Conference Session

Design and Research in BME

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yawen Li, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

. Page 26.672.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Enhancing undergraduate education through research-based learning: a longitudinal case studyAbstractVarious surveys of employers about college graduates have revealed three major complaints:poor writing and verbal skills, inability to problem-solve, and difficulties workingcollaboratively with other professionals. This can be partly attributed to the traditional lecture-based instruction students typically receive throughout their college education. Often, studentsare not effectively motivated to grasp the course materials and fail to connect them to the realworld. An alternative student-centered, inductive approach involving

Conference Session

Measurement and Instrumentation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian M Frank, Queen's University; James A. Kaupp, Queen's University; Natalie Simper, Queen's University; Jill Scott, Queen's University, Kingston (Canada)

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

with students writing the test in a secure browser. The test takes 90 minutes tocomplete, with 60 minutes allotted to the performance task and 30 minutes allotted to the selectedresponse questions.The core of the CLA+, the performance task, is used to measure critical thinking, problem solvingand written communication and remains the key focus of the CLA+. The performance taskspresents a real-world situation in which students assume an appropriate role to address theproblem, identify a solution, or provide conclusions and recommendations resulting from careful Page 26.1176.4analysis of the provided evidence. The student responses in the

Conference Session

Dynamics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremiah J. Neubert, University of North Dakota; Joel Kevin Ness, University of North Dakota

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

with on a weekly basis. Groups that contained students from underrepresented groupswere paired with a similar supervisor when possible. This decision was based on research withpeer mentoring programs which indicated that such peers became role models to the students andaided in persistence9,12.Prior to meeting with the students, supervisors attended a training session. The training sessionbegan with an explanation of the program. During this explanation the instructor emphasizedthat the supervisions were intended to be a positive learning experience for the students.Mistakes should be used to help teach students and should not be penalized. In addition, thetraining session also provided the supervisors with information on common learning

Conference Session

Research to Practice: STRAND 5 Other Topics in K-12 Engineering Education.

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Cozzens, Southern Utah University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and feedbackfrom the pilot course. According to Harriman5, the key to effective curriculum is makingsure that the needs of the student, the instruction, and the delivery mechanism are allcongruent with one another. Before being able to meet the needs of the students, theinstructor must know what those needs are. Because there are many various learning styles,the curriculum has implemented one of the more popular style surveys VARK (Visual, Aural,Reading & Writing, Kinesthetic). VARK is sometimes criticized for lacking empiricalsupport but continues to remain popular in education6.The curriculum has also incorporated the Community of Enquiry Framework7 by whichpresents the concept that students participating in community engagement can

Conference Session

Computers in Education Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lulu Sun, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Yan Tang, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

skills through writing and open-ended questions can closelyapproximate the type of problems they will face on the job16. Based on the student responses, theinstructor can choose to either continue with further instruction or pause to clarify anymisconception and promote class discussion. At the end of the semester, students were asked to complete an anonymous survey on theBlackboard learning management system to gauge their attitude and experiences with this pollingsystem. Page 26.1765.4Figure 1. A snapshot of a multiple choice question in a PowerPoint slide, and student responseson PollEverywhere.com from Graphical Communications.Figure 2. A

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine G. Nicometo, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Jeffrey S. Russell, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

) o Online office hours with instructor/TA (S) o Recorded lectures or other video content (A) o Instructor and peer assessment of activities (A/S) • Engage key faculty from content area home-departments to lead instruction • Keep course section enrollment to <30 students/section • Use EPD standardized course documentation that includes: o Clear learning objectives that drive course activity o Lessons and assessment deliverables that support identified learning objectives o Schedule and deadline expectations that are clearly outlined • Use a singular, consistent Learning Management System (LMS) to host each course, regardless of the student’s home program LMS platform

Conference Session

Teaching the Business Side of Construction

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carla Lopez Del Puerto, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez ; Tim L. Mrozowski, Michigan State University; Lawrence F. Kruth, Douglas Steel Fabricating Corporation; Thomas J. Schlafly, American Institute of Steel Construction; Omar I. Molina Bas, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction

with worker training. Thetraining consists of peer to peer activity based learning. The training covers potential hazardexposures that flow from warehousing and processing tasks such as off-loading and loadingmaterials, movement of material by overhead crane, forklift, loaders or by hand, falls fromequipment or loads, struck by or caught between accidents, musculoskeletal injuries due tolifting, bending or working overhead, electrical equipment operation and maintenance requiringsafe practices and lock-out/tag-out, and chemical processes. Educational materials consist of asix contact hour worker training which includes activity based learning, PowerPointpresentations, demonstration materials, trainee workbooks and a learning outcomes

Conference Session

Design Throughout the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron Lalley P.E., South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Mark David Bedillion, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Michael Langerman, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Umesh A. Korde, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

under which Page 26.564.3equilibrium is valid; definitions of normal and shear stresses and failure criteria for yielding;hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and the Reynolds number; and energy conservation via the firstlaw and the second law’s implications for efficiency. In addition to this focus on fundamentals,students are required to develop communication skills via memo writing on various topics.A secondary aim of the course is to development basic SolidWorks proficiency, which providesthe link between the two freshman courses. Students are provided with custom tutorials to learnthe basics of 3-D modeling and drawing generation; these

Conference Session

Broadening Participation in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary W Behm, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST); Raja S Kushalnagar, Rochester Institute of Technology; Joseph S. Stanislow, National Technical Institute for the Deaf; Aaron Weir Kelstone, RIT/NTID

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

look away from RTD tosearch and observe details in the lecture visual as shown in Figure 1. They risk losinginformation, which can slow down or even derail learning. As a result, they spend far less timewatching lecture visuals and comprehend less information than their hearing peers. The ability tofollow lectures with dispersed visuals is difficult without accessible technology.  We address two major barriers in using RTD. First, the audio-to-visual nature of RTD creates asimultaneous visual for the student, who is forced to choose and switch between reading theRTD and the current visual (e.g., slides or whiteboard). If the student looks at the RT, they willmiss the whiteboard or vice-versa as shown in Figure 1. Second, as the presenter moves

Conference Session

Design and Assessment of Graduate Curriculum

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Homero Gregorio Murzi, Virginia Tech; Prateek Shekhar, University of Texas, Austin; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

India.Dr. Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech Lisa D. McNair is an Associate Professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, where she also serves as co-Director of the VT Engineering Communication Center (VTECC). Her research interests include interdisciplinary collaboration, design education, communication studies, identity theory and re- flective practice. Projects supported by the National Science Foundation include exploring disciplines as cultures, interdisciplinary pedagogy for pervasive computing design; writing across the curriculum in Statics courses; as well as a CAREER award to explore the use of e-portfolios to promote professional identity and reflective practice

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks - Session I

Collection

2015 ASEE International Forum

Authors

S. Zahra Atiq, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Xin Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David Daniel Cox, Harvard University; Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity, International Forum

fields 3. Weexamine “active learning” in this study by applying Chi’s ICAP framework4,5. This frameworkmakes a hierarchical distinction between levels of “active learning”: 1) Passive consumption ofinformation as a baseline, 2) Active learning, which involves manipulating instructionalmaterials or content (e.g., pausing and playing a video) and therefore demands focused attention(e.g., recording pause/play click behavior or recording eye-tracking in videos), 3) Constructive Page 19.23.2learning activities, which require users to generate content (e.g., writing on a blog, responding toan appropriately-vague hint), thereby requiring knowledge

Conference Session

Perspectives on Degree Completion and Graduate School Application

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randall D. Manteufel, University of Texas, San Antonio; Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

actively seek classes and instructors in which to easily earn “A” gradesand the advent of internet resources is making the search easier for students13,14.At the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, beginning in the Fall 2014, the transcript willinclude (1) the student’s grade, (2) the median grade of classmates, (3) and the number of studentin the class15,16. The additional information on the transcript shows the student’s performancerelative to their peers. The proposed contextual grading is expected to place the “spotlight” oncourses with high grade distributions. Transcripts typically have the semester and cumulativeGrade Point Average (GPA). It will now show the student’s Schedule Point Average (SPA)which is the average grade for the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Pearl Chen, California State University, Los Angeles; Anthony Hernandez, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

*. 5 3. Working with teammate 5 2 4. Discuss design plans with peers 4 1 5. Using OPNET to evaluate the performance of your design plans 3 6. Writing the report 3 1 Page 26.479.9 7. Preparing a “Promotion flyer” for bidding* 2 *New or enhanced elements in the revised CPBL.2) Moving from Surface Approach to Deep ApproachWell-designed CPBL encourages students to move toward using a deeper learning

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Jana Bouwma-Gearhart, Oregon State University; Shane A. Brown P.E., Oregon State University; Thomas Dick, Oregon State University; Susie J Brubaker-Cole, Oregon State University; Ann Sitomer, Oregon State University; Kathleen Quardokus Fisher, Oregon State University; Julie Risien, Oregon State University ; David L. Little II, Oregon State University; Christina Smith, Oregon State University; john David ivanovitch, Oregon State university

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Non-linear and Iterative Problem Solving or LaboratoryInteractive engagement with frequent formative feedback:The NRC Discipline-Based Educational Research (DBER) committee “characterizes thestrength of the evidence on making lectures more interactive as positively impacting learning asstrong.” 23(p.122) In a paper commissioned by the NRC for the Evidence on Promising PracticesSTEM Education Workshop,28 James Fairweather writes “The largest gain in learningproductivity in STEM will come from convincing the large majority of STEM faculty thatcurrently teaches by lecturing to use any form of active or collaborative instruction.” A recentmetaanalysis showed that classes with active learning outperformed classes

Conference Session

Research on Diversification & Inclusion

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University; Michael Haungs, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, New Engineering Educators, Student, Women in Engineering

Ph.D in Computer Science from the University of California, Davis. Dr. Haungs spe- cializes in game design, web development, and cloud computing. He is the developer of PolyXpress (http://mhaungs.github.io/PolyXpress) – a system that allows for the writing and sharing of location-based stories. Dr. Haungs has also been actively involved in curriculum development and undergraduate edu- cation. Through industry sponsorship, he has led several K-12 outreach programs to inform and inspire both students and teachers about opportunities in computer science. Recently, Dr. Haungs took on the position of Co-Director of the Liberal Arts and Engineering Studies (LAES) program. LAES is a new, multidiscisplinary degree offered

Conference Session

The Human Element of Librarianship

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Henshilwood, University of Toronto; Cristina Sewerin, University of Toronto; Michelle Spence, University of Toronto; Tracy Zahradnik, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

various aspects of mentoring9. The series, called “You andYour Career: A series on Mentoring and Professional Development”, included seven talks andconversations related to mentoring and the mentoring relationship9. Instead of taking the benefitsof mentoring as a given, UCSB librarians engaged in thoughtful dialogue about the possibleadvantages. Several sessions also provided a forum for librarians achieving success in specificareas (e.g. professional association leadership, grant writing, research) to discuss theirachievements thereby positioning themselves as possible mentors in these areas. UCSB’smethods not only gave librarians a forum to critically evaluate the purpose and outcomes ofmentoring but also promoted a “culture of mentoring

Collection

2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

IIIDesign of an Assembly for a Manufacturing Processes Laboratory ........................................... 507Best Practices for California Fundamentals of Engineering and Professional Engineering LicenseExams for Immigrant Engineers .................................................................................................. 517Training in Technical Writing for Engineering Graduate Students ............................................. 530Introduction to Technical Problem Solving Using MATLAB and LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT ....... 541Work-In-Progress: Enhancing Students’ Learning in Advanced Power Electronic Course Using aUSB Solar Charger Project

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William J. Schell IV P.E., Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

research question is asked simply to check for selection bias in the sample between thosewho opted into the assignment and those who did not.To answer the first research question, a two sample t-test was performed comparing the averageperformance on the assignments completed prior to the intervention of students who opted intothe tree assignment from those who did not. This included two writing based assignmentsincluded in the left column of Table 1This comparison found no significant difference (p = 0.614and p = 0.821) in performance of those who opted into the tree assignment from those who didnot. This finding appears to support the idea that there was not a self-selection bias wherestudents already performing better or worse than their peers

Conference Session

Statics Online

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devin R. Berg, University of Wisconsin, Stout

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Participation in the Engineering ClassroomIntroductionThe use of Twitter (http://www.twitter.com), a micro-blogging platform, in the higher educationclassroom has expanded in recent years as educators come to realize the benefits of social mediause as a tool for faculty-student communication or for inter-student communication 1 . While theliterature on the use of Twitter in the classroom is emerging, recent studies have found theplatform functional for promoting concise expression of ideas, critical reading and writing skills,stronger student-teacher relationships, self-learning in an informal environment, andaccountability among other benefits 2 . Further benefits have been found in relation to askingstudents to communicate the content of a given

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven H. Collicott, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

launches. As thecommercial sub-orbital market is, at this writing, merely in an emerging state, formal pursuit ofcourse objectives sometimes is sacrificed to the need to secure launch opportunities and deliveron them as they arise in various forms. There is no steady state in the field right now and thusadaptability is key to providing students with the most opportunities for gaining hands-on, team-based, real-world, aerospace engineering experiences.Access to certain environments for research and education purposes has traditionally beenlimited. For example: deep ocean trenches, Antarctica, the Mesosphere and Lower Page 26.1287.3Thermosphere (above

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christi L Patton Luks, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Laura P Ford, University of Tulsa

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

classes and meetings more when they received Bragging Points that in earliersemesters without them, and the faculty felt greater pressure to be on time to class, too! Ananalysis of the correlation of grades with Bragging Points earned and compliance with courseexpectations will be presented in this paper.IntroductionLaboratory courses are a dreaded part of the chemical engineering curriculum for both facultyand students. Students see long hours working with a team of peers that they may or may notlike, gathering data, analyzing data, and writing “endless” summary reports of their findings.Faculty see the long hours making sure the equipment works, training TAs and students to usethe equipment, repeating safety rules on a daily basis, and helping

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacqueline Ann Stagner P.Eng., University of Windsor; Jennifer L Johrendt, University of Windsor

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

progress report and poster, construction andcommission of the design apparatus, and a final report and presentation. It is expected that thedesign has both global and detail completeness.7The class meets for two hours, once each week. During these meetings, there are workshops andpresentations on various topics such as technical writing, presentation skills, design philosophy,and discipline-specific topics such as computational fluid dynamics and materials in engineeringdesign. Each design team must register for a four-hour laboratory section. The laboratorysession provides time for teams to meet as a group and with their advisors from industry andacademia. Technicians are also available to supervise fabrication work within the laboratory.This

Conference Session

Two-year College Division: Authors Address Transfer Matters-Part I

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl Whitesel, Mesa Community College; Adam R. Carberry, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

their response in the first tier, with an option for them to write a response in their own words. Tier 3: Questions related to subjects’ confidence in their answers to the first two tiers. Responses were via a 100-point range on a Likert scale with 10-unit increments.This multi-tiered approach was consistent with prior approaches in the literature4,5.This paper extends the work of others by applying prior research on self-efficacy and conceptualknowledge of circuit analysis to a community college engineering student population.Literature ReviewSelf-EfficacyMany research studies in engineering education use self-efficacy theory to frame studentmotivation. Self-efficacy is a context-specific predictor of performance6 that

Collection

2015 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Corinna Fleischmann; Elizabeth Nakagawa; Tyler Kelley

pedagogies (e.g. traditional chalkboard writing, presentations, field trips,labs, etc.) to appeal to different student learning preferences and create a more inclusive learningenvironment. Utilizing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, instructors focused on the first twodichotomies, Extroversion vs. Introversion and Sensing vs. Intuition. With an innovativeapproach towards CE Materials, the goal of stimulating independent thinkers and assistingstudents with the retention of core course material is being achieved across a range of studentlearning preferences. By teaching the course in a way that encompasses all learning preferences,a greater breadth of students can succeed in and enjoy a civil engineering curriculum.IntroductionTypical civil engineering

Collection

2015 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Moses Tefe; Tara Kulkarni

department of Chemical Engineering for the past 13years. The theme for the workshop is “ How to Engineer Engineering Education” and the targetgroup is engineering and science faculty, and graduate students. The workshop is designed to 4 © American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 2015 ASEE Northeast Section Conferenceenhance the teaching expertise of participants by receiving instructions on the followingactivities in an engaging and interactive group environment11. a. Writing clear instructional objectives at appropriate cognitive levels b. Using active, cooperative, & problem-based

Conference Session

Multidisiplinary Student Research Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeanne R. Garland, New Mexico State University; Michele A. Auzenne, New Mexico State University; Ricardo B. Jacquez, New Mexico State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

nine years, teaching Technical Writing and also serving on the teaching team for the NSF Freshman Integrated Program for Engineering (FIPE). She returned to NMSU in 2002 and began work- ing for New Mexico AMP, where she currently holds the position of Alliance Programs Manager. In this position, Jeanne works with the thirteen partner institutions statewide and helps with reporting and publications of New Mexico AMP. She is also involved with the professional development training of the Undergraduate Research Assistants (URAs), and each summer, Jeanne coordinates the Summer Commu- nity College Opportunity for Research Experience (SCCORE) program, a bridge program for community college students that provides research

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Masoud Rais-Rohani, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

; fasten stringers to the skin 16. Weigh each completed panel for comparison to the predicted weight 17. Cut and mount loading caps on each panel for testing 18. Test each panel using a servo-hydraulic testing machine and record data 19. Compare measured data for various events (e.g., local buckling, failure) to the predicted values 20. Write and submit a group technical report following the specified format 21. Give an oral presentation of the project to the class Figure 5. Sequence of activities associated with the panel projectUltimately, the quantity and size of stringers for each concept that provides the optimum overallpanel design are identified. With the availability of this information, each team

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 1: It's All About Teams and Teamwork

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nick Tatar, Olin College of Engineering; Kevin A. Nguyen, Texas Tech University; Chris Gewirtz, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, professional behavior) were successfullycoded and compared between groups of students19. In a different student fourth and fifth yearmedical students reflected on two interactive video cases and were assigned a reflection score bytheir peers based on a specially developed rubric20. Kember’s most recent rubric for determininglevels of reflection from student writing comes from nursing education5,7,21. Though reflective practice has been shown to be instrumental in promoting deeperunderstanding of educational material, and allows students to evaluate their mode of thinking andtheir actions, and is considered by some to be a necessary aspect of design, we are onlybeginning to study the relationship between engineering student’s learning and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn A. Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology; Julie E. Sharp, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Paper ID #11190Ethics for BeginnersDr. Marilyn A. Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology Marilyn Dyrud is a full professor in the Communication Department at Oregon Institute of Technology and regularly teaches classes in business and technical writing, public speaking, rhetoric, and ethics; she is part of the faculty team for the Civil Engineering Department’s integrated senior project. She is active in ASEE as a regular presenter, moderator, and paper reviewer; she has also served as her campus’ representative for 17 years, as chair of the Pacific Northwest Section, and as section newsletter editor. She was named an

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Madeleine Arvold, Seattle Pacific University; Steven David Mow, Seattle Pacific University; Zachary W. Cook, Seattle Pacific University; Natalie Goode, Seattle Pacific University; Caitlin H. Wasilewski, Seattle Pacific University; Rida Y. Al-Hawaj, Seattle Pacific University ; Melani Plett, Seattle Pacific University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

why contracting and goal setting in the forming stage iscrucial. In addition, instructors can reduce the extent of social loafing by communicating thatteam participation is mandatory and specifying how each individual’s contribution will bemeasured25, 26, 28. Examples of how to measure individual performance include peer evaluation,specific task designation and measurement, and instructor observation. In addition, teammembers are more likely to be motivated to contribute when their contribution is unique2, 25, 26.This can be accomplished by assigning specific roles2 or emphasizing diversity of thought andexperience within each team25, 26.Defining roles during the formation phase can help the team clarify responsibilities and preventconflict29