Conference Session

DELOS Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Parker, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

AC 2008-1600: A WRITING-INTENSIVE FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORYPhilip Parker, University of Wisconsin-Platteville Page 13.134.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008A Writing-Intensive Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Philip J. Parker University of Wisconsin-Platteville Page 13.134.2BackgroundCE330, Fluid Mechanics, is required of all Civil and Environmental Engineering students at theUniversity of Wisconsin-Platteville. This four credit class consists of three 1-hour lectures andone 2-hour laboratory each week. Approximately 40 students enroll in the course each semester.When I teach the course, my

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Adriaens, University of Michigan; Timothy Faley, University f Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

AC 2008-1601: ENTREPRENEURIAL BUSINESS FUNDAMENTALS FORSCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERSPeter Adriaens, University of MichiganTimothy Faley, University f Michigan Page 13.562.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Entrepreneurial Business Fundamentals for Scientists and EngineersAbstractTraditional engineering approaches to technology transfer and venture creation tend to be basedon the technology push principle. These evolve from long term government support for theresearch, culminating in potential patents and licensure agreements. Research indicates that forevery successful company there is a two order of magnitude of failed or

Conference Session

Writing and Portfolios

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Warren Hull, Louisiana State University; Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University; Lillian B Bowles, Louisiana State University; Jennifer Farrell, Louisiana State University; David Bowles, Louisiana State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, and Red Rock Review. Page 13.709.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Implementing Informal Writing Assignments and a Written Feedback and Revision Loop to Enhance Learning in Engineering CoursesAbstractSeveral studies have shown that two methods enhance student learning in courses requiring writtenassignments. The first, informal writing, is an exercise that encourages students to “think on paper” (orperhaps more often, “think on a screen”). Fundamental to this exercise is learning to record observations,interpret data, and document the solutions to problems. The

Conference Session

Writing and Portfolios

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Turns, University of Washington; Kejun Xu, University of Washington; Matt Eliot, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

her/hispreparedness for professional engineering practice, 2) artifacts representing aspects of theexperience, and 3) annotations of the artifacts that discuss the relevance of the artifact (and therelated learning experience) to the claims about preparedness for engineering practice made inthe professional statement.Annotations are particularly interesting because they represent a key to an effective overallportfolio and also potentially significant activity from an educational perspective. This paperaddresses three issues associated with effectiveness: the idea of whether there is a singularnotion of an effective annotation, the issue of what counts as an effective portfolio annotation,and the extent to which students can write effective

Conference Session

Assessment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Collura, University of New Haven; Samuel Daniels, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2008-2439: HOW ACCURATE IS STUDENTS’ SELF-ASSESSMENT OFCOMPUTER SKILLS?Michael Collura, University of New HavenSamuel Daniels, University of New Haven Page 13.671.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 How Accurate is Students’ Self-Assessment of Computer Skills? AbstractSelf-evaluation by students is commonly used as a key element in program and courseassessment plans. Such instruments are intended to provide crucial feedback for programimprovement and thus play a significant role in closing our assessment loop. For many of theprogram outcomes, self-assessment by current students and graduates augments other

Conference Session

Institutional and Curricular Reform

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Gardner, Boise State University; Pat Pyke, Boise State University; Cheryl Schrader, Boise State University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Amy Moll, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

programs(institutionalization) that must be captured in any model is the temporal aspect of engagingfaculty and administration. Consistency in message over time builds confidence in facultymembers that early results were not a fluke. Likewise, administrators are likely to look askanceat a single report or result simply because their experience tells them that faculty are slow toadopt new methods and procedures.Another element touched on by the Foundation model and the UWM model described byHaglund is the necessity for iteration. Haglund suggests that the continuous review philosophy ofABET 2000 and the iterative nature of the engineering design process be applied to curriculumimprovement. We found it helpful to apply an even more fundamental

Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Friauf, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Stephen Williams, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Steven Reyer, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Andthat is something that requires practice and awareness.Merging Communications and Senior DesignWe must also ask how does the discussed role of writing translate to engineering practice? In anarticle on technical coordination in engineering practice, Trevelyan concludes that “effectivecoordination relies on a hierarchy of many other fundamental and interpersonal skills such aspreparing instructions for technical work,…interpersonal verbal and non-verbal communication,written communication (verbal and visual), selecting appropriate communication strategies….”2Trevelyan reports that engineers may refer to some duties as “’not real engineering’ work, or ‘allthat administrative stuff’.”2 In a study that examined writing and speaking instruction

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Frederick Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

further by requiring a junior-level course (ECE 362: Principles of EngineeringDesign) which teaches the fundaments of design before the students start their capstoneexperience. The course is required for all electrical and computer engineering students.ECE 362 is – essentially – a technical writing course taught within the confines of a ten-week quarter. Page 13.1370.2Students explore, develop, and document the framework for a product idea they wouldlike to pursue during their senior-level capstone course. The concepts of discipline-specific research, project design specifications, high-level design, detailed design, workbreakdown schedules, budgets, and

Conference Session

FPD9 - First Year Learning & Assessment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Johnson, Valparaiso University; Doug Tougaw, Valparaiso University; Kenneth Leitch, Valparaiso University; Barbara Engerer, Valparaiso University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2008-1431: A MODULAR APPROACH TO A FIRST-SEMESTERENGINEERING COURSE: TEACHING THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUIDMECHANICSEric Johnson, Valparaiso UniversityDoug Tougaw, Valparaiso UniversityKenneth Leitch, Valparaiso UniversityBarbara Engerer, Valparaiso University Page 13.63.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 A Modular Approach to a First-Semester Engineering Course: Teaching the Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics1. IntroductionOne of the most important responsibilities of a university faculty is to design the curriculum thattheir students will experience. The design of a first-semester engineering course is an especiallyimportant and challenging

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Heun, Calvin College; Steven VanderLeest, Calvin College

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

energygrand challenge and the resources available for instructors to teach energy from amultidisciplinary point of view within engineering. In the sections below, we posit threepotential reasons for the existing disconnect. Entrenched disciplinary boundariesPerhaps the most fundamental reason for the existing disconnect between educational needs andinstructor resources is entrenched disciplinary boundaries. The energy grand challenge hasemerged long after the present set of disciplinary boundaries (economics, engineering, business,political science, etc.) was established. The energy grand challenge exists between and amongthe disciplines as what philosopher Bruno Latour calls a “hybrid.” “Hybrid[s] sketch outimbroglios of science, politics

Conference Session

Creative Engagement and Developmental Tutoring Method

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Walden, University of Oklahoma; Cindy Foor, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

anengineering degree program bringing calculus credits with a 2.0 GPA from a community college,entrance counselors might consider recommending that fundamental calculus courses berepeated, or perhaps offer additional oversight and monitoring to facilitate intervention if needed[8].Half of the Hispanic males (3) and two Asian males attended high schools outside the U.S. andbegan their U.S. academic careers in community colleges. All six express confidence that theirhigh school preparation in mathematics and science exceeded that of U.S. high school studentsand their enrollment in transitional institutions is not a result of poor mathematics or scienceskills. Interviewer: Well tell me a little bit about your high school preparation and how do you

Conference Session

Programmatic Issues in Physics or Engineering Physics Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Winston Jackson, California Institute of Technology; Jennifer Franck, California Institute of Technology; James Maloney, California Institute of Technology; Juan Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux, California Institute of Technology; Julian Rimoli, California Institute of Technology; Luz Rivas, California Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

AC 2008-2378: PHYSICS FUNDAMENTALS, ENGINEERING DESIGN, ANDRESEARCH: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHREE-WEEK SHORTCOURSEWinston Jackson, California Institute of Technology Winston Jackson received his BS in Civil Engineering from Southern University and A&M College and his MS degree in Applied Mechanics at the California Institute of Technology, where he is currently continuing his PhD work. His research is in the area of experimental solid mechanics, and he has been a teaching assistant for a course in solid mechanics as well as the Physics Curriculum Coordinator for the 2007 YESS Program.Jennifer Franck, California Institute of Technology Jennifer Franck is currently a

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computer-Oriented Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Azzedine Lansari, Zayed University; Akram Al-Rawi, Zayed University; Abdallah Tubaishat, Zayed Univeristy; Faouzi Bouslama, Université Laval

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

, mathematics, statistics and business functions. The IS 2002 modelcurriculum also requires an embedded problem solving and critical thinking framework in allcourses. The architecture of the IS model curriculum consists of five presentation areas: Information systems fundamentals Information systems theory and practice Information technology Information systems development Information systems deployment and management processesThe five presentation areas consist of ten courses and one prerequisite. They are: IS 2002.P0 - Personal Productivity with IS Technology IS 2002.1 - Fundamentals of Information Systems IS 2002.2- Electronic Business Strategy, Architecture and Design IS 2002.3

Conference Session

Materials Education Perspectives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajiv Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout

Tagged Divisions

Materials

AC 2008-1455: WRITING A BOOK ON THE ROLE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE INMANUFACTURING FOR INSTRUCTION AND RESEARCH: LESSONS LEARNEDRajiv Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout RAJIV ASTHANA, Ph.D. (1991, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, materials engineering), is a professor of Engineering and Technology and author or coauthor of three books, Materials Science in Manufacturing (Elsevier, 2006), Solidification Processing of Reinforced Metals (Trans Tech, 1998), and Atlas of Cast Metal-Matrix Composite Structures (Motor Transport Institute, Warsaw, 2007). He is the co-editor of special issues of Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science and Materials Science and Engineering A, associate

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Teaching Part One

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jakob Bruhl; Eric Crispino

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

becauseit is fundamentally different. In a recent article on the topic of undergraduate engineer writing,Schnieter commented on these differences, stating: “English composition allows readers toprovide their own interpretations of what the reader intended. Technical writing, on the otherhand, demands that the reader come only the conclusion intended by the writer”3. Developingstrong technical writing skills requires practice and this practice must come in the context of theengineering discipline.In CE300, Fundamentals of Engineering Mechanics and Design, students are required tocomplete a uniaxial tension test of three different materials, draw conclusions about thematerials, and write a comprehensive report including procedures, data, and findings

Conference Session

Innovations in Laboratory Studies

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Al-Bahi, King Abdulaziz University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

application experiment. This type ofexperiments is the type commonly used one in undergraduate engineering laboratories. Otherrubrics could be found on the KAU Academic Accreditation Unit website7.Appendix B contains an assessment rubric to evaluate the write-up of a design experiment. Thewrite-up should contain the main elements of the design and exclude the recipe-type instructions.The write-up should demonstrate that the instructor is able to: ‚ Identify suitable type of experiments ‚ Deal with fundamental objectives as desired outcomes of students lab experience ‚ Write a concise project brief ‚ Write clear guidelines for the students to reach the level of learning associated with each fundamental objectives ‚ Write

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy Gleixner, San Jose State University; Elliot Douglas, University of Florida; Olivia Graeve, University of Nevada-Reno

grading of the writing Page 13.519.10easier and more consistent. Surveys will also be utilized to assess both faculty andstudents’ impressions of using with the modules.ConclusionsProject based modules were developed for use in an Introduction to MaterialsEngineering course. The modules teach the fundamental concepts of materials sciencewithin the context of modern engineering applications. The main goals in integrating thefundamental concepts with advanced technologies is to help students see the connectionbetween what they are learning and real world engineering issues and to motivate them tolearn on their own.Five lecture modules have been developed

Conference Session

Student Learning Techniques & Practices in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Hoffa, none; Steven Freeman, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

some researchers11,22,6 question the value of lab experiments,there is no doubt that the lab experiment is a commonly employed teaching tool in industrialtechnology. The purpose of laboratory experiments in industrial technology is, as Gillet,Latchman, Salzmann, and Crisalle10 said, “…to motivate, illustrate, and enlighten thepresentation of the subject matter addressed in the lecture” (p. 190).A written report often follows the lab experiment in order to cause the student to reflect on,summarize, and quantify the laboratory experience. To learn by doing in the laboratory,followed by reflecting on that experience and writing about it in the form of a report, can onlyfurther enhance learning. Lederman16 stated that “the assumption that students

Conference Session

Engineering for Nonengineers: Ideas & Results

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Mechtel, U.S. Naval Academy; Andrew McCue, U.S. Naval Academy; Keith Kintzley, U.S. Naval Academy; Robert Voigt, U.S. Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

course sequence is used for ABET accredited majors.This paper presents the approach used by the Electrical and Computer EngineeringDepartment at the Naval Academy to improve the technological literacy of non-engineering students. Electrical engineering fundamentals and applications areemphasized with the relevant mathematics introduced as needed. Applications of thefundamentals evolve to stress the relevance of a particular topic area. Key technicalconcepts are reinforced with practical laboratory exercises. The final practical exercisetakes place aboard a Naval Academy patrol craft. The students explore the electricalsystems on the ship and relate them to the fundamentals studied during the semester.Course outcomes show that students across a

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer - I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Gray, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

the universe. Both the control volume andthe control mass can be of finite or infinitesimal size, but in this paper attention will center on thefinite case. The derivation of equations governing the matter within a finite control volume is Page 13.1401.2most commonly accomplished by transforming the equations governing the control massoccupying the control volume at some instant by using an equation often called the ReynoldsTransport Theorem or simply the transport theorem. This transformation from control mass tocontrol volume is said to be required because the fundamental laws of nature are known initiallyonly for a control mass. This

Conference Session

Student Learning Techniques & Practices in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B. Sridhara, Middle Tennessee State University; Joseph Prince, Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Engineering Problems with Objects of Simple Geometry and Relatively Complex Mathematical FormulationAbstract: There are several interesting engineering problems related to objects of simple geometrythat involve relatively complex mathematics. We consider three different problems in the area ofMechanics. These problems are discussed in our undergraduate classes without getting into themathematical details. In the ET 1840 - Engineering Fundamentals class we discuss the“brachistochrone” (path of shortest time) which is a cycloid. This is the trajectory of a point on adisk that rolls without slipping along a straight line. The equation involves the radial distance,and sine and cosine functions. This

Conference Session

FPD7 - Global Warming & Sustainability for First-Year Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Blair Rowley, Wright State University; Kumar Yelamarthi, Central Michigan University; Thomas Bazzoli, Wright State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

cause is going to require theeducated attention of many disciplines. One of these has to be engineering as engineers aretrained in the practical application of science and technology to meet human needs. What isbeing presented here is how we have restructured part of our course to provide lecture contentand laboratory experiences on global warming.We are fortunate to have a course that provides the framework to accomplish this, our freshmancourse EGR 190 Fundamentals of Engineering and Computer Science (FECS).This course has been modified to include pre and post global warming perception surveys, anintroduction to global warming using the video “An Inconvenient Truth”, mini lectures onalternative energy and two lectures and labs involving solar

Conference Session

Engineering for Nonengineers: Ideas & Results

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mani Mina, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

manufacturing that is totallydependant on manual labor will be moving countries with lower labor cost. Consequently, themain part of the non-engineering US workforce (especially those who will not have engineeringor technological trainings) will have to have fundamental understanding of technology, the usageof technology and issues related to technology.In addition fundamental understanding of technology is becoming necessary for many managers,directors, CEOs, as well as policy makers. However, most such key decision makers do not haveengineering degrees. At the same time such individuals are defining policies, companydirections, and future planning for technologically related or technologically affected disciplines

Conference Session

Successful Outcomes of Student Entrepreneurship

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Faley, University f Michigan; Peter Adriaens, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

: Growing the business; • Phase VI: Exiting your business -- from succession planning to IPOs.Our current emphasis in the joint curriculum development is to focus on the early phases, wherethe complementary skills of both the engineers and the business students are crucial. In Phase I,for example, opportunity identification takes two forms: 1. Finding an optimal marketopportunity for a given technology and 2. Identifying an emerging market opportunity anddetermining what technology may be necessary to exploit it. Two new courses have been createdand taught to focus on each of these issues: Driving the Innovation Process, and EntrepreneurialBusiness Fundamentals for Scientists and Engineers. These courses complement previouslyexisting

Conference Session

Unique Student Opportunities in BME

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Abramowitch, University of Pittsburgh; Mark Redfern, University of Pittsburgh; Richard Debski, University of Pittsburgh; Alejandro Almarza, University of Pittsburgh; Harvey Borovetz, University of Pittsburgh; Savio Woo, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

undergraduate education is to provide students with an opportunity to receiveindividualized training in bioengineering while meeting the following objectives. Objective #1: Graduates will have a strong foundation in fundamentals of life sciences (biology and physiology), mathematics, engineering principles and the humanities. Objective #2: Graduates will have both a broad knowledge of the technical and social principles of bioengineering as well as a focused education in one concentration area within bioengineering. Objective #3: Graduates will be prepared for careers through educational experiences beyond the classroom, which will deepen an understanding of the technical and non- technical issues in bioengineering, process and design

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bonnie Ferri, Georgia Tech; Jill Auerbach, Georgia Institute of Technology; Joel Jackson, Georgia Tech; Jennifer Michaels, Georgia Institute of Technology; Douglas Williams, Georgia Tech

understanding of basic principles of science and engineering, yetexperiments are generally relegated to laboratory courses conducted in centralized laboratoriescontaining expensive equipment. Another model, discussed here, is to build low-costexperiments that can be used in the classroom or at home by students. Recent advances inembedded processors and in sensor technology makes it possible to develop low-cost processor-based experiments that are portable enough for this purpose. Another source of readily availablelow-cost experiments are those sold through hobby outlets and for K-12 educational purposes,both of which could be used to demonstrate fundamental concepts in science and engineeringwhen augmented with high level explanations and projects

Conference Session

Educating for Results: Tools used in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Steffen, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

combine previously learned principles, procedures, declarativeknowledge, and cognitive strategies in a unique way within a domain of content to solvepreviously un-encountered problems. From a problem-based approach, a professional preparationof curriculum is organized around fundamental or critical problems encountered in professionalpractice. [3][4]The problem-based approach has been a long standing practice in the instruction of engineering.A fundamental part of the problem solving process is the ability to identify errors within thesequence of the perceived solution. Discovery of mistakes can be a valuable learning tool thatcan leave a lasting impression. A primary benefit that can be expected from well-conceived andproblem-based learning is

Conference Session

New Ideas for ChEs I (aka ChE Potpourri)

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University; H. Scott Fogler, University of Michigan; Valarie Thomas, University of Michigan; Don Chmielewski, Illinois Institute of Technology; Michael Gross, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Fuels Group Enterprise – this introduces students to alternative energy technology through project work. Projects have been sponsored by the United States Army Tank Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) and Army Research Laboratory (ARL), and have focused on integration of commercially available fuel cells into small and large vehicles. More information on this curriculum is available elsewhere3-5. Page 13.271.3 • Fuel Cell Fundamentals Course – this is a 1 credit elective course introducing fuel cell technology to chemical, mechanical, and electrical engineering students. More

Conference Session

Research Infrastructure in STEM Disciplines

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacqueline Fairley, Georgia Institute of Tehnology; Jill Auerbach, Georgia Institute of Technology; Adrianne Prysock, Georgia Institute of Technology; Leyla Conrad, Georgia Institute of Technology; Gary May, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

students in undergraduate research programs. Detailed information on themodules utilized in the SURE program to teach research skills to SURE studentparticipants are presented in the section entitled Seminar Series. The effectiveness ofteaching student participants research skills in the SURE program is presented in thesection entitled Assessment and Evaluation. Final thoughts and suggested improvmentson the work presented in this study are included in the section entitled Conclusions andRecommendations.Motivation High-quality research skills are an essential component in successfully navigating thegraduate school process. The need for high-quality research skills were expressed byLilja[3] as fundamental components in becoming a successful

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Caicedo, University of South Carolina; Joseph Flora, University of South Carolina; Charles Pierce, University of South Carolina; Andrew Nichols, Marshall University; Briana Timmerman, University of South Carolina; Wiley Graf, Midlands Technical College

skills, as well as conceptual change. In addition, she has developed a Universal Rubric for Laboratory Reports which measures students' scientific reasoning and science writing skills and has been demonstrated to be reliable regardless of biological course content area.Wiley Graf, Midlands Technical College Page 13.565.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Environments For Fostering Effective Critical Thinking (EFFECTs).AbstractThe ability to make decisions based on solid engineering judgment is directly related to thesuccess of professional engineering careers. Engineering judgment results from acquisition