Conference Session

Design Cognition

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Jensen, United States Air Force Academy; Jason Weaver, University of Texas, Austin; Kristin Wood, University of Texas, Austin; Julie Linsey, Texas A&M University; John Wood, United States Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

include brainstormingand morphological analysis. The goal of the directed methods is to follow more of a step-by-stepor systematic process to develop a solution. Technical information combined with fundamentalphysical laws play a key role in this directed method set of CG techniques. Page 14.1167.2 1 Figure 1 – Ullman’s Depiction of the Design Process1Figure 2 – Ulrich & Eppinger’s Depiction of the Design Process 2 Page 14.1167.3 2 Figure 3 – Otto & Wood’s Depiction of the Concept

Conference Session

Liberal Education and Leadership

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Julia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

session was conducted during the afternoon and lasted roughly 5 hours.For the second Academy class, begun in the fall of the 2008-09 academic year, the sessions meton three Saturdays—in October, in January, and in March. These sessions lasted from 9:00 AMto 4:00 PM.The goals of the Academy are as follows:Leadership Academy is a hands-on experience designed to build each participant's: ≠ Confidence in their ability to lead; ≠ Consciousness of various leadership approaches; ≠ Connection with leadership resources & mentors; and ≠ Civic awareness.CurriculumThe curriculum of the Leadership Academy is as follows: Page 14.458.4Session 1

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics V

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ochs, Lehigh University; Lisa Getzler-Linn, Lehigh University; Margaret Huyck, Illinois Institute of Technology; Scott Schaffer, Purdue University; Mary Raber, Michigan Technology University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Prototypes Create and Manage Intellectual Property Figure 2. Process followed in the Lehigh’s IPD courses (Modified with permission from Page 14.250.6 “Product Design and Development” by Ulrich and Eppinger12)Lehigh University’s IPD program runs for two semesters over the calendar year and the processin Figure 2 is divided into the following six milestones each with a tack board session where theteam must defend the work competed.During the spring semester (January to May) the teams 1) develop an understanding of thebusiness and technical context of

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Strategies in Engineering Graphics

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy Ernst, North Carolina State University; Aaron Clark, North Carolina State University; Alice Scales, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

studies:The Attitudes and Opinions of Students Toward Technical Graphics: Preliminary SurveyResults17 and Motivation and Strategies for Learning in a Fundamentals of Graphics EducationCourse18. This analysis combines results from the NCLAGES and MSLQ instruments to assistin the identification of underlying processes of the samples. Page 14.16.5Summary statistics (Table 1) of the NCLAGES and MSLQ were calculated to provide a synopsisof the instrument results. The variance (0.28) and standard deviation (0.53) of the MSLQ resultsare minimal in comparison to the variance (1.10) and standard deviation (1.05) of the NCLAGESresults indicating a smaller

Conference Session

Faculty and Program Exchanges: Internationalizing, Collaborations and Interactions

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Imre Rudas, Budapest Polytechnical Institution; Peter Toth, Budapest Tech.

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2009-2533: UTILIZATION OF COOPERATIVE AND COLLABORATIVELEARNING IN TECHNICAL TEACHER TRAINING AND ENGINEERINGEDUCATION OVER NATIONAL BOARDERSImre Rudas, Budapest Polytechnical Institution Director, Budapest TechPeter Toth, Budapest Tech. Director, Centre for Teacher Training and Engineering Education, Budapest Tech Page 14.1339.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Utilization of Cooperative and Collaborative Learning in Technical Teacher Training and Engineering Education over National BoarderAbstractThe Masters level Opportunities and Technological Innovation in

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Culbertson, Arizona State University; Michael Oehrtman, Arizona State University; Janice Meyer Thompson, Arizona State University; Josh Gardner, Arizona State University; Christopher Mehrens, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University

, musician, and science teacher. The context for the math,science, and technical writing was the design and building of musical instruments. Students usedthe engineering process to design, construct, and demonstrate instruments. Additionally, a musicschool faculty and music librarian arranged weekly integrated sessions demonstrating the history,culture, physical features, and musical character of a wide variety of instruments played by localprofessionals and graduate students. The goal was to integrate the physics, mathematics, andtechnical writing to understand and quantitatively and qualitatively describe the sound of musicas well as design and build musical instruments using the engineering design process. Initialattitude results indicated that

Conference Session

Using Technology to Enhance Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Farahani, National University, San Diego; Ronald Uhlig, National University, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

designed to help familiarize students with theDyKnow system; these problems were simple and very general; they focused on usingDyKnow features such as the status report, panel submission, and display control.DyKnow was used in almost all classes. Standard PowerPoint slides along with classactivities were uploaded to the DyKnow server prior to the start of the class. Each studentwas loaned a Tablet PC for the class period. At the beginning of the class students loggedon to a DyKnow session to access the lecture notes. Although DyKnow allows studentsto scroll back through charts presented earlier during the lecture, students were asked toremain synchronized with the instructor’s display throughout the class. A one-clickDyKnow command takes care of

Conference Session

Aerospace Workspace: Current and Future 2

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Dischino, Central Connecticut State University; Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University; Peter Baumann, Central Connecticut State University; Zdzislaw Kremens, Central Connecticut State University; Viatcheslav Naoumov, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

10 # of Students 10 8 8 7 6 4 2 2 1 0 0 Racial & Ethnic Distribution Gender Distribution  Figure 2. Race/ethnicity and gender distribution of Go For Aerospace! participants.Orientation SemesterThe selected 30 high-school juniors will participate in four spring sessions shown in Figure 3.The aim of this phase of the GFA project is to acquaint the prospective students with the basics

Conference Session

Widgets, Add-ons, Toolbars, and Videos: Web 2.0 Tools for Searching, Managing, and Teaching about Engineering Literature and Information

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Wohrley, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

]. Page 14.957.89. Add to Search Bar :: Firefox Add-ons. Available at: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/3682 [Accessed February 6, 2009].10. Science Accelerator, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Department ofEnergy. Available at: http://www.scienceaccelerator.gov/index.shtml [Accessed February 6,2009].11. Search Engine for Standards - NSSN. Available at: http://www.nssn.org/default.aspx[Accessed February 6, 2009].12. Zotero: The Next-Generation Research Tool. Available at: http://www.zotero.org/ [AccessedOctober 26, 2008].13. Google Translate. Available at: http://translate.google.com/translate_t?hl=en# [AccessedFebruary 6, 2009].14. NIST 2008 Machine Translation Evaluation - (Open MT-08)Official Evaluation

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Yeary, University of Oklahoma; Tian-you YU, University of Oklahoma; Robert Palmer, University of Oklahoma; James Sluss, University of Oklahoma; Guifu Zhang, University of Oklahoma; Phil Chilson, University of Oklahoma; Mike Biggerstaff, University of Oklahoma

Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado provide a unique cross-disciplinary background of atmospheric research. He has many reviewed technical journal and conference papers in the areas of applications of signal processing techniques to radar problems and studies using atmospheric radars. In parallel with his technical strength, he has a passion for delivering high quality education. He has developed and taught several undergraduate and graduate courses at the University of Oklahoma.Robert Palmer, University of Oklahoma Dr. Robert Palmer has published extensively in the general area of radar remote sensing of the atmosphere, with emphasis on the use of multiple frequencies/receivers for

Conference Session

Case Studies and Engineering Education Around the Globe / International Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anatoliy Protasov, National Technical University of Ukraine “KPI”

Tagged Divisions

International

widely. It means forming activity skills inspecific situations, in other words forming professional competence. 7 With regard to tendencyof education development, it is proposed general structure of professional competence forspecialists (see Fig.1). Professional competence Functional competences in common to the in individual – in social relations in professional area scientific area psychological area area Prime competences common subject academic profession key personal

Conference Session

New Trends in Graduate Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Descoteaux, Norwich University; David Muckerman, CH2M HIll; Scott Sabol, Vermont Technical College

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

staff toprofitable use at periods outside of the traditional academic year. Norwich University’s Schoolof Graduate Studies’ annual Residency events provide just such a use for two weeks (two one-week sessions) each June.The “bricks and mortar” side of the University benefits from this activity in primarily two ways.Not only are residence halls, dining facilities, etc., generating revenue, but University supportstaff (e.g., food service, custodial, maintenance, etc.), which are often laid-off at the end of theacademic year, can be retained. In addition to the obvious benefits to the individual and thecommunity in which they reside, this practice can also build staff loyalty.An interesting aside to these summer activities are the additional

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yakov Cherner, ATeL, LLC; Ahmed Khan, DeVry University; Amin Karim, DeVry University; Gary Mullett, Springfield Technical Community College

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

of each component can be connected with either anoscilloscope or spectrum analyzer to investigate the signal in each stage of its transformation.The right-bottom panel displays the current process status and gives a brief description. The left-bottom panel provides instructions for how to manipulate the simulation.Control devices and testing equipment used in the telecommunications industry enabletechnicians to measure and define correlations between virtually all internal and externalparameters that describe a process or object’s properties. The majority of technical collegestudents and corporate maintenance/service staff are more empirical than abstract learners.1-3

Conference Session

Aerospace Workspace: Current and Future 1

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Anderson, Oregon Institute of Technology; Sergey Dubikovsky, Purdue University; Ronald Way, El Camino College; Bradley Harriger, Purdue University; Buford Pringle, Butler Community College; Scott Schaffer, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

payroll for the US aerospace industry is in excess of $98 billiondollars. The aerospace industry is nationwide, with California, Texas, and Washington havingthe largest employment and significant clusters in Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, and Kansas3. Itis important that a pool of workers exists who have the correct set of skills for this industry.The tools and techniques used in aerospace manufacturing are changing rapidly. It is importantthat the workforce not only have the technical skills to operate and maintain the equipment, butalso an understanding of teamwork and modern manufacturing concepts, such as leanmanufacturing.The traditional hand/master mechanic methods of manufacturing can no longer attain thedemanding tolerances that are inherent

Conference Session

ELD Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry Thompson, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

researchers to use as they performliterature searches within NACA / NASA generated documents.Sampling methodologyThe samples from the NACA / NASA generated documents were collected from hardcopyNACA / NASA indexes subject to the following general guidelines:1) The purpose of the paper is to determine the extent of NACA / NASA publicationindexing. Therefore, only NACA / NASA generated documents were included in the samples.Specifically, Contractor Reports (CR), Special Publications (SP), Technical Memorandums(TM), Technical Notes (TN), and Technical Papers (TP) were included.2) Papers outside the above categories were not used. Thus, journal articles, conferencepapers, translations, patents, patent applications, theses, dissertations, and

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Georgios Anagnostopoulos, Florida Institute of Technology; Michael Georgiopoulos, University of Central Florida; Veton Kepuska, Florida Institute of Technology; Kenneth Stanley, University of Central Florida; Alison Morrison-Shetlar, University of Central Florida; Pat Lancey, University of Central Florida; Paula Krist, University of Central Florida; Tace Crouse, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

sessions were organized and performed by the faculty mentors and their goal was toprovide a necessary, rudimentary foundation in ML. Through these lectures the REU studentswere given the opportunity to familiarize themselves with our general research theme, as well asto get exposed to more special knowledge that helps them to begin from early on to explore theircorresponding research projects. Lecture material included an overview of ML and its impact ineveryday life (day 1), an introduction to pattern recognition (day 2), an overview of clustering(day 3) and an introduction to regression (day 4). In turn, each of these lectures attempts toemphasize and promote the understanding of important concepts that are relevant to the lecture’stopic. For

Conference Session

ELD Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sasha Gurke, Knovel Corporation

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

(this number does not include databases.) The collection is growing at a rate of 35-40 new titles per month.Users can browse and simultaneously search all titles via a single interface. Basic and Page 14.866.2advanced searches are fast and optimized for technical users.At the end of 2008, Knovel embarked on a new and exciting project: Mathcad-enablingKnovel content. Our first release is an introductory package for structural and civil engineersthat includes two well known titles partially transcribed into Mathcad worksheets.Knovel Mathcad ProductEngineers across all industries perform engineering calculations and document their designand analysis

Conference Session

ERM Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Snyder, Taylor University; Elise Romines, Taylor University; Rachel Dodge, Taylor University; Jason Kruegar, Taylor University; Travis Booth, Taylor University; Josh Gates, Taylor University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Monitoring ** *Red: p < .05Cognitive Skills** **Green: p < .01Content Knowledge*** ***Blue: p < .001 Primary Technical Black: p > .05Knowledge*** Learning Cycle Knowledge*** Operations Knowledge*** Figure 1 General Growth (2007-2008) Page 14.907.9 6 * : p < .05 ** : p < .01 *** : p .05). Page 14.907.10Table 2: Net Growth in descending order.Category N

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John McLellan, Freescale; Andy Mastronardi, Freescale

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

course. The goal is to autonomously drive around the track as quickly as possible.Teams have multiple attempts, including a qualifying and finalists round, to record the fastesttimes. Awards are given to first, second and third place winners. Additionally, awards are givenfor innovative design, technical merit and quality of production as determined by the regions.The track layout is not known to the challengers until race day. Each year changes are made tothe tracks which contain several elements of difficulty including hills, hairpin turns, S-curves,and high speed straight-aways. The surface of the track is white, with a 1 inch black stripe pathfor the onboard vehicle sensors to track.Teams are broken down into two divisions, the camera

Conference Session

ERM Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nadia Kellam, University of Georgia; Joachim Walther, The University of Georgia; Ashley Babcock, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engineering education research.While this paper is not suggesting that the rigor of Newtonian thinking be abandoned, it issuggesting that the tendency to apply mechanistic, reductive analysis to complex systems shouldbe addressed. According to Bertalanffy7, a founder of General Systems Theory, it is necessary tomeet the following two conditions in order to effectively apply mechanistic analysis to a system:1) the interactions between the parts are nonexistent or weak and 2) the relations describing thebehavior of a system must be causal (linear, cause and effect). In educational systems, theseconditions are rarely, if ever, met; therefore a systems approach to understanding educationalsystems is going to be proposed in this paper.On the abstract

Conference Session

International Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akbar Eslami, Elizabeth City State University; Aliza Williams, Elizabeth City State University; Kerry Krauss, Elizabeth City State University; Amir Rezaei, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Tagged Divisions

International

. Offering internet based laboratories may eliminate this obstacle for distance learningprogram students. This concept is of particular interest in countries with large distances betweenmajor educational centers and those with limited budgets and facilities.This paper illustrates a general architecture of an online laboratory. A Local Area Network(LAN) based “Host Computer” is set up in the laboratory and is connected to a robot, a PLC unitand a networked camera (Webcam). They are accessed and controlled via a remote computerthrough a secure “Virtual Private Network” (VPN) connection to the campus LAN.IntroductionThis paper examines a concept of establishing a remote control laboratory. This laboratory isdesigned to increase the technical skills and

Conference Session

ELD Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Heyer-Gray, University of California, Davis; Jean McKenzie, University of California, Berkeley; Lisa Ngo, University of California, Berkeley; Karen Andrews, University of California, Davis; Emily Stambaugh, California Digital Library

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

. 53:7-12,54:7-12 have tight binding; issues in AP-30 are missing back covers*** |3 AP 11(1963)-AP13(1965), AP 15(1967)-AP 17(1969), AP 20(1972)-AP 21(1973), AP 23(1975)-AP 35(1987);v.36(1988)-44:6(June 1996), v.45(1997)-54(2006)CUMULATIVE INDEXES: PGAP 1(1952)-v.39(1990)The second record reflects not just the Shared Print location, but also an example of theconsistent language in the notes for acceptable, but less than perfect copies.More recently, UC Berkeley’s move to the Millennium (III) catalog and the University ofCalifornia pilot project with OCLC (Next Generation Melvyl Pilot) have added additionaltechnical wrinkles to the project, some of which remain to be worked out as the project movesforward.StaffingAs mentioned earlier, the

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eduardo Montanez, Freescale Semiconductor; Michael Norman, Freescale Semiconductor

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

build tools to code simple Hardware algorithms using the CPU in assembly or C/C++. #2 (1 week) Debugging Techniques Exercise debugger with OSBDM to troubleshoot code. Take advantage of hardware run-time control, breakpoints, and trace features. #3 (1 week) General Purpose Input / Output Learn GPIO controls to toggle

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chao Chen, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Carlos Pomalaza-Ráez, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Scott Hendershot, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Ma Oo, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Adam Hilton, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

network security.Carlos Pomalaza-Ráez, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne Dr. Carlos Pomalaza-Ráez is an electrical engineering professor at Indiana - Purdue University Fort Wayne, USA and a visiting professor at the University of Oulu, Finland. He received a BSME and a BSEE degree from Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Perú, in 1974, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, in 1977 and 1980, respectively. He has been a faculty member of the University of Limerick, Ireland, and of Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York. He has also been a member of the technical staff at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Bowles, University of South Carolina; Caitlin Buchhaults, University of South Carolina; Donald Griffith, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. While the competition is to build a functional andcompetitive robot, FIRST’s main objective is to inspire high school students to pursue careers inscience and technology—the robotics competition is simply the vehicle for achieving this goal.In this regard FIRST has been extraordinarily successful. Studies show, see Table 1, that FIRSTalumni major in engineering at about seven times the rate of other high school graduates and theymajor in computer science at about twice the rate of other high school graduates2.Although having students major in computer science at twice the average rate of high schoolgraduates in general is an excellent result, it pales in comparison to the seven-fold increase in

Conference Session

ERM Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dazhi Yang, Purdue University; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Aidsa Santiago Roman

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

providingdomain-general (not focusing on teaching specific technical details about any science process)instruction on the emergent processes seemed to be most effective to help repair students’misconceptions. For example, the diffusion instruction was specifically mapped back to theemergent processes for the both participants in the experiment group, but no such mapping wasdone for the control group. Consequently, both participants in the experimental group seemed tohave performed much better (90 % correct answers) than the control group participants did.While for the heat transfer and microfluidics instruction, there was no specific mapping back tothe emergent processes. Consequently, there seemed to be no discreet difference, in terms of thecorrect

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie-Pierre Huguet, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Frank Wright, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

thestudents’ learning styles.After a general introduction to instructional design, we provide a historical perspective illustratedby the four dramatically different designs that evolved over the years. We then propose aconstructivist design approach to designing blended courses and guide the readers though itsmain stages.IntroductionIn this phenomenological case study we followed the collaboration between an instructor and aninstructional designer over a period of four years. During that time, the instructor went fromusing an institutional, unimaginative, web-based template to designing a fully customized,award-winning course that truly reflected his teaching style and philosophy, supported theinstitution’s mission statement and the course objectives

Conference Session

ELD Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Strife, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

they would redo the space. A shortcut icon with the survey appeared when students loggedinto our computers. In October, Dr. Beacham came to the library to run three focus groups forus. We did not ask for any personal date in the electronic survey. We do have general data fromthe focus groups: class year, major, student or faculty. The students were undergraduates,graduate students, and faculty from the colleges of engineering, sports sciences,agriculture/forestry, education, and creative arts. The incentive to participate was food (pizza,cookies, soda, and fruit) and the chance to win one of three Barnes & Noble gift certificates. Theauthor was able to sit in the room to serve as scribe and was amazed at the insight bothundergraduates and

Conference Session

ERM Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Budny, University of Pittsburgh; Laura Lund, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

be provided in the final paper and at theconference presentation. REFERENCES 1. Lund, L., Budny, D., “The Value Of A Service Learning Course For Freshman Engineers”, 2006 ICEE International Conference on Engineering Education, Session M4B, San Juan, PR, July 2006, pp. M4B-10 – M4B-12. 2. McCarthy, Mark D. (1996) “Chapter 5: One-Time and Short-Term Service-Learning Experiences” in Barbara Jacoby and Associates, eds., Service Learning in Higher Education, Concepts and Practices, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, p. 115. Page 14.1327.14

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Hanson, California Polytechnic State University

videotechnology. Universal access concept was incorporated into the curricula at the two universities.IntroductionConventional geotechnical engineering teaching methods include a one-way lecture presentationdirected at students with low participation from students. Conventional geotechnical engineeringlaboratory courses have similar attributes, but incorporate enhanced teaching and learning styleswith hands-on experiments and work that is conducted in teams. Various systems have beendeveloped to describe teaching and learning styles1. A common general distinction is madebetween technical, detailed, or mathematical modes and feeling, artistic, or personal modes ofteaching and learning using all the different systems. While the systems vary in terminology