Conference Session

Flight and Control Simulators for Virtual Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Meron Lindenfeld, Farmingdale State College, State University of New York; Louis A. Scala, Farmingdale State College, State University of New York

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

consideration surfaced that had to beacknowledged. To what degree should the level of technical knowledge be raised within theaviation administration program? Would doing so significantly impact the level of studentretention within the program? Are these technical topics truly relevant and beneficial to theeducational outcomes for administration students? The faculty felt the issue was worth exploringwith their Aviation Industry Advisory board.The advisory board is made up of representatives that include leadership positions at airports,airlines, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Port Authority of New York and NewJersey (PANYNJ), which operates several airports in the NY/NJ metropolitian area, fixed baseopertors (FBOs), and training

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University; Daniel Kirk, Florida Institute of Technology; Tein-min Tan, Drexel University; Sridhar Santhanam, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

X 15 creatively, independently and cooperatively Flexibility - the ability and self- X16 confidence to adapt to rapid or major change17 Curiosity and a desire to learn for life X (NE disagree)18 Importance of teamwork X (Slight)Useful information can also be gleaned by indentifying skill areas where there are largepercentage differences between the answers given by the new employee and the manager. Thisdifference comparison is shown in the data in Figure 3. If the bar appears above the zero-line itmeans that the new engineer believes that they need more education and training to competentlydeal with the issue, whereas the supervisor believes that the training

Conference Session

Hands-on Activities and Student Learning in Aerospace Engineering - II - Student Papers

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yue Gu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mary E. Johnson Ph.D., Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

issued a statement on sustainable development education thatstates in part “Engineering students should learn about sustainable development andsustainability in the general education component of the curriculum as they are preparing for themajor design experience” and that “…faculty should ask their students to consider the impacts ofdesign upon U.S. society, and upon other nations and cultures” [3]. Some engineering programshave used a national airport design competition in their education programs [4, 5]. Between 2007and 2017, over 40% of winning teams in the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP)University Design Competition for Addressing Airport Needs were comprised of studentsenrolled in undergraduate and graduate level degree

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary E. Johnson Ph.D., Purdue Polytechnic Institute; Yue Gu, Purdue University; Lorraine E. Holtaway, Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

operational concerns in their sustainability planning.In the United States of America (US), the Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP), aprogram of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences,Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), sponsors an airport design competition for university-level students each year funded by the Federal Aviation Administration. Students at U.S.colleges and universities compete by submitting design proposals to solve challenges facingairports, either as part of a course or as an independent project with faculty sponsors. In thispaper, the first place design packages from 2007 to 2017 are examined for the inclusion ofsustainability, and the departments of the faculty advisors. The data show

Conference Session

Undergraduate Spacecraft Design II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Brown, U.S. Air Force Academy; Lynnane George, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

undergraduatecore astronautics courses. The review included two small focus groups and student writtenassessments from approximately 700 students. Anonymous time logs from every student in thetwo courses provided a quantitative determination of the amount of time students spent workingoutside of class. To determine if students had an adequate understanding of space, current andformer faculty were surveyed along with space leaders in the Air Force who supervise Academygraduates. As a result of this broad review, it was decided that the two courses should becombined into one large, improved course, which is now taught to approximately 1,000 cadetseach year. This new course was redesigned with an emphasis on student learning.Computerized visual animation

Conference Session

History of Aerospace Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Eberhardt, Boeing Company; Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

at the University of Washington were offered in an agreement with WilliamBoeing in exchange for donating a wind tunnel to the University.vi At New York Page 14.1218.2University in 1923, two mechanical engineering faculty, Prof. Collins Bliss and Prof.Alexander Klemin, who studied under Hunsaker at MIT, began offering students anelementary aerodynamics class. In 1924 an experimental program was approved by theUniversity. The program was a success and it was decided to make it permanent.However, to do so, external funding estimated at $500,000 was required. Harry workedwith NYU Chancellor Elmer Ellsworth Brown to locate funds. Harry took a letter

Conference Session

UAV and other Team Projects in Aerospace Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter J. Schubert, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

-established local community. Hosting facultyshould offer the courtesy of transport from the airport to their lodging – a friendly face uponarrival is very important. Another helpful compensation is pizza at team meetings, plus localfield trips, and social dinners at the faculty member’s home [14].Following two summers hosting small research teams from selected institutions, in the lead-up toSummer 2015 a bold new approach was attempted and found to be successful. Every studentquery received a reply asking if the student would be willing to work at no charge (“pro bono”).Certainly this quickly ended communications with most inquirers. However, a percentageresponded favorably, in this instance, being about 10-15%. Certain nations and universities

Conference Session

Preparing the Future Workforce in Aerospace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Academy that cares about teaching, should be the most basic issue of all. Or does it care?The pressures on institutions since the mid 1990s demanded better retention at all levels, becausethe national rankings weighed the retention figures heavily in the rating criteria. Faculty inschools of Mathematics and Physics have been told very clearly that they would be fired if theirclass averages did not improve, and the percentage of students failing Calculus and Physics werenot sharply reduced. This motivated them to force their Dean to broaden the teaching evaluationprocess: their College instituted peer evaluation, with faculty sitting in each others’ classes andwriting intelligent critiques (and praise!) about teaching materials and standards

Conference Session

Innovations in Aero Curriculum and Program Level Administration

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathy Schmidt Jackson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Mark D. Maughmer, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Graded Homework and Hello to Homework QuizzesAbstractIn higher education, an ongoing issue is assessment of student learning. We wonder how toassess, how often to assess, why we are assessing, and even how are we, as faculty, going tohandle all the grading and management of assessment. Engineering students are frequentlyassessed on homework, quizzes, projects, and exams, but given today’s connected world,students may be copying or sharing homework solutions. Often, they do not realize how workingproblems is integral to their success in a class as well as to their understanding of engineering. Inaddition, across the disciplines we are more aware of how students study and that they often donot select the most productive

Conference Session

Personnel Development & Retention

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Devayan D. Bir, Loras College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

switched out of AE “within the first semester” to ME. The participantworked part time as a tutor and reported to have time management issues due to work. Reasons for migrating: Participant 2 reported negative experiences regarding advising and faculty. “I was probably at the point where I was I didn't like how it was structured (advising) or I also did not like the teaching style of the professors that I had encountered in Aerospace” Participant 2 also reported that his general interest in AE declined because it was toospecific and would have a broader range of career options with ME. “I looked at different majors with an engineering because I know that's the

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wm. Michael Butler, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

career fairs have a strongpositive influence on the desire to work in aerospace can be accounted for by the predictors. In Model 12 the issue of whether faculty has a positive or negative influence onrespondents’ desire to work in aerospace is examined. We see that only the variable ethnicityhas a statistically significant relationship at the less than 0.05 level. The logistic coefficient forthis variable is positive thus those respondents who are not White/Caucasian are more likely thanthose who are White/Caucasian to agree with the statement that faculty has a strong positiveinfluence on the respondent’s desire to work in aerospace than the statements that faculty has apositive influence, negative influence, or strong negative influence

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

first Air Show where it was exhibited in the West,and regular passenger service was cancelled after only 55 flights citing safety issues. The Page 15.1295.2Concorde on the other hand was widely respected as a technological marvel, whether loved orhated. Airport noise and sonic boom concerns killed its prospects of flying across land, and thusof expanding its markets. Though nearly 200 orders were placed initially, only 14 enteredcommercial service. Lessons abound from these two projects.How much of the environmental concerns were real, rather than born of commercial competition,may never be resolved. The true lesson was perhaps that failure to

Conference Session

Aerospace Teaching and Learning I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maxwell Stuart Reid, Auckland University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Deputy Head of Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Design and Creative Technolo- gies at the Auckland University of Technology, Saint Paul Street, Auckland 1010, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. Contact at maxwell.reid@aut.ac.nz. Page 22.1429.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 The assessment of Ethical and Sustainable Engineering Studies in Undergraduate University EducationAbstractThis paper reports on a 4-year cycle of action research to develop and refine a method ofassessment for an engineering studies paper that contains both ethics

Conference Session

Space Side of Aerospace

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas W. Arrington, Texas A&M University; Nicolas Federico Hurst, Texas A&M 2015 Capstone Design Spacecraft; David B. Kanipe, Texas A&M University; Joanna M. Schiefelbein , Texas A&M University; David Charles Hyland, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

review board, and end-of- 3(i) federal regulations, schedules, and semester design review board federal budget constraints affect design efficiency and cost. 3(g) Improved communication skills Class project, oral status reports, mid- semester written report, faculty review board, and end-of-semester design review board 3(c), Experience in the definition of the Class project, homework,3(e), 3(k) technical issues involved in quizzes, mid-term written report, spacecraft mission design and the faculty

Conference Session

Space Systems Design

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Knudtson, Saint Louis University; Nicholas Freed, Saint Louis University; David Zidar, Saint Louis University; Michael Dunning, Saint Louis University; Sanjay Jayaram, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

systems engineering was applied Page 14.953.3throughout the Perseus Project, with the primary concern being the customers’ needs. Alldecisions on component and vehicle design were made with the mission and customerconstraints in the forefront of thought. In the interest of simplicity, commercial off theshelf (COTS) components were projected to be used in as many applications as possible.It was anticipated that this would reduce costs, increase reliability, and decrease thedesign requirements of the team by reducing the amount of testing and validationrequired. Finally, a small and highly motivated group environment allowed members tospecialize in one

Conference Session

Undergraduate Spacecraft Design I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Liu, University of Michigan; Christopher Deline, University of Michigan; Rafael Ramos, University of Michigan; Steven Sandoval, University of Michigan; Ashley Smetana, University of Michigan; Yang Li, University of Michigan; Richard Redick, University of Michigan; Julie Bellerose, University of Michigan; Peter Washabaugh, University of Michigan; Bogdan Oaida, University of Michigan; Brian Gilchrist, University of Michigan; Nilton Renno, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. Due to S3FL’s growth, the lab and its faculty advisors worked with the AOSSdepartment to obtain larger accommodations. Not only will the new lab space be able to meetcurrent S3FL administrative and lab needs, it will allow for additional workbenches to meetfuture demands. The upgraded facilities include an office area for administrative tasks andteleconferences, a dedicated file and web server, a soft-wall cleanroom for integration and testing Page 12.350.5of sensitive flight hardware, and a fume hood and ceiling vents for wet chemical work andsoldering. Each project housed in the new lab will eventually have a dedicated electronicsworkstation

Conference Session

Student Success, Learning Strategies, and Retention in the Aerospace Industry

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lucas Davis, Iowa State University; Benjamin Ahn, Iowa State University; Yun Dong, Iowa State University; Ravonte Nievez Campbell, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

process into aerospace engineering companies.Mr. Ravonte Nievez Campbell, Virginia Tech c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Factors that Affect Retention and Satisfaction Among Newly Hired Aerospace Engineers1 AbstractTurnover plays a significant role in the productivity of any organization and is especially vital within theinitial adjustment period of new hires. Organizations seek to develop strategies to reduce turnover to helpsolve this issue, but these strategies require knowledge of what influences the retention and satisfaction ofthe employees. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that managers perceive to affect

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dennis K. McLaughlin, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sven Schmitz, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Irene B Mena, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

and working in a team (FG) - The organization of the course: having faculty be in charge, and graduate mentors as the direct contacts, and having group meetings with faculty to get feedback (FG) - Having the first part of the course be in a traditional class format, learning about different lab techniques, and then going out and implementing what was learned (FG) - Having regular group meetings with the faculty (FG): The faculty were experienced and “good at managing the projects” and providing feedback. They were helpful in “giving us the background, telling us how the programs run, telling us some of the issues we were going to run into…just that personal communication.” - Being able to do

Conference Session

Aerospace Workspace: Current and Future 1

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debbie Mullins, Texas Space Grant Consortium; Wallace Fowler, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

participation from the student teams continues to be a focal point.Experience, results and evaluation comments garnered after the conclusion of each programsemester allow for modification and change wherever needed; with new features, requirementsand funding continually adapted to meet the needs of an ever-changing participant and audiencebase. “The Design Challenge program manager facilitated the entire design process . . . was always responsive and available to answer questions or resolve any issues that arose. She also provided the team with a number of opportunities to receive feedback from NASA staff.” Student Participant, Fall 2008-Spring 2009.Direct association throughout the semester is maintained via a weekly status

Conference Session

Rethinking Aerospace Curricula and Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

covered,relative to the situation in 1984. Computational techniques account for most of the new breadth.Table 1: Time Compression in the Fluid Dynamics/Aerodynamics Curriculum Period Credit hours (Q/S) Eq. Sem Hrs Breadth index 1984 21 (Q) 14 100 1988 14 (Q) 9.3 110 2000 9 (S) 9 115Table 2 summarizes major developments that drove substantial changes. The early 1980scurriculum was considered to be too packed to contemplate large integrative assignments inundergraduate courses, and there was stubborn resistance from some faculty, passed on tostudents, against computer programming requirements. The ABET-approved U.S. aerospaceengineering curriculum of the late

Conference Session

Aerospace Teaching and Learning II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan M. Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marilyn Smith, Georgia Institute of Technology; Brian German, Georgia Institute of Technology; Dolores S. Krausche, Florida Center for Engineering Education; Erian A. Armanios, University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

university-industry collaboration. Through workshop sessions and mentoring, faculty are guided through the assessment process to meet program educational objectives and achieve best practices following ABET’s Engineering Criteria 2000. As a consultant, she has contributed to the University of Florida’s MAE program by conducting numerous assessments and comparative gap analyses, based on the Department’s database as well as ratings and data from the ”US News & World Report,” American Society for Engineering Education and the Aerospace Department Chair’s Association. She has also conducted a faculty mentoring program with the objectives of supporting and validating an instructor’s effort to enhance teaching methods

Conference Session

Undergraduate Spacecraft Design I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley Smetana, University of Michigan; Suzanne Lessack, University of Michigan; Thomas Liu, University of Michigan; Rebecca Wind, University of Michigan; William Woelk, University of Michigan; Theresa Biehle, University of Michigan; Laura Dionisio, Loyola Marymount University; Rafael Ramos, University of Michigan; Nathaniel Gallaher, University of Michigan; Katie Thorne, Michigan Technological University; Brian Gilchrist, University of Michigan; Peter Washabaugh, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

principal industry sponsor of S3FL. In thesereviews with Lockheed Martin engineers, the system was critiqued according to industrystandards. The team was given insight into the issues that concern engineers in industry, and theteam also benefited from suggestions on how to improve the system and make the design morerobust.3.3 Flight resultsBased on the data analysis that has been completed so far, the team has been able to draw anumber of important conclusions. The separation mechanism was successfully demonstrated 32times under a number of different tip-off conditions in microgravity, and video data (~100 GB oftotal test data) of the flight permitted observations of the motions of the end masses. Listed in

Conference Session

Rethinking Aerospace Curricula and Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Hannigan, Mississippi State University; Carrie Olsen, Mississippi State University; David Bridges, Mississippi State University; Keith Koenig, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

influenced.Finally, complete proposals, modified as necessary in response to the feedback and assessmentof department plans, were submitted through the university curriculum committee for approvalof these plans. It is to the credit of the faculty involved that they had anticipated and providedinformation on virtually every concern expressed by members of the advisory committee and byuniversity course and curriculum committee. It was the consensus of all concerned that the two-track curriculum detailed below would guide the department in the correct direction for theforeseeable future. Page 11.1118.7Department of Aerospace Engineering (ASE) – New Curriculum

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandra Emelina Coso, Georgia Institute of Technology; Amy Pritchett, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

will inform design education in other disciplines, as stakeholderconsiderations can be integrated into the design process for any complex system. Over the nextfew decades, technology will continue to advance at a rapid pace. Today’s engineering studentswill need to consider critical design issues, such as the implications of fully automated machinesand vehicles or renewable energy that powers cities or aircraft. They will need to make designdecisions and compromises between technical considerations and the economic and humanconsiderations17. By incorporating stakeholder considerations into the engineering designcurricula, this work will assist faculty in preparing their students to respond to these and otherfuture engineering

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University (ENG)

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

of the Autonomous Patrol and Surveillance System (APSS). APSS is intended to bean Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system. The mission of APSS is to assist the campus policeby patrolling the campus of Southern Polytechnic State University, capturing aerial imagery ofthe campus and relaying that information live to a ground station at the police department. In thispaper, the goals and objectives of the project are discussed. Honors students are involved to helpthe faculty members conduct the research. Students not only learn the methods for conductingresearch, ways to seek funding, and ways to solve the complex multidisciplinary problem, butthey also develop the interpersonal and communication skills, and learn lessons of time andresource

Conference Session

History of Aerospace Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Eberhardt, Boeing Company; Lee Jonathan, Boeing Company; Adam Bruckner, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. On June 15, 1928, the trustees of the GuggenheimFund approved a grant of $290,000 for the construction of an aeronautics building on theUniversity of Washington campus. This grant was contingent on receiving funding from theState of Washington to properly equip the new building. The state legislature approved thisfunding in early 1929.13 Construction began soon thereafter.15 The 1927-1928 academic year saw the first evidence of the preparations for the newdepartment. Design work had begun on the new aeronautics building. John W. Miller had againreturned to the University, and for the first time the aeronautics faculty consisted of more thanone man. With two professors, the course offerings were expanded from five to eight

Conference Session

Design Courses 1, Teaching Tools

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Justin Charles Major, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tyler Tallman, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

exists at present. I encourage future engineering education scholars interested in NDMpedagogy to dig deeper into these sorts of questions. Answers to these questions may contributeto students’ future exposure to NDM and further, contribute to the development of new methodswhich may impact the future of NDM [4]–[6].6.3 Theme 3: Programs and companies lack resources and expertise, but can help each otherNearly every paper in this review mentioned under-resourcing as a delicate issue of NDMengineering education. Individually, equipment and supplies for courses cost money that programsmust already be careful in distributing [20], [22], [23]. Additionally, Brown suggested there wasalso the issue of a lack of faculty who could teach the subject [8

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tian Tian, University of Central Florida; Ronald F. DeMara P.E., University of Central Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Faculty (CBTF) in the College of Engineering at theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana Champaign affords students opportunities to retake tests forcontent mastery [8]. Both the EPC and CBTF approaches are related works that leverage CBA toenable low cost testing. Figure 3.1 depicts learners enrolled taking digitized formative quizzes atappointment times each preferred. Test Proctors and a lockdown browser provided high-integritydelivery of assessments to learners without Internet aides while prohibiting questionarchiving/multicasting to other students. Beyond test delivery itself, Instant Remediation alsobecomes possible when using CBA. This offers a significant new learning tool versus paper-based testing that usually has a week delay to return

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth W. Van Treuren, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

, ACL. And PBL pedagogical techniques as “students” in the workshop  Experience examples of entrepreneurial mindset course integration  Analyze unfamiliar situations and open-ended problems using various methods to define the “true” problem statements  Interact as part of an interdisciplinary team with members from multiple institutions and backgroundsThe workshop was made up of 23 faculty representing different engineering disciplines from 11different universities. While the author has over 28 years of experience in ABET accreditedengineering programs, there were many new pedagogical techniques that the workshopparticipants experienced in individual and group activities over the three

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathy Schmidt Jackson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Mark D. Maughmer, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Benjamin T. Pipenberg, The Pennsylvania State University; Nicholas Jared Grasser, The Pennsylvania State University; Stephen Van Wert, The Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

are student-centered promote student participation and active learning.The term “student-centered” is used to describe instruction that goes beyond a “teacher-centered”class where faculty talk and students listen.5 When the focus is on learning, rather than teaching,the attention shifts to what students do and how they demonstrate their understanding. Whatteachers do, however, still matters for they are the ones creating the learning opportunities, but itis the students who are the concern of those faculty using student-centered teaching. If theintention is to produce deeper learning, there is evidence that ‘learner activity’ and ‘interactions