Camacho, University of San Diego; Richard Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Russell Long, Purdue University; Susan Lord, University of San Diego; Mara Wasburn, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

research using Multi-Institution Database for InvestigatingEngineering Longitudinal Development (MIDFIELD). MIDFIELD is a rich longitudinaldatabase with student-level records for all undergraduate students at nine southeastern publicuniversities from 1987-2005. The MIDFIELD database contains records for 857,001 uniquestudents of whom 462,443 received at least one bachelor’s degree, 135,860 who were at somepoint enrolled in engineering with 71,277 receiving a bachelor’s degree in engineering. First-time-in-college students who are U. S. citizens or permanent residents make up approximatelyhalf of this population and are the focus of this study.While many types of institution are not represented in the dataset, MIDFIELD includes datafrom multiple

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics: An Interdisciplinary Endeavor

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

protect an account with a strong password if the answersneeded to reset the password are just a few clicks away. That was the case with Yahoo accounts[23, 24]. A user trying to recover a forgotten password is asked to enter his/her e-mail address. Page 14.954.4Then (s)he is given the option of e-mailing a new password to an alternate e-mail address, orimmediately resetting the password through a form on the current Web page. If the user choosesProceedings of the 2009 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition 3Copyright 1 2009, American Society for Engineering Educationan immediate reset, the site prompts

Conference Session

Using Information Technology to Create New Information Resources

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Haymwantee Singh, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Richard Sweeney, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

a librarian is asked a question, s/he may nothave to answer the same or similar question in the future. Imagine that students can askquestions online and are able to receive their professor’s answers even while that professor is offdoing his or her research, on sabbatical, or just on down time. A natural language knowledgemanagement system could be the solution. An integral component of knowledge managementsystems, a knowledge base, is used to optimize information collection, organization, and retrievalfor an organization, or for the general public [1]. Functions of a natural language knowledge basemake it possible to answer specific questions that are likely to be asked repeatedly by other usersbut perhaps in a slightly different manner

Conference Session

Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fred Bonner, Texas A&M University; Felecia Nave, Prairie View A&M University; Sherri Frizell, Prairie View A&M University; Carmen Villa, Texas A&M University; Helene Cook, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

. Hwan, Y. S., Echols, C, Wood, R. Vrongistinos, K. (2001, April). African American college student’s motivation in education. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Assoication. Seattle, Washington.9. Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self- determination in human behavior. New York:Plenum.10. Dweck, C.S. (2006). Is math a gift? Beliefs that put females at risk. In S. J. Ceci & W. Williams (Eds.), Are sex differences in cognition responsible for the underrepresentation of women in scientific careers? (pp. 47-55). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.11. Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Deci, e. (2006). Intrinsic verus extrinsic goal