Conference Session

Innovations in Pedagogy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mansoor Nasir, Lawrence Technological University; Joseph Seta, Lawrence Technological University; Eric G. Meyer, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

Projects course that is required for all freshman in the College of Engineering at LTU. He has published 31 peer-reviewed journal articles. At LTU, Meyer offers a number of outreach programs for high school students and advises many projects for undergraduate students. Page 24.809.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Introducing High School Students to Biomedical Engineering through Summer CampsAbstractSummer camps provide many high school students their first opportunity to learn about

Conference Session

Leadership, Entrepreneurship and Ethics Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald J. Bennett F.ASEE, F.ABET P.E., University of St. Thomas; Niaz Latif, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology); Aco Sikoski, Ivy Tech Community College; Steven Wendel, Sinclair Community College; Mohammad A. Zahraee, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology)

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

for two years as the Dean of the Graduate School and additional two years as the Interim Associate Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Studies. Dr. Latif was responsible for the graduate education ac- tivities for 14 Master’s Degree programs, development of new degree programs and courses. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri—Columbia and an M.S. from South Dakota State University (SDSU); both degrees are in Agricultural Engineering. He holds a B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Chittagong in Bangladesh. Dr. Latif has authored/co-authored numerous refereed journal articles and peer reviewed conference proceedings articles and has made national and interna- tional conference

Conference Session

Track 1 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

John Matthew Long, Deakin University; Simon William Cavenett, Deakin University; Eloise Gordon, Deakin University; Matthew Joordens, Deakin University

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Page 20.18.2  Indonesia  the Netherlands  the United States.We even have taught handful of students while they were at sea, either in the merchant marineor in the Royal Australian Navy.In our experience, isolation, lack of real-time contact with teaching staff, and lack of access tolaboratories are some of the most significant challenges faced by these students, leading to highdrop-out rates among on-line students.7 Educational challenges faced by their lecturers includedifficulty teaching teamwork skills, ensuring effective group work among students,implementing cooperative and peer-based learning, supervising projects, and enabling thestudents to give in-class presentations. Laboratory work is

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Maria Nandadevi Cortes-Rodriguez, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Miguel Alfonso Nino, Virginia Polytechnic and State University

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development

final section was an open opportunity for participants to write any comment,thought, or idea they had after the session.Our inaugural session in 2011 was titled, “Preparing for Global Leadership: CulturalCompetence and Connections with and for International Students and Colleagues.” The panelincluded students and faculty from STEM fields across campus, with representation from thefollowing countries: Argentina, Italy, Canada, Haiti, West Africa, Mexico, China, India, andGermany. They shared experiences and answered questions regarding the following topics:• What does it mean to be culturally competent?• How does cultural competence play a part in mentoring students or relationships withprofessors in graduate school?• How can we promote cultural

Conference Session

FPD 11: Culminating Considerations

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Silvia Husted, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Judith Virginia Gutierrez; Nelly Ramirez-Corona, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Enrique Palou, Universidad de las Americas Puebla

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

” (Figure 4) on two actual design projects. Students were organizedinto multidisciplinary teams of three to four members; the group had a total of thirty-eightstudents (15 male). The “Concepts” section uses quizzes given in nearly every session toascertain whether students have understood the material in their pre-class reading assignments.In addition, we encourage students to write brief reflective journal entries to further solidify andreinforce their own understanding, as well as demonstrate that improved understanding for animproved quiz grade. Universidad de las Américas Puebla’s Chemical, Environmental, and Foodengineering students have in the studied course a great opportunity for a multidisciplinarycollaborative experience

Conference Session

Capstone Design

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Dixon, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

ProcessThe literature of capstone TDR describes variations on a generally applied industry approachusing TDRs associated with design gates or phases as described above. Industry approaches aredescribed in various standards (e.g., IEEE Std. 1028-1997) appropriate for the designapplication. The TDR process is a peer evaluation of a design as it is developed and/or before itis deployed for development, fabrication or production. Peer reviewers are acquired fromindependent pools in order to provide experienced, unbiased, and objective design oversight19. Similar to spaced TDRs in industry, Wilson, Cambron, and McIntyre20 describe a capstoneTDR process that requires reviews throughout the year where students are used as independentreviewers (see also, 4

Conference Session

Computer Hardware

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Johné M. Parker, University of Kentucky; Stephen L. Canfield, Tennessee Technological University; Sheikh Khaled Ghafoor

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Page 24.1332.3learning7-11. Scaffolding12 was suggested as a strategy to help students through difficulties withimportant aspects of the domain that seem easy or obvious to “experts” like the instructor. Keyscaffolding strategies include breaking a large task into smaller parts, working in peer groups and   prompting13-16; as students gain confidence and competency in a topic, the instructor removes thescaffolding. The efficacy of scaffolding combined with team-based learning principles isinvestigated in several studies9-11, 16 17. Employing the use of computing tools (such as spreadsheets, MATLAB or MathCAD) toillustrate key course concepts is

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Edwin R. Schmeckpeper; Mike Kelley; Steve Beyerlein

student discussion when rating students’ discussions. During the in-class implantation, all data wasThis method is flexible, easy to implement, and can be used at collected as the discussions took place, with the assessorsthe course level for teaching and measuring engineering writing tally marks and notes directly on the relevant portionprofessional skills and the program level at the end of a of the EPSA Rubric.curricular sequence for evaluating a program’s efficacy

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering: Research on Teachers' Perceptions, Attitudes and Impacts of Teacher PD

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis S. Nadelson PhD, Boise State University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

curriculum leader was able to use the collaboration time to help teachers envision how sciencecould be integrated with other aspects of the curriculum such as reading and writing. Four of theprincipals described their role as a facilitator or encouraging force in terms of professional development.For example, Principal 2 (P2) indicated, “I am more of a facilitator (guide on the side) than the person Page 24.1376.7doing the staff development.” Money and time were mentioned as issues by half of the principals; theprofessional development days in this district were at an all-time low as a result of budget cuts. Twoprincipals expressed a need for

Conference Session

FPD 6: Course Content and Educational Strategies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lydia Prendergast, Rutgers, School of Engineering; Eugenia Etkina, Rutgers University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

interactive engagement of students in heads-on (always) and hands-on(usually) activities which yield immediate feedback through discussion with peers and/orinstructors, all as judged by their literature descriptions.3 Project-based courses and other activelearning-based strategies are becoming increasingly common interventions used to improveretention and student satisfaction in engineering programs across the nation.4,5,6 Educators andpractitioners use various active learning methodologies in reforming the first year curriculum.With several available active learning methods, choosing one or more specific reform methods,implementing them, and assessing their effectiveness can be a complex task.7,8It is common for engineering institutions to have

Conference Session

Ethical Behavior in Academia and Beyond

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University (ENG); Beth Stutzmann, RLC- Research Learning Community, Southern Polytechnic State University; Margaret Loraine Lowder, Southern Polytechnic State University; Mir M. Atiqullah, Kennesaw State University; Rajnish Singh, Southern Polytechnic State University; Craig A. Chin, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

and other assessments. They also indicate some of the techniques their peers use insupervised (e.g. tests, quizzes, exams etc.) and un-supervised (e.g. homework, projects, labreports, online environment etc.) assessments. The survey also reveals whether students are morelikely to cheat in the major required courses or non-major elective courses etc. Some of thetechniques that deter students from cheating are also discussed.Literature Review:Academic misconduct has long been a problem on college campuses in the United States.Studies across the nation have consistently shown that a majority of undergraduate studentsacross various disciplines engage in some form of academic misconduct during their collegecareer [1, 2, 3, and 4].Various

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Letitia M. Pohl, University of Arkansas; Edward A. Pohl, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

online discussion can never be as effective as an in-class discussion, andbased on the survey results discussed later, the students in these courses tended to agree. We feel,however, that both online and in-class discussions can have a place in hybrid course delivery. In-class discussions offer a synchronous flow of ideas and allow the students to react toextemporaneous questions. Online discussions allow the students to form thoughtful responsesover time and supplement their comments with research. In addition, some students, particularlythose whose first language is not English, often are more comfortable writing their thoughts thanexpressing them orally in front of a classroom of peers. The online discussion board draws outthe student who

Conference Session

Best of NEE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dirk Colbry, Michigan State University; Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Paper ID #9834Scaffolded Structuring of Undergraduate Research ProjectsDr. Dirk Colbry, Michigan State UniversityDr. Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University Katy Luchini-Colbry is the Director for Graduate Recruiting at the College of Engineering at Michigan State University, where she completed degrees in political theory and computer science. A recipient of a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, she earned Ph.D. and M.S.E. in computer science and engineering from the University of Michigan. She has published nearly two dozen peer-reviewed works related to her interests in educational technology and enhancing

Conference Session

The Interdisciplinary Nature of Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaofeng Tang, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Multidisciplinary Engineering

as well as in academic writing, and a critical inquiry class taught by theHSA faculty. The critical inquiry class has multiple sessions taught by different instructors. Eachsession focuses on a topic that is related to the instructor’s specialty, yet all the sessions have acommon component: for the first few weeks, students and instructors engage in a discussion ofthe meaning of liberal arts education and its implications for HMC. In addition to completing theCommon Core, every student at HMC is required to take at least ten courses in HSA, with atleast four courses in an area of concentration. The engineering curriculum at HMC consists ofthree stems: design, engineering sciences, and system. The design stem includes three

Conference Session

FPD 7: Beyond Course Content

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Ocif Love, Northeastern University; Susan F. Freeman, Northeastern University; Daniel Allan Sullivan, Center for STEM Education, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

their choice, all first year engineering students who elected a service-learningproject followed the engineering design process as covered in their Engineering Design course todesign, create, deliver and subsequently improve their own STEM curriculum as part of asubstantial team design project. They submitted the same engineering design assignments totheir professor during the semester as their peers who were working on service-oriented designprojects. At the end of the semester, the first year engineering students prepared their ownservice-learning presentation for their classmates and a technical final report for their professorto meet their engineering course requirements, just as their peers had done for their service-oriented design

Conference Session

Improving Introductory Experiences in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gladis Chávez-Torrejón, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Silvia Husted, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Nelly Ramirez-Corona, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, Universidad de las Americas Puebla; Enrique Palou, Universidad de las Americas Puebla

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

paper describes how a second semester cornerstone course is fostering the development ofcritical thinking in Chemical, Food, and Environmental Engineering students at Universidad delas Américas Puebla (Mexico) by developing students’ self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking. Course two major projects were presented to experts inthe field that assessed students’ critical thinking by means of a specialized rubric3. Instructor,peer-, and self-assessments were also performed throughout the course on several assignments(formative) as well as on two major projects (summative). Possible performance levels werefrom exemplary (value 4, skilled, marked by excellence in clarity, accuracy, precision, relevance,depth

Conference Session

DEED Melange

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Courtney Pfluger, Northeastern University; Kathryn Schulte Grahame, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, water,materials). They were asked to put this information into a table using Excel and to write aparagraph discussing which alternative was chosen as their preferred alternative and why. These Page 24.811.7homework assignments given in conjunction with lectures on the engineering design cycleprovided the students with the implementation of the engineering design cycle throughout thecourse and helped guide them in designing their sustainable home project.The ResultsSurvey Assessment 1: PRE and POST learningAt the beginning and end of the second year of offering this thematic approach to EngineeringDesign, students were assessed with a short survey

Conference Session

Leadership, Entrepreneurship and Ethics Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel F. Jennings PE, Texas A&M University; Bimal P. Nepal, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

studentsdepending upon the class size. This is a key component of a student overall grade in the course.This assesses students’ ability to communicate in writing. Peer evaluations are used to assignindividual grades. Each member of each group is required to complete a peer evaluation formwhich is provided by the instructor in the course packet.Oral Presentation of the Written Leadership Project: Each group is required to make an inclass—oral presentation of their written project. All members of the group are required toparticipate. The class participation is highly encouraged in the whole presentation process. Forexample, each class member and the course instructor jointly assign a grade to the oralpresentation for each of the individual presenters.Guest

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Homero Gregorio Murzi, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

scienceeducation. Using the search terms “active learning,” “teaching, ” “learning,” and “team-based learning” in any field, the searched was focused on articles published in peer-reviewed journals between January 1993 and December 2013. A 20-year period wasselected intentionally in order to include relevant work related to cooperative learning donein the late 90´s, and to achieve saturation. In the initial search 49 articles were found.Analyzing the full text of every article refined the search. The final articles were chosen fordemonstrating all the following selection criteria: 1. The research must have used a type of active learning in the theoretical framework. 2. The research was focused on improving student learning in the engineering

Conference Session

FPD 1: The Path to Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Marisa K. Orr, Louisiana Tech University; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University and Central Queensland University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Central Queensland University Matthew W. Ohland is Professor of Engineering Education at Purdue University and a Professorial Re- search Fellow at Central Queensland University. He has degrees from Swarthmore College, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Florida. His research on the longitudinal study of engineer- ing students, team assignment, peer evaluation, and active and collaborative teaching methods has been supported by over $12.8 million from the National Science Foundation and the Sloan Foundation and his team received Best Paper awards from the Journal of Engineering Education in 2008 and 2011 and from the IEEE Transactions on Education in 2011. Dr. Ohland is past Chair of ASEE’s

Conference Session

Diversity in K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel Alejandro Mejia, Utah State University; Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University - College of Education; Christine E. Hailey, Utah State University; Indhira Maria Hasbun, Utah State University; Daniel L. Householder, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Latino adolescents use engineering design processes to solve community-based projects, and how their household bodies of knowledge and social practices with their peers may connect to these design processes. Alex is particularly interested in the use of comprehension strategy instruction in linguistically and culturally diverse classrooms, physical and digital manipulatives and their application in engineering courses, and education and outreach for minorities in STEM.Dr. Amy Alexandra Wilson, Utah State University - College of Education Amy Alexandra Wilson is an assistant professor in the School of Teacher Education and Leadership at Utah State University. She studies disciplinary literacy instruction for adolescents in

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment in ME

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sriram Sundararajan, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #9251A strategy for sustainable student outcomes assessment for a mechanical en-gineering program that maximizes faculty engagementProf. Sriram Sundararajan, Iowa State University Sriram Sundararajan is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Iowa State University and also currently serves as the Associate Chair for Operations. His research areas encompass multiscale tribology (friction, lubrication and wear), surface engineering and mechanical engineering education. He has authored over 65 articles in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings and two invited book chapters. He serves on the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lorraine Kisselburgh, Purdue University; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jonathan Beever, Penn State University; Justin L. Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Andrew James Iliadis; Andrew O. Brightman, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

accreditation boards, professional societies, and societal views.7-9 2. Rapid changes in technology introduce novel ethical concerns that challenge or transcend existing codes of ethics of engineering professional societies.10,11 3. Engineering students experience a wide range of ethics pedagogy but still have lower levels of ethical reasoning than their peers.12,13 4. A coherent framework and effective pedagogy are critical for teaching ethics in an engineering context.14,15For our research project we proposed that for case-study analysis to be used as an effective toolto develop higher levels of moral reasoning in engineering ethics, it must be taught within acoherent framework for ethical decision-making that involves a

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irene B Mena, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Thomas A. Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

International

English speakers, language skills can be amajor challenge causing students to have difficulty taking notes, participating in class, andworking with their peers. Andrade also summarizes findings related to professors’ perceptionsof international students. Professors attributed lack of participation to cultural differences,whereas the students themselves attributed it to poor language skills. She also reports thatinternational students often preferred to work independently rather than in groups.The work reviewed by Andrade2 appears to be characteristic of much of the research oninternational students. It focuses on adjustment issues and relationships to academicachievement. In engineering education, participation of international students in active

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division New Ideas Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Jablonski, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

as a whole class, and after the first week eachgroup is required to meet with me for one hour outside of class. Before the first class meetingtime students are expected to complete a course blog post telling a little about themselves andwhy they chose to take the course. This practice gets them into the habit of completing thefrequent blog prompts that are used to keep students engaged with the course even though weonly meet as a group formally one each week.In the first class they get a crash course from our Small Business Development Center regardinghow to establish a business, how to write a business plan, and how to prepare the relatedfinancial documents. I do this up front because I want students to know what to expect regardingthe

Conference Session

Capstone Courses and Project Based-Learning

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diana Bairaktarova, The University of Oklahoma; Mary K. Pilotte, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Nathan McNeill, University of Colorado Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

effective means of meeting ABETcriteria [4]. In the traditional engineering classroom, students focus almost solely on the technicalaspects of engineering problem solving. Project-based learning can provide opportunities forstudents to be exposed to the broader context of engineering problem solving [7, 9]. Perkins [10]suggests that students learn best when they experience the “whole game” associated within acontent area. Situated in real-life examples, Perkins idealizes seven principles to engage studentsin their own learning process. These principles range from exposing students to the entire contextof a subject area, to working on so-called hard parts of the problem, getting students outside of theclassroom, and gains in peer learning from team

Conference Session

Construction Education Topics in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

the troubleshooting is a“reactive” problem solving (Baker & Dugger, 1986). The design involves more innovation,where the troubleshooting involves the recognition that technology encompasses (Baker &Dugger, 1986).More recently, Design is defined by Nielsen (2003), “A Problem is basically impression of atension or a contrast between two conditions: Condition of Desires and Actual Condition”. Thesuccessful design of an item transforms a condition of “Desire” (or need) into one of “Actuality”.These definitions are supported by Jonassen (2004) when he writes “First, a problem is anunknown entity in some context”, and “Second, finding or solving for the unknown must havesome social, cultural or intellectual value”. He then adds one vital

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Megan Mercedes Echevarria, International Engineering Program, University of Rhode Island; Sigrid -- Berka, University of Rhode Island

Tagged Topics

Student Development

abroad experience significantly greater growth during subsequent immersion activities. Page 20.30.5We suspect that, regardless of whether or not the entire cohort of students participating in thesustainability service-learning project chooses to return to Chile for their full year abroad, all ofthose students will have a distinct advantage over their peers who have not participated in anyshort-term programs. The assessment surveys that we are developing as part of this activity willhelp us document, analyze and report differences in comfort levels between different cohortswhen exposed to a foreign culture.Our fourth activity is a specialized

Conference Session

Teaching and Pedagogy Issues in Graduate Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin M. Foley, Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan; Ashley M. Verhoff, Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan; John J. Pitre Jr., Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan; Kathleen Marie Ropella, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

, peer participants provide feedback on workshopaspects that may need to be addressed prior to the official workshop, which include, in part,notation consistency, instructional pace, breadth of material, and timing. The practice workshopsare held one week prior to the scheduled time of implementation, which ensures there is time toaddress the concerns of the workshop participants.Both the instructor and the workshop participants can benefit from these practice workshops. Forstudent instructors, they provide opportunities to speak in front of an audience that is committed Page 24.1404.3to teaching. The audience can see subtleties that may have been

Conference Session

Sustainability

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James E. Wilcox , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Multidisciplinary Engineering

such initiatives, with LLC organized aroundsustainability having been established at more than a handful of colleges and universitiesnationwide. Proponents of living and learning communities point to social and educationalbenefits beyond enrollment and retention, such as better academic performance, studentengagement (civic, intellectual, and social), and critical thinking owning to experiential learningand co-curricular (and extra-curricular) learning opportunities. Also expected are more reliableand effective student transitions into higher education owing to the peer support network and rolemodels built around shared interests and positive identities (Tinto, 2000; Zhao and Kuh, 2004;Inkelas, et al, 2006; Brower and Inkelas, 2010). This