beginning statement true and all statements along the path are executed, then the assertion at the end of the path is true. 4. If all paths in simulation are proven by induction, the model is proved to be correct.7. Introducing Mathematical Induction to M&S Engineering StudentsIn M&S, students should be utilizing probability distributions, such as the binomial, exponential,and beta, to name three. Proving probability distributions with mathematical induction is anatural introduction to the Formal V&V technique.For example, let the engineering student prove by induction on n that the binomial distribution: n b(k ; n, p ) = p k q n−k , k = 0K
channels at a frequencysignificantly higher than the fundamental encoder frequency. In the case of the UC2system, the global clock is set at 11.0592 MHz which results in a maximum operationalspeed of over 300,000 rpm for a typical 512 slot codewheel. As illustrated in Figure 6, atwo-bit shift register employing D-type flipflops is used to detect transitions on channelsA and B.By way of example, a rising edge on channel A is detected when enc_dec0.q andenc_dec1.q are “1” and “0” respectively. The transitions between the various statesillustrated in Figure 5 can be decoded by analyzing the outputs of the four D-typeflipflops as shown in Table 1 below.State Transition Encoder Signals Flipflop outputs: enc_decX.q Past
, which has been used in codes such asCEA[5], has been implemented by the use of chemical equilibrium constants. In what follows,the mathematical model for stoichiometric case as well as oxygen rich (lean mixture) and fuelrich (rich mixture) cases are presented and the solution procedure is discussed. Q% cv x lb-mole/s H 2 combustion chamber combustion products y lb-mole/s O2 Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the combustion chamber.Development of Mathematical
, the absolute value of the volumetric flow rate is applied to facilitateflow reversal computations. Conservation of mass applied at the common junction yields: Q1 - Q 2 - Q 3 = 0 (4)If the assumed flow directions are correct, equations 1-4 can be combined to form a singlenonlinear, algebraic equation that can be solved for the junction energy grade, EGLJ1, as: 1 1 C 1.85 1 D1 4.87 1.85
analysis process. For any case, the first step in obtaining the wind loads is to determine the appropriatedynamic wind pressure. This pressure is obtained by treating the air as a perfect fluid and notingthat when wind strikes an object (a bluff body) in its path, the kinetic energy of the moving airparticles is converted to an effective dynamic wind pressure. This effective dynamic windpressure, q, at any height above ground is given by the following equation (Equation 6-13 inASCE 7):q z = 0.00256 K z K zt K d V 2 I (lb/ft2) (1)where,q = effective dynamic velocity pressure to be used in the appropriate equation to evaluate the effective static wind pressure for main wind-force
consecutive columns, copying and pasting them in consecutive rowsand substituting vi+1 in the cell that contains vi starting iteration No. 1 yields the desired solutionas obtained by the successive substitution method (see Table 1).Table 1 - Successive Substitution Iterations for Example 1 Iteration. No. i vi Re fF vi+1 ii = |vi+1-vi| q 1 10 545193.3 0.003892 11.58185 1.581854 1559.383 2 11.58185 631434.9 0.003849 11.64971 0.067853 1806.055 3 11.64971 635134.2 0.003847 11.65229 0.002578 1816.636 4 11.65229 635274.8 0.003847 11.65238 9.75E-05 1817.038 5
turnaround time is less clear, though low time quanta tend to have a negativeimpact on turnaround time as well.For example, given ten processes with the runtimes specified as below (in arbitrary time units),and assuming an overhead of 50 time units for each process switch, we will examine the effect ofthe following algorithms on response time and turnaround time. • Batch Algorithms 1. First Come First Served 2. Shortest Process First (run to completion) 3. Longest Process First (run to completion) • Interactive Algorithms 1. Round Robin, Q=1000 2. Round Robin, Q=10000 3. Round Robin, Q=10 Table 1 – Processes and Required RuntimesProcess 1 2 3 4
techniques available to design while providing an understanding of the basics of design (a, c, d, e, g, k, q)These CLOs are then linked with the nineteen ABET/ME outcomes as indicated by the letterswithin the parentheses. For example, the letter “a” in CLO #1 above indicates a “high” or “veryhigh” correlation between the Course Learning Objective and the ABET/ME Program Outcome.Refer to Appendix A for a text description of the Program Outcomes, a-s. Other programoutcomes are addressed in other courses in the curriculum.Results & DiscussionAs mentioned earlier, students (of both MECH 310 and MECH 312) are asked, on a voluntarybasis, to do an assessment survey for each homework they submitted. This is done in order toaccess to what degree the
x2 x2/2 2. The integral of (1/x) dx is: x 2x ln x x2 3. The integral of 6x2 dx is: 2x3 6x3 6x 3x2 4. The derivative of 2x2 is: 2x dx 4x dx 4x3 dx x3 dx 5. The derivative of 2 ln x is: 2x dx (2/x) dx (1/x) dx 2 ln x dx 6. The integral of x2 dx from x=1 to x=3 is: 26/3 -26/3 26 none of these 7. Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics? Q = mc(ΔT) W = ∫ p dV Q - W
respective crystallization Page 9.683.3temperature, Tpeak, crystallization increases from 503.4 ºC to 556.3 ºC.Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering EducationThe Kissinger model describes crystallization kinetics during continuous heating and is given by: Ã h Ô /Q lnÄÄ 2 Õ? ÕÕ RT - constant ÄT
point of the device (Q-point),input of that information was required. It should be noted that the display of gm for FETs wasnot available on either curve tracer directly from the instrument (βF was available only on the571). Thus the LabVIEW interface for the Tektronix 370 would not only provide the user withmore user-friendly interaction but additional capability for the FETs. A comprehensive user’smanual for the LabVIEW interface was another significant deliverable.After setting these design goals, a suitable LabVIEW GPIB driver that could be used as a startingpoint was downloaded from the National Instruments website (www.ni.com/devzone/idnet/).The project began late in the fall semester of 2002 with projected completion for student usage
lost in the process—is covered. blood flow direction mitral aortic valve valve Q1 Q3 Q Q7 Q9 5 Ph Po Pa Pc Pv Q10 R ho R oa R ac Q 2 Q4 Q 6
annular seal, and cement grout. The wellis finished off on subsequent days with a formed-in-place concrete surface completion and alocking cap. In short, the only difference between these wells and a professionally installedmonitoring well is that our boreholes are dug by hand. A complete soil borehole log/wellcompletion report for one of the completed wells is included as Figure 1.Testing After developing the wells students plan and perform hydrologic tests to allowcalculation of groundwater flow characteristics. Students used Darcy’s law in the Q=KAdh/dlform for groundwater discharge in ft3/day, and in the q=(Kdh/dl)/nform for groundwater velocity in ft/day, where Q=discharge A
Section3.6, the “clouds” represent the circuits used to implement the expressions. Again, the expressioncircuits are operated concurrently although only one computation result is routed to the output.3.8 Template for register In VHDL, memory elements can be inferred in various mechanisms and can be easily“embedded” in code. To enforce good design practice, our approach is to separate the memoryelements from the remaining circuit and describe them in explicit code segments. We use aprocess template, which is treated as a black box, to explicitly specify the desired D FFs orregisters. The VHDL code segment is : PROCESS(clk) BEGIN IF (clk'EVENT AND clk='1') THEN q <= d; END IF; END PROCESS
addition to being non-invasive. LCT is applied using either a steady-state or transient Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright ©2004, American Society for Engineering Educationmethod. An overview of this method can be found in Baughn5. The steady-state method requiresthe application of a constant surface heat flux to the object, usually applied through a foil heateror more recently through radiant heating. Knowing q” (the surface heat flux), the heat transfercoefficient can be found using h = q "/ (Tsurface - T¥ ). This method has been applied in a variety ofapplications including turbine blades6, impinging jets7, pin fins8, and channel flow
Employed H Work in a Team 0.680 0.011 Employed R Organize Groups 0.438 0.000 Employed P Manage People 0.262 0.008 Employed O Manage a Project 0.748 0.000 Employed Q Create a Budget 0.570 0.000 Employed C Apply Mathematics 0.196 0.000 Grad School K Apply Science 0.224 0.012 Grad School M Apply Engineering Skills
formulated and solved by linear programming [6].• Inventory Models. An objective of the economic lot size model is to define an inventorymanagement policy of minimum cost. As suggested by the parameters “Q” and “t” in Figure 2,the inventory manager is interested in determining “How much?” and “When?” certain stockedmaterial should be replenished. In general, the optimal inventory level is dependent on customerdemand, while the costs of producing and holding inventory are balanced off against oneanother. The cost impact of inventory shortfalls (shortages) adds a further degree of complexityto the model. Page 9.521.3 Proceedings of the 2004
problems. Six problems involved algebraicsolution, two problems involved trigonometry, and one problem involved graphical analysis. A tenthquestion, not involving any variables, was included as a control question.The survey instrument was prepared in two versions, one using the variables x and y, the otherversion using the variables g, h, m, n, p, Q, q, r, s, t, and r. The questions on the two versions wereidentical except for the variables used. (See Figures 2 and 3)The survey was conducted on an unannounced basis. Calculators were allowed. The grade historywas completed first, after which fifteen minutes were given for the problem-solving portion.One hundred twenty five survey forms were completed; of these, four were multiple responses from
temperature at the turbine exit can approximately be determined from the givenpressure ratio, the input power at the turbine stage and the turbine efficiency ηt 2 2 tan 2 α 2 π n d 1+ m 2 Texit = 1−γ (11) pc γ ηt c p 1− paThe fuel consumption can be calculated under the assumption that the thermal energy isused to heat the working medium. The thermal output Q is determined from Q = c p m∆T
laboratory book 6 . The values of the resistors, RE (emitter resistor) and RC(collector resistor), were calculated and chosen in such a way that the direct current (DC)operating point known as quiescent (Q) point will lie in the middle of the load line. Having aQ point located in the middle of the load line is critical because under this condition, theamplified voltage signal will have no clipping (i.e. no distortion), even if the waveformengages in maximum positive and negative swings. The voltage gain ( AV ) of the C-Eamplifier (under no load) can be expressed as follows: RC AV = (1) ( RE - re ) where re = dynamic resistance, and the dynamic resistance can be calculated as VT (mV )re
0.082oF GND 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 +5V Vcc NC NC Rext Cext Rint NC 74121 R34 Q NC A1 A2 B Q GND 1kY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 VOUT10 R33 10kY VOUT8 2N3904 C11 R36
; value = Cstick_pos + (unsigned)(value)*(255 - Cstick_pos)/255; } else if (value<0) { if (value128) KP=1; putstr("KP="); outint16(KP); putch('\n'); break; case 'q': case 'Q': key = 'q'; break; } } while (key!='q'); TMSK2 &= ~RTII;/* Disable RTI interrupt */ PWMDisable(); /* Disable PWM generator */ return 0;} Page 9.68.13 Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition
co s(Ω c ) − cos 2 (Ω c ) − k q 2 µ 2 z1 = , z2 = ; 1 + k q .µ 1 + k q .µ co s(Ω c ) + cos 2 (Ω c ) − k q2 cos(Ω c ) − cos 2 (Ω c ) − kq2 where p1 = , p2 = ; 1 + kq 1 + kq
) Q = Quality T = Lead Time Employee motivation, training, and discipline C = Cost F = Flexibility Kaizen 5S Visual management Changing customer Elimination of waste demand
Significantly Below Met Significantly Above[4] Did you establish a budget for the design project? Yes No (If NO, go to Q # 5) If yes, did the project meet this budget? Yes No (If YES, go to Q # 5) If no, was this extra cost justified? Yes No[5] How much did your company benefit as a direct or indirect result of the design project outcome? 1 2 3 4 5 No Benefit Benefited Somewhat
. ✂✁☎✄✝✆☎✞✠✟☎✟☎✡☎☛✌☞✎✍✑✏✒✔ ✆ ✓✖✕✘✗✙✛ ✟ ✚✢✜✎✜☎✣✥✤✧✦★✟✔✩ ✄ ✪☛ ✬ ✞ ✫☎☞★✭✮✆☎✞✬☛✪✯ ✟ ✕✘✰✱✓✂✆✔✳ ✄ ✲✎☞✎✍✯☛✌☞✙✟☎✟✔✄✩☛✌☞✎✴ ✍ ✲✙✡✎✵✯✞✬✫✎✕✘☛✪✆✔☞✥✤✧☞✎☞✢✵☎✫☎✶✢✷✙✆✔☞✎✓✂✟✔✄✝✟✔☞✙✞✠✟✱✸ ✲✑✹☎✺✻✼ ✆ ✽ ✏ ✾☛ ✕✘☛✪✆✔✿ ☞ ✷✙✆✽❀ ✺ ✰☎✄✩☛✌✍✯✗✢✕✳❁❂✚✢✜✎✜☎✣✑❃✢✤✧✦★✟✔✄✩☛✪✞✬✫☎☞★✭✮✆☎✞✬☛✪✟✯✕✘✰✱✓✂✆✔✄✳✲✎☞✎✍✯☛✌☞✙✟☎✟✔✄✩☛✌☞✎✍✴✲✙✡✎✵✯✞✬✫✎✕✘☛✪✆✔❅ ☞ ❄loss, Q, device coupling (electric and magnetic) and fringing become much more important at theintegrated circuit level than at the more ideal “macro” or discrete device level. Componentlayout, choice of conducting material and device size are more easily discussed in an EM course,with the added positive of the components being a topic of contemporary importance. The paperindicates locations in the EM course where these microelectronic component topics can beintroduced. Information on how to obtain sample course materials is found in the paperconclusion.II. Undergraduate Student Research in Silicon RF MicroelectronicsIIa. BackgroundMany universities have undergraduate students involved in faculty research projects, with someuniversities having
breaking. Equation 1 describes the velocity gradient. G is a function ofvolumetric flowrate (Q), headloss in the flocculator (ΔH), water’s density (ρ) , viscosity (µ), andvolume of the tank (V). In this system a variable speed motor/gear reducer drives a shaft fittedwith wooden paddles cut to the proper size to deliver a range of velocity gradients in theflocculation tank. Q ρ g ΔH (1) G = µ V The flocculation tank is divided into 3 compartments partially separated by Plexi-glass sheetingallow velocity gradient variations. Each compartment has its own individual gearmotor/controller. The gear motors
For Loop count terminals N are used to control the Output indicator number of times the First For loop terminals for loop is executed generating the results For Loop iteration terminal used to generate values of Q Exporting the results to a spreadsheet file Figure 9. Block Diagram of the VI Created for Plotting the Distributions of Normal & Shear StressesThe three equilibrium equations of
Italics \u Underline text \l Switch to large font \n Switch to normal font \q="#linkanchor" References a link destination that is Link Text\q somewhere else in the document \Q="linkanchor" Specifies a link destination within the document \c Centers text \r Right-justifies text \v Comments (not visible in the final
, and experimental practices, (p) a competence inexperimental design, data collection, and data analysis, (q) a competence in the use ofcomputational tools, (r) knowledge of chemistry, and (s) knowledge of calculus-basedphysics.The Mechanical Engineering Faculty at AAMU revised the course contents to satisfy theabove criteria (a-s). Each course contents were mapped to the above (a-s) requirements.Although each course does not satisfy all the (a-s) requirements, the overall ME curriculaprovide the (a) through (s) training. The Mechanical Engineering program at AAMU wassuccessfully accredited by ABET in Summer 2000 and again in Fall 2002.2. Assessment ToolsThe educational objective of the Mechanical Engineering program is to provide students