Conference Session

Philosophy of Engineering Education: Epistemology and Ethics

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heywood, Trinity College-Dublin

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

technologyStage A Stage B Stage CRomance Grammar/Precision Synthesis/Generalization(3 – 4 weeks) (8 to 22 weeks depending on programme) (3 to 4 weeks)Exhibit 2. A model for transition year technology based on Whitehead’s rythmic model of learning. Theprogrammes vary in length as a function of objectives. The times shown are equivalents since there can be overlapbetween the stages.Notes and references1. Koen, B. V. (2003) Discussion of the Method. Conducting the Engineer’s Approach to Problem Solving. Oxford University Press, New York2. Goldman, S. L (2004). Why we need a philosophy of engineering. Work in

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Physics or Engineering Phy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Teresa Larkin, American University; Dan Budny, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

sessionsstudents are introduced and coached in the following topic areas: 1) Working in Teams 2) Use of software packages (MATLAB) in problem solving, a. Mathematical Operations b. Matrix Operations c. Curve Fitting d. Plotting e. Input/Output f. Scripting g. Branching h. Looping 3) Use of software packages (C++) in problem solving, a. Mathematical Operations b. Input/Output c. Scripting d. Branching e. Looping f. Functions g. Pointers 4) Use of software packages (WORD, POWERPOINT) in communications. a. Introduction to Technical Report Writing b. Effective Use of the LibraryOpen-ended homework projects related to

Conference Session

Introductory Materials Science Course

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Amaneh Tasooji, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

increasestrength. The reasons are not related to the misconceptions suggested by students, such asdensification, bond compression, or bond strengthening. This type of question, as well as the pre-post scores for such a question from the MCI, are shown below.If a rod of metal is pulled through a tapered hole smaller than the diameter of the rod, thestrength of the metal in the rod increases. This is because:_______ a) the density has increased b) there are more atomic level defects present c) there are less atomic level defects present d) the bonds have been strengthened e) the bonds have been compressed Page 13.191.6

Conference Session

Problem Solving and Misconceptions

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland; Chris Smaill, University of Auckland

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. 4. Mazur, E. (1992) Qualitative versus quantitative thinking: are we teaching the right thing? Optics and Photonics News, 3,pp 38-39. 5. Hake, R.R. (1998). Interactive-engagement vs traditional methods: a six-thousand-student survey of mechanics test data for introductory physics courses. American Journal of Physics, 66, pp 64-74. 6. Strevler, R., Miller, R., Reed-Rhoads, T. & Allen, K. (2007) Best Practices in the Design and Use of Concept Inventories. Workshop presented at 2007 ASEE Annual Conference, Honolulu, Hawaii. 7. Notaros, B. M. (2002). Concept inventory assessment instruments for electromagnetics education. Proceedings of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International

Conference Session

Novel Courses and Content for ChEs II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nichole Au, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Taryn Bayles, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Julia Ross, University of Maryland-Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

AC 2008-1005: EXPOSING CHEMICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS TO REALWORLD PROBLEMS: HEALTH CARE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMSNichole Au, University of Maryland-Baltimore County Ms. Au is a 2008 Magna Cum Laude graduate with a BS degree in Chemical Engineering (Bioengineering Track) with a minor in History. She is also an Honors College graduate and a member of Tau Beta Pi. She has been working on the INSPIRES curriculum for the last year and will continue this work as she completes her MS degree in Chemical & Biochemical Engineering in spring 2009.Taryn Bayles, University of Maryland-Baltimore County Taryn Bayles is a Professor of the Practice of Chemical Engineering in the Chemical and

Conference Session

Improving Mechanics & Structural Modeling Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Foley, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

the problem can be set such that iteration is required then this will also enhance theexercise. Appendix B is an example of such a sample question.Conclusion Engineering analyses packages are without doubt an invaluable part of the modernengineer’s armory. The ease of use of such packages combined with the ever more‘impressive’ post processing capabilities have seen a trend whereby engineers,particularly more junior engineers believe these packages can be used in isolation andtheir predictions believed in with absolute confidence. This paper re-emphasizes the importance that pre-analysis analysis or ‘guesstimation’must be given if catastrophic mistakes are to be avoided and the engineer is to retain a‘feel’ for the physical factors at

Conference Session

Sustainability and Engineering Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Lynch, Dartmouth College

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

. Page 13.1129.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Sustainable Natural Resource EngineeringAbstractNatural Resources figure centrally in the understanding of Sustainability and the Professionalresponsibility of engineers. A teaching approach is outlined that a) utilizes standardEngineering preparation in applied mathematics; b) applies it as a unifying theme across thenatural resource field; c) embeds basic undergraduate exposure to ecological and economicconcepts; and d) operates via desktop simulation tools accessible to all university students. Theapproach suggested is related to the new American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Body ofKnowledge (BOK2) requirement of Sustainability.IntroductionNatural

Conference Session

Engineering and Math Potpouri

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Schmeelk, Virginia Commonwealth University; Jean Hodges, VCU\Qatar Campus

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

learners based on observations of design students’ characteristicsand Linksman’s definitions of these super links. The second study set out to test that deductionby recording students’ super links after administering Linksman’s tests for determining learningstyle and brain hemispheric preferences (see Appendices A and B). The tests were given early inthe term shortly after introducing the course and its project-directed concept, and the results werediscussed with the students, who also received handouts of Linksman’s characterizations foreach of the learning styles and brain hemispheric preferences.Because Arabic art and architecture are strongly influenced by geometrical designs, MATH 131includes several chapters of the mathematical text6 that

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Hrynuk, Clarkson University; Matthew Pennington, Clarkson University; David Illig, Clarkson University; John P. Dempsey, Clarkson University

Exam 2 21 Lab 3 lecture 22 Lab 3 Part A 23 Lab 3 Part B 24 LabVIEW Introduction 25 LabVIEW Programming 26 LabVIEW Simulation 27 Exam 3 28 Course Surveystraffic light setup at a small model intersection was designed for the third lab experiment, wherestudents were required to write a program to control the traffic lights at a theoreticalintersection.15 A small Measurement Computing Corporation data acquisition device was usedfor that lab

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock Barry, Purdue University; Vincent Drnevich, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Admin. 2 3 a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Ave.F91 17.8 81.3 79.2 92.7 93.8 19.8 63.5 88.5 39.6 65.6 64.2S92 13.0 77.0 83.0 97.0 92.0 17.0 62.0 88.0 33.0 31.0 59.3F92 12.3 68.8 73.7 89.3 91.0 18.9 64.8 89.3 33.6 27.0 56.9S93 10.0 72.0 75.0 87.0 90.0 19.0 52.0 83.0 28.0 34.0 55.0F93 15.0 69.0 76.0 90.0 94.0 19.0 61.0 87.0 40.0 48.0 59.9S94 12.0 66.0 65.0 73.0 79.0 19.0

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annette Casey, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Automotive Engineering,; Emilia Bratschitsch, Joanneum Univeristy of Applied Sciences; Adrian Millward-Sadler, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences

Tagged Divisions

International

do it to ensure that our students gain the right mixof knowledge and skills, and hence ensure them a place in the global market. Page 13.1288.8Bibliography 1. E Leitner (2004), ‘Die österreichische Fachhochschulen: Entwicklung u. Strukturen eines marktorientierten Hochschulsektors, 15 Jan. 2008, http://www.ihf.bayern.de/dateien/beitraege/Beitr_Hochschulf_4_2004.pdf 2. http://www.fh-joanneum.at 3. P Crowther, M Joris, M Otten, B Nilsson, H Teekens, B Wächter (2000), “Internationalisation at home –a position paper.” European Association for International Education (EAIA), p.10. 4. E Doerry, K Doerry, B Bero (2004

Conference Session

Problem Solving and Misconceptions

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Verleger, Purdue University; Heidi Diefes-Dux, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

version of the first draft instructionsof the Nano Roughness MEA is shown in Table 2. The complete version can be found in(Zawojeski, Diefes-Dux, and Bowman, in review). Prior to the lab, students were given a pre-reading activity about Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM) and the images they produce. In thelab setting, students were given AFM images of gold samples (Sample B is shown below inFigure 2) to create and test their procedures for quantifying roughness. Table 2 – Nano Roughness MEAAbbreviated Problem StatementInteroffice Memo: Liguore LabsTo: Nanosurface Engineering TeamFrom: Kerry Prior, Vice President of ResearchRE: Surface RoughnessLiguore Labs is very

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Khan, Kansas State University-Salina; Greory Spaulding, Kansas State University-Salina

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

to program objectivesDesign and build a yes The design and building of d. an ability to applycommunication the Large Cantenna creativity in the designantenna of systems, components or processes appropriate to program objectivesUnderstand the role of yes 1. Simulation using b. an ability to applysoftware in modern Microstripes current knowledge andwireless design

Conference Session

Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma in Manufacturing Education 2

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phil Waldrop, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2008-1978: MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISE SIMULATION AS THEFOUNDATION COURSE AND SYNERGISTIC FOCUS OF ADVANCED COURSEHANDS-ON APPLICATIONPhil Waldrop, Georgia Southern University Dr. Phil Waldrop earned his Ph.D. from the Purdue University School of Technology. His industrial experiences range from turret lathe operator to Director of Advanced Process Development. His 11 years of aerospace R&D work included metal matrix composites and high speed machining, and responsibilities as Manager of Manufacturing Technology and Industrial Modernization technology development projects management for the B-2 aircraft program. He has performed invited service in an endowed chair as Stocker Visiting

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alejandra J. Magana; Sean Brophy, Purdue University; Timothy Newby, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

scaffold proportional reasoning in young learners for the followingreasons. First, although similarity and analogy are not the same, Gentner and Markman (1997) 19suggest that the process of carrying out a comparison is the same in both cases, concluding thatsimilarity is like analogy involving a process of ”structural alignment and mapping betweenmental representations” (Gentner and Markman, 1997, p.45 19 ).Second, classical or conventional analogies take the form of A:B::C:D (English, 2004 20 ), wherethe A and B can be termed as the base or source, and C and D can be termed as the target(Gentner, Holyoak, & Kokinov, 2001 21 ). These analogies are basically proportional or relationalproblems (English 20 ; Gentner and Markman 19 ). In our

Conference Session

Technical Capacity Bldg for Developing Countries & Service Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Jordan, Baylor University; Glenn Blalock, Baylor University; Walter Bradley, Baylor University; Cynthia Fry, Baylor University; Anne Grinols, Baylor University; Brian Thomas, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

International

practice of engineering inthe 21st century.Another important ABET mandated outcome is10: Engineering programs must demonstrate that their students attain: (g) an ability to communicate effectively.We believe that this approach is a more effective way to accomplish ABET’s communicationsobjectives. The students learn how to be better communicators while also learning about theglobal practice of engineering.References1 Kelley, B., Bradley, W., and Thomas, B., Student-Aimed Appropriate Technology Engineering Projects in Kenya,presented at the 2006 A.S.E.E. Southwest Regional Meeting, Baton Rouge, LA, March 2006.2 Thomas, Brian, “A Wind Powered White LED Lighting System for the Kibera Slum of Nairobi”, InternationalJournal for Service

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Somerton, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

aerospace industryand the use of computational modeling to solve aerospace engineering problems. ME 440 Aerospace Engineering Fundamentals Video Quiz #3 Student Name 1. How many passengers will the 5. What will be the production rate of A380 hold? the A380? a. 400 a. 1 plane per week b. 1000 b. 1 plane per da y c. 600 c. 1 plane per month d. 300

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Bishop, U.S. Naval Academy; Joel Esposito, U.S. Naval Academy; Jenelle Piepmeier, U.S. Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

-elimination tournament was not required to write a lab report for the project, andreceived a grade based entirely on performance.The Walking RobotIn this multi-week exercise, students were tasked with designing a 4+ limbed walking robot withlocomotion and structure designed to optimize (or at least emphasize) one of the followingconcepts: a. Speed (over level ground) b. Power (load capacity) c. Agility (obstacle clearance, foot placement ability (workspace)) d. Novel locomotionLecture material presented comparative anatomies commenting on joint placement and limblengths and the resulting effects on the speed and agility of the various animals. A variety ofgaits were also reviewed and students were

Conference Session

New Ideas for ChEs I (aka ChE Potpourri)

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University; David Silverstein, University of Kentucky; Donald Visco, Tennessee Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

/statements/RCA_NSF_ChE_Frontiers_Overview.pdf, accessed February 2008.32. R. B. Bird, W. E. Stewart, E. N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, Wiley, New York, 1960 (1st edition).33. L. Ford, “Water Day: An Experiential Lecture for Fluid Mechanics,” Chemical Engineering Education, 37, 170 (2003).34. J. M. Ross and T. M. Bayles, “Incorporating High School Outreach into ChE Courses,” Chemical Engineering Education, 37, 184 (2003).35. T. M. Floyd-Smith, K. C. Kwon, J. A. Burmester, F. F. Dale, N. Vahdat, and P. Jones, “Demonstration and Assessment of a Simple Viscosity Experiment for High School Science Classes,” Chemical Engineering Education, 40, 211 (2006).36. L.-S. Fan, “Particle Dynamics in Fluidization and Fluid-Particle Systems. Part 2

Conference Session

Statics and Dynamics: What's New?

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marisa Orr, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Matthew Ohland, Purdue Engineering Education; Sherrill Biggers, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

minor in Education from the University of Florida in 1996. Previously, he served as Assistant Director of the NSF-sponsored SUCCEED Engineering Education Coalition. In addition to this work, he studies peer evaluation and longitudinal student records in engineering education.Sherrill Biggers, Clemson University Sherrill B. Biggers is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Clemson University. His research interests include computational solid mechanics, progressive failure and nonlinear response of composite structures, and optimum design. He has taught courses in structural and solid mechanics, and finite element methods. He received his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Duke

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martha Allen, Georgia College & State University; Amy Kelley, Georgia College & State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

taken from theinteractive worksheets illustrating these three kinds of examples. • Example (basic computation): 1. Find x and y so that the following two matrices are equal.     2 x−4 2 6 A = 3 0  and B = y − 1 0 7 0 7 0 • Example (application of theory): 1. Plot a triangle in R2 with vertices F = (x1 , y1 ), U = (x3 , y3 ) and N = (x2 , y2 ) where x1 , x3 , x2 are all positive and x1 ≤ x3 ≤ x2 . 2. Find a formula for the area of this triangle by using trapezoids. Recall that the area of a trapezoid is half the distance between the

Conference Session

Design in the BME Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Johnson, University of Cincinnati / Engineering; Mary Beth Privitera, University of Cincinnati; Daria Narmoneva, University of Cincinnati; Balakrishna Haridas, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

andswcnkvcvkxg"cuuguuogpvu"xgtuwu"vjqug"uvwfgpvu"yjq"ygtg"rctv"qh"Ðvyq-teams, two-rtqlgevuÑ0"Yg"found that data generated from the experimental capstone sequence would improve the productdesign process by a) providing a basis for comparison between different prototypes or aprototype and control devices, and b) providing quantitative data for thespecifications/requirements stage of device design.Phase III: A Single, Integrated of Capstone ExperienceWe have now moved to Phase III: each team spans both capstone experiences and each team hasa single project in both capstone experiences. Although only one quarter of the two-quarterintegrated capstone experience has been completed, there is already quantifiable improvement inoutcomes. For example, five of six

Conference Session

New Ideas for ChEs II (aka ChE Potpourri)

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerardine Botte, Ohio University; Keeley Schneider, Ohio University; Bryan Boggs, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

children with a scientistoutfit, consisting of lab aprons and lab goggles. The cost of the plastic lab aprons were $0.60each and were precut to fit on small children. The lab safety goggles cost $0.85 each. Page 13.828.3 Party preparation included, signing out a laptop, projector, and projector screen from theuniversity. The Engineering Birthday Parties Crew designed PowerPoint presentations thatcoordinated with the party activities that were listed above. The presentations used can be foundin Appendices A and B of this paper. Surveys were designed in order to assess the event. The intention of the survey was toknow the opinion of

Conference Session

ET Leadership, Administration, and Articulation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerry Samples, University of Pittsburgh -Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

a keen eye on the view of the learner: the student.Students clearly state in their assessments of faculty that organization, structure, enthusiasm, andencouragement are important elements in their evaluations. It helps when the teacher can solveproblems and knows the material – thus the leader should convey a coherent set of expectationsthat will be evaluated during in-class visits. These standards should make sense to the facultymember, establish an appropriate environment for learning, and that mirror the concerns of thestudents. The following are some points to consider: 1. Technical expertise – command of the subject matter. 2. Lesson organization. a. Learning objectives. b. Organization of the presentation

Conference Session

Physics Education Research (PER) Relevant for Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Meltzer, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

path taken.” This P-V diagram represents a system consisting of a fixed amount of ideal gas that undergoes two different processes in going from state A to state B: Process #1 State B Pressure Process #2 State A Volume [In these questions, W represents the work done by the system during a process; Q represents the heat absorbed by the system during a process.] 1. Is W for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal to that for Process #2? Explain. 2. Is Q for Process #1 greater than, less than, or equal to that for Process #2? Please explain your answer.FIGURE 1. Two of the questions posed to students in both

Conference Session

Two Year College Tech Session II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Warren Hill, Weber State University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

. The program outcomes sectionstates that: A. Baccalaureate degree programs must demonstrate that graduates have: (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and applied sciences (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data (c) an ability to formulate or design a system, process, or program to meet desired needs (d) an ability to function on multidisciplinary teams (e) an ability to identify and solve applied science problems (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility (g) an ability to communicate effectively (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of solutions in a global and societal

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy VanAntwerp, Calvin College; Richard Braatz, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

e v i a t i o n d e v i a t i o n o c c u r s ´ ゝ + 3 ´ T r u e V a l u e o f P r o c e s s V a r i a b l e

Conference Session

Novel Courses and Content for ChEs II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruben Morales-Menendez, Tecnologico de Monterrey; Tomas Lopez, Tecnologico de Monterrey; Ricardo Ramirez Medoza, Institute Tecnologico De Monterrey; Luis E Garza, Tecnologico de Monterrey

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

de Monterrey and its community are committed tocontribute to the educational, social, economic, and political improvement of México.ABET1 is a well known recognized accreditor for college and university programs in appliedscience, computing, engineering, and technology. ABET criteria effective for evaluations duringthe 2006-2007 accreditation cycle states that engineering programs must demonstrate that theirstudents attain several outcomes (Criterion 3). Through this project, (b) and (e) outcomes will bespecifically promoted: (b) ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze andinterpret data, and (e) ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems. Figure 1. Educational Model of the

Conference Session

ERM Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashlyn Munson; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Stephen Cooper, Saint Joseph's University; Wanda Dann, Ithaca College

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

*** Five Week Alice – CCP – Women 0.808 0.236 *** Five Week Alice – CCP – Men 0.133 *** 0.267 Five Week Alice – TC3 0.000* 0.000* 0.476 Five Week Alice – TC3 Women 0.000* 0.018* 0.566 Five Week Alice – TC3 Men 0.000* 0.000* 0.413 Fall PC Applications A 0.000* --- 0.007* 2005 PC Applications A– Women 0.000* --- 0.010* PC Applications A– Men 0.067 --- 0.159 PC Applications B 0.455 --- 0.242 PC

Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Cambron, Western Kentucky University; Walter Collett, Western Kentucky University; Stacy Wilson, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Wullschleger, C. Garten Jr., and A. Palumbo, "Laser-Induced Breaksdown Spectroscopy for the Environmental Determination of Total Carbon and Nitrogen in Soils," Applied Optics, vol. 42, pp. 2072-2077.[9] W. Collett, L. Kirby, B. Hesson, J. Kondracki, M. Martin, and S. Mahajan, “A Sample Acquisition Concept for Element Detection in Coal-fired Power Plant Emissions via Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy,” in ISEIS 2006 Environmental Archives (CD).[10] W. Collett, M.E. Cambron and S.S. Wilson, “Recent Undergraduate Power Engineering Projects at Western Kentucky University,” submitted to the 2007 North American Power Symposium (NAPS 2007), Las Cruces, NM, September 30 - October 2, 2007.[11] S.S Wilson, N. Crawford, L. Croft, M. Howard