Conference Session

FPD6 - First Year Curricula Development

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Wight, Norwich University; R. Danner Friend, Norwich University; Jacques Beneat, Norwich University; William Barry, Norwich University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. The ABET criterion 3 outcomes are a driving force inmaking sure the course outcomes are appropriate.Freshman Engineering courses have undergone significant evolution in the past few decades. Inrecent years great emphasis has been placed upon broadening the freshman engineeringexperience and improving retention in engineering programs. Several programs have madesignificant changes in recent years to address these issues. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9 Many programs are lessskills-based instruction and more project-based instruction with an emphasis on problem solvingand engineering design. 1, 6,7,8 The United States Air Force Academy, as well as otherinstitutions, have taken a multidisciplinary approach in the first year by making the course opento or required

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Birmingham, Grove City College; Vincent DiStasi, Grove City College

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

softwareGrove City College has a 1:1 mobile computing program, now in its second decade, where eachstudent receives at the start of his or her freshman year a computer. For the past four years, thecomputer has been a Hewlett-Packard Tablet PC. Currently, there are about 2500 Tablet PCsused by students and about 120 used by faculty. Page 13.144.2Complementing the hardware program, the college provides software to support the entire CSand engineering curriculum from integrated development environments (IDEs) to applicationssuch as MatLab and Maya. Moreover, the Tablet PC has a variety of software applications thatare pen-aware, such as Microsoft® Word and

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ed Doering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sam Shearman, National Instruments; Erik Luther, National Instruments

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

conceptualthreads from the required curriculum and strengthens their DSP programming skills with a seriesof mini-projects1.The choice of computational platform for mini-projects and in-class demonstrations is a keydesign decision for the course. Richard Hamming once said “the purpose of computing is insight,not numbers,” and students gain manifold insights when they interact with a signal processingsystem of their own creation. The choice of a development environment for optimum studentlearning revolves around two critical issues: (1) the total time required to transform a conceptinto a working system, and (2) the degree to which the system is interactive. Frustration resultswhen the development process takes too long or is too complicated. In addition

Conference Session

Marketing Engineering to Minority Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafic Bachnak, Texas A&M International University; jack esparza, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

presentation, “Space Exploration-AnAstronaut’s Perspective,” was held on November 16, 2006 and was attended by morethan 100 people. The guest speaker also visited the Early Child Development Center(ECDC) on November 17 where he talked to students and answered their questions. Fig.1 shows two pictures taken at these events. Fig. 1 (a) The audience at the presentation (b) The speaker addressing ECDC studentsThe second presentation, “NASA Careers and the Future of the Space Program,” washeld on April 16, 2007. More than 100 people attended this presentation. The speakeralso participated in evaluating a presentation on April 17th by students preparing tocompete in the “Students Today, NASA Tomorrow

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics IV

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Cottrell, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

communications, engineering economy, and construction planning, scheduling, estimating, and management. Page 13.762.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Integr ating Engineer ing Ethics Education into a Multi-Disciplinar y Seminar Cour se: Making the ÐUqhvÑ"Qwveqogu RelevantIntr oduction The Department of Engineering Technology at the University of North Carolina atCharlotte (UNCC) has developed and implemented a comprehensive program leading toan academic environment of continuous improvement consistent with the ABETTechnology Criteria 2000 (TC2K).1 With the advent of TC2K, many

Conference Session

Design Project Based Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Choate, Western Kentucky University; Kevin Schmaltz, Western Kentucky University; Joel Lenoir, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

endeavorsin the Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R) disciplines. 1, 2, 3In 2005, ME seniors and their faculty advisor in the ME Senior Lab I course at WesternKentucky University submitted a proposal to the ASHRAE Undergraduate Senior Project GrantProgram, requesting funds to design, build and test (DBT) a Centrifugal Pump DemonstrationSystem. The proposal was selected by ASHRAE as one of the projects to be funded for the 2006– 2007 academic year.The stated scope of the project was to design, build and test (DBT) an educational demonstrationor instructional unit to allow undergraduate students to evaluate the behavior of centrifugalpumps in a variety of operating conditions. The unit was to be used to complement an

Conference Session

AEC Education: Instructional Strategies and Innovation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kun-jung Hsu, Leader University; Shu-Chen Lin, National Taiwan University; Yi-Rong Lin, National Taiwan University; Szu-Yu Yeh, National Taiwan University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

maintain an attitude of equality and respectregarding other species [1, 7, 8, and 9]. More and more disciplines are using the samebuzzword “sustainable” in their professional action; the emphasis in a sustainable engineeringdesign always differs because of hidden value systems within different professional trainings [3,5]. These contradictions always accompany most eco-engineering design processes, especiallythose eco-sensitive environments such as high density urban areas. For example, an Page 13.597.2eco-tourism hill path located in a metropolitan location faces the dilemma of needing to cater torecreation needs while also mitigating any

Conference Session

Bridging and Freshman Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Papadopoulos; John Reisel, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

attempting to learn more about the efficacy of summer bridge programs, we discovered ageneral dearth of relevant performance data in the literature. We identified and examined 12engineering summer bridge programs that serve new freshmen whose math placement is at orbelow pre-calculus, and for which meaningful student performance data has been published. Thedata that we compiled suggests that bridge programs are very successful in helping students toadvance in math placement by at least one level. Less clear is whether bridge studentsoutperform control group students in the years beyond the bridge program (as measured byretention, graduation, and grades), but some evidence suggests that this is the case.1. IntroductionNew freshmen in many engineering

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

approach utilized various means of teaching mechanisms, consequently addressingvarious types of learners. These means, presented in the following sequence, were:1. Study of theory of machines including kinematics and dynamics22. Observation of working mechanisms and computer animations3. Reverse engineering of mechanisms found in animated toys4. Assembly and successful operation of commercially available automata kits5. An open-ended design project where a group of students had to design and build automata.During the course, students learned the theory governing mechanisms and their uses inthe real-world. The students followed a practical path to learn about joint, element, andmechanism types as well as functions of joints and

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jan Rinehart, Rice University; Sherry Woods, University of Texas at Austin; Rebecca Richards-Kortum, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

, Negotiating the Ideal Faculty Position. The workshops at RiceUniversity are funded through a National Science Foundation (NSF) ADVANCE institutionaltransformation grant. At each of these workshops, a national invitation was extended and 350-730 women responded with applications. This level of response clearly demonstrates the interestin the topic and, at the same time, the lack of information available to women in their localinstitutions.One to three follow-up surveys have been completed by the workshop participants. Thelongitudinal data show that these workshops have had a strong impact on the participants’ careerpaths, with a high percentage pursuing (and succeeding in) academic careers.The workshops have three goals: 1. To provide critical

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan McGaughey, Carnegie Mellon University; Jeremy Michalek, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

experiences of wiki-based learning in the classroom.Professor Michalek's Design Decisions Wiki (DDWiki) is located athttp://ddl.me.cmu.edu/ddwiki. Professor McGaughey's Nanoscale Transport PhenomenaWiki (NTPWiki) is located at http://ntpl.me.cmu.edu/ntpwiki.2. Wiki softwareMost wiki software is open source code, and numerous wiki engines are available at nocost. The most popular one is MediaWiki6, the same engine used for Wikipedia.MediaWiki is written in the hypertext scripting language PHP7, incorporating a databasemanagement system. We choose and also recommend using MediaWiki to setup aclassroom wiki for several reasons: 1. It has large-scale database capabilities and high operational reliability

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sofia Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg; Joseph Cecere, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg

Tagged Divisions

Construction

and the constructionindustry. The board assists in preparation of surveys and reports as required for theiraccreditation as well as other information the SDCET program. They promote financial supportto the program and the student organization, Penn State Professional Engineers and Contractors(PSPEC).The SDCET Advisory board has been identified by the college to be an excellent example of anoutstanding board 1. Their activities show how different an industry and a construction programbenefits. The advisory board activities include: construction awareness luncheon for high schoolcounselors, review of course syllabi, informal gatherings, student forums, a networking evening,and resource to the program and faculty

Conference Session

Anything New in the Mechanics of Materials?

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rani Sullivan, Mississippi State University; Masoud Rais-Rohani, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

to only one or two laboratory courses. Recent research1-6 on the merit of active studentinteraction with physical models has revitalized interest in the use of such models, not just inlaboratory classes but—more importantly—as an integral part of traditional lecture-basedengineering courses.Couple of years ago, the authors had an opportunity to design and develop a structural testingsystem at the Raspet Flight Research Laboratory at Mississippi State University. In oneexperiment, a whiffletree loading mechanism (WLM), as shown in Fig. 1, was designed and usedfor static testing of a full-scale composite aircraft wing. For simplicity, the wings were mountedupside-down and loaded downward to simulate the lift force distribution. Whiffletree

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kun-jung Hsu, Leader University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

philosophy of linear programming convert the project time-cost trade-off problemsto minimizing the objective cost function, subject to inequality time constraints, and then solvethe problem. Computerized “CPM” procedure and the application of project managementsystem had been developed by many researchers, for example, [1], [2], [8], and [7].Computerized “CPM” procedure using spreadsheets to solve the time-cost tradeoffs problem alsoalready was integrated as parts of the standard OR textbook, for example, [5] and [6].The advantages of linear programming algorithms used to obtain the optimal solutions includeefficiency and accuracy. To simplifying the mathematical formulation and its application intime-cost tradeoff problem, it will be helpful if

Conference Session

Issues in the Professional Practice of Faculty Members in Civil Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen Estes, California Polytechnic State University; Ronald Welch, The University of Texas-Tyler; Stephen Ressler, United States Military Academy; Norman Dennis, University of Arkansas; Debra Larson, Northern Arizona University; Carol Considine, Old Dominion University; Tonya Nilsson, San Jose State; Jim O'Brien, American Society of Civil Engineers; Thomas Lenox, American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

participants using the T4E format as a model.In 1999, a group of nine educators formally evaluated ETW as part of a Program DesignWorkshop3. As a result, the curriculum of the ETW was refined and formalized and the programwas successfully transported to the University of Arkansas in the summer of 2000. By 2002,there were ExCEEd Teaching Workshops offered at West Point, the University of Arkansas andNorthern Arizona University. Those three institutions have provided the home of the ETW eversince as shown in Table 1, although ASCE is always considering new locations.In the summer of 2004, the United Engineering Foundation funded these workshops and theother professional societies (ASME, IEEE, AIChE) sent participants to what became the ExcEEd(Excellence

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Teaching Part Two

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerald Himes, United States Military Academy; Jakob Bruhl, United States Military Academy; Joseph Hanus, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

design process to Mechanics of Materials in generate alternatives order to introduce design early CE450 • Construction project management • Creative problem solving Figure 1 The Civil Engineering Three-Course Sequence for Non-Engineering MajorsAs shown in Figure 1, CE300 students are introduced to statics and mechanics of materials. Bythe end of the course, they are able to analyze and design axial members (such as trusses andcables), beams, and torsional members3. CE350 provides instruction on

Conference Session

Innovative Programs - Structure, Delivery, Evaluation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dirk Schaefer, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tristan Utschig, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

the types of models are explained in terms of duration, incorporation withpromotion and tenure, and what components of educational practice are included in the model.Next, the various characteristics of individual models are documented in terms of content andpracticum components, contexts for implementation, and how the models work within theirvarious contexts. Finally, due to the inherently political and emotional nature of considering theuse of these models with the US, a brief reflection on experiences and lessons learned from thesemodels is presented as relevant to US higher education.1. IntroductionFew would disagree with the idea that educating the next generation of leaders in both academiaand industry is at the heart of what higher

Conference Session

Projects & Laboratories in Mechanical ET

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Pippin, Frostburg State University; Julie Wang, Frostburg State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

designed. The first one is based on the NACA 44153aerodynamic geometry profile (see the cross section area in Figure 1). It can span agreater area than other designs. The twist and slope of decrease was put in by usingComputer Aided Design Solidworks, and then altered for a 3" chord. The second onewas designed with a smaller size and a twist angle of 30 degrees, and it was designed forrunning three to six blades on the wind turbine. NACA 4415 Airfoil Chord 15 10 Y (%) 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 -5 X (%)Figure 1: NACA 4415 stations and ordinates given in percent of airfoil

Conference Session

FPD9 - First Year Learning & Assessment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Whalen, Northeastern University; Susan Freeman, Northeastern University; Beverly Jaeger, Susan Freeman and Beverly Jaeger are members of Northeastern University's

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

rating system, providing the necessary quantitative analysis to determine the rank of learn(potential to convey concepts) and like (level of engagement) for each of the learning modes. As noted, theresearch focused on a first-year design course and results revealed a wide array of learning and engagementlevel combinations for the activities used in the course. Each mode was profiled with a learn-likedesignation using a correlation metric. It was not surprising that many of the learning modes in the highlearn/high like quadrant touch upon multiple learning styles and those in the low learn/low like quadrantaddressed only a limited scope of the students’ learning styles. The options suggested for handling thelow/low modes were to (1) eliminate the

Conference Session

Pedagogical Issues in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Roe, Hillsborough Community College; Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida; Marilyn Barger, University of South Florida; Bradley Jenkins, St. Petersburg College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Applied Science (A.A.S.) degreesassociated with manufacturing and related technologies. This reform has resulted in a statewidedegree in Engineering Technology with a common technology core, based on a nationalcertification, and five specialization tracks to meet local needs.There are a number of benefits to this change or consolidation of Engineering Technology 2-yearprograms in Florida. These include: 1) A degree program that meets manufacturers’ skills andknowledge competencies related to foundational skills in engineering technology. 2) AllCommunity Colleges in the State can market jointly to students and industry employers with acommon degree program and certification; 3) Completion of the common technology corecreates a portable completion

Conference Session

K-12 Engineering Outreach Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Powers, Clarkson University; Bruce Brydges, SUNY Potsdam; Gail Gotham, SLL BOCES; James Carroll, Clarkson University; Peter Turner, Clarkson University; Douglas Bohl, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

ranging from“Finding Nano” to robotics to ecology.The development of an extensive partnership beyond Clarkson’s campus has been a criticallyimportant aspect of the success and growth of our outreach programs. Partners include thecounty-wide Board of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES) and other nearby Universitiesthat provide synergistic expertise, including educational assessment. The partnership helps toprovide an umbrella organization and common themes across all individual programs, whichhelp to main continuity for all stakeholders as the specific funding sources come and go. Thecommon elements that have been consistent across all individual programs and that have beenshown to be critical to our success include: (1) hands-on, inquiry and

Conference Session

Engineering and Math Potpouri

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bertram Pariser, Technical Career Institute, Inc.; Cyrus Meherji, Technical Career Institute, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

AC 2008-1657: VIDEO LECTURE ON THE PYTHAGOREAN THEORYBertram Pariser, Technical Career Institute, Inc.Cyrus Meherji, Technical Career Institute, Inc. Page 13.1383.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Video Lecture on PYTHAGOREAN THEORYAbstractPythagoras derived the famous equation a2 +b2 =c2. This discovery enabled the Greeks tobuild the Acropolis and the Parthenon. This equation is probably the most famous equation inmathematics. There are hundreds of proofs to the Pythagorean Theorem in mathematical literature.My derivation of "A GEOMETRICAL PROOF OF PYTHAGORAS’ THEOREM" 1 is difficult for ourstudents to understand. Students, who use the video

Conference Session

ECE Pedagogy and Assessment II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suk Kim Chin, Australian Catholic University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

teamwork environment, these high achievers feel that the poorer studentswaste their time. Also, the less talented students can be encouraged to participate strongly in theproject, thus eliminating a significant number of “passengers”.1. Introduction“We need to work to support ourselves and we want a life, therefore time for study is scarce”depicts the typical full-time student characteristics in ACU, Australia. Part-time students, withages varying between 25 and 50, have one or more of the following responsibilities: • a demanding job; • family; and • the need to improve their career potential.The scarcity of time for study is witnessed by the aforementioned student characterization and assuch, it is desirable to design courses which

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics III

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Birmingham, Grove City College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

the soul “encompasses every dimension of human existence.” Aquinas, drawingupon Boethius, further argues that each person is not only an individual substance, but anindividual substance that is connected to other similar substances. The person then exists bothindividually and in communion with other persons. (Summa Theologica I.29 art 1)The high regard for the person as such is not limited to those who would consider themselvesThomists. Immanuel Kant argues the Grounding of the Metaphysics of Morals that persons areend in themselves and that human communities should be viewed as a “kingdom of ends’. Kantdoes not explicitly adopt or a reject the person as unity of body and soul, but he certainly seeshuman beings as using their bodies as

Conference Session

Institutional and Curricular Reform

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Goldberg, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Andreas Cangellaris, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Michael Loui, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Raymond Price, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Bruce Litchfield, Univ Of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

discussed above gives us thenecessary clues to help overcome these difficulties. Without data, it is difficult for goodengineers to feel comfortable with change, but without an arena to experiment and actually makechanges, it is impossible to collect the data necessary to move ahead. With this in mind, in thesummer of 2007,14 an interdepartmental collaborative pilot unit was proposed at the Universityof Illinois at Urbana-Champaign to make it possible to collect data on proposed curriculumchanges. The pilot unit was called iFoundry or the Illinois Foundry for Technology Vision andLeadership, and the proposal contained a number of key elements: 1. Create a collaborative interdepartmental pilot unit among key undergraduate curricula to

Conference Session

Design Communications

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Linsey, Texas A&M University; Kristin Wood, University of Texas at Austin; Arthur Markman, University of Texas- Austin

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

encouraging the engineers to retrieve othersolutions from their memory and from databases. Alterative representations are developed bothintuitively and through the use of databases readily available on the web. The alternativelinguistic representations are then organized into WordTrees facilitating the identification ofpotential analogies and analogous domains. Analogies, along with analogous domains, are thenresearched. Concept generation can then be based on the new representations and analogies. Acase study illustrates and evaluates the method. This method is appropriate for both professionaland student engineers. The WordTree Method fills a gap in design class providing a tool fordesign-by-analogy.1. Introduction Engineering innovation is

Conference Session

Sustainability and Engineering Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qiong Zhang, Michigan Technological University; Julie Zimmerman, Yale University; James Mihelcic, Michigan Technological University; Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

the current barriers to integrating sustainability into engineeringeducation – creating effective learning materials and proving the effectiveness of new teachingstrategies – that enables engineering faculty to more easily incorporate sustainability approachesinto curricula. The objectives of the project are to design, develop, implement, disseminate, andassess the success and effectiveness of the proposed transformational learning practices and peer-to-peer networks. The paper begins with a brief overview of the entire project and then focuseson: 1) the components of a new textbook created for an Introduction to EnvironmentalEngineering course and 2) identical Green Engineering courses to be offered at partneruniversities that build upon the

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy VanAntwerp, Calvin College; Richard Braatz, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

those deviations that are significantlydifferent (in a statistical sense) from normal variation in the measurements are worthcorrecting. Thus we need a criterion to determine what constitutes c"ÒtgcnÓ"fgxkcvkqp"cpf"what is just random variability in the measurement.A Shewart chart (see Figure 1) is the most basic tool for determining which variations aredue to a fundamental shift in the process variable and which are merely measurement o u t l i e r f i r s t d e t e c t i o n o f d

Conference Session

Professional Development in Materials Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katie Cadwell, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Wendy Crone, University of Wisconsin - Madison

Tagged Divisions

Materials

seminar series offered to undergraduate studentsengaged in research with the Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) atthe University of Wisconsin - Madison.IntroductionIn response to initiatives by the National Science Foundation, including the Recognition Awardsfor the Integration of Research and Education (RAIRE), as well as a growing realization thatundergraduate researchers benefit from training in ancillary research skills such as searching thescientific literature or presenting research findings,1 many institutions have developedundergraduate research programs that incorporate additional training on research skills as part oftheir mission. In addition to providing undergraduate students with opportunities to

Conference Session

Professional Skills and the Workplace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Betty Harper, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Patrick Terenzini, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

morescholarly activities, and engineering education is a case-in-point. The post-WWII and Sputnikeras saw a massive influx of federal support for research in higher education, increased hiring ofresearch-oriented faculty members, and curriculum revisions that reflected faculty members'interests. By 2000, engineering education looked more like that in a traditional science than in aprofession.3 Government, business, and professional societies pressed for engineering educationreforms in order to sustain America's technological and economic leadership. Consistent with Finkelstein et al.,1 one explanation for the failure of engineeringprograms to provide graduates with important professional skills is that most engineeringstudents are taught by