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Displaying results 1 - 30 of 45 in total
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Daniel Dannelley, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott; Elliott Bryner, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
University Dr. Bryner is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Prescott, Arizona. He teaches courses in thermal-fluid sciences, experimental engineering, and air-breathing and rocket propulsion. Prior to joining Embry-Riddle he worked for over ten years in the propulsion and energy fields doing design, analysis, and testing on both the component and system level. His current research interests are development of engineering laboratory courses and gas turbine engine component design. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Fundamental Instrumentation Course for Undergraduate Aerospace
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Avimanyu Sahoo, Oklahoma State University; Young Chang, Oklahoma State University
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
Paper ID #27449Laboratory Activities of the Fundamentals of Mechatronics Course for Un-dergraduate Engineering Technology StudentsDr. Avimanyu Sahoo, Oklahoma State University Avimanyu Sahoo received his Ph.D. and Masters degree in Electrical Engineering from Missouri Univer- sity of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, and Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, India, in 2015 and 2011, respectively. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor at the Division of Engineering Technology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA. His teaching interests include mechatron- ics, control systems, electrical
Conference Session
Modern Software Measurement Techniques
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tracey Windley, University of Idaho; Jasper Nance, University of Idaho; Kevin Buck, University of Idaho; Herbert Hess, University of Idaho
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
States Military Academy from 1983-1988. In 1993, he joined the University of Idaho, where he is Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering. He received the Best Paper Overall Award for the 1999 ASEE Annual Conference. His interests are in device and circuit aspects of power electronic energy converters. Page 11.773.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Instant Data Gathering, Processing, and Display for Industry Sponsor Using Interfaced Software Packages For several decades, a fundamental skill of the engineer has been the ability to program acomputer. As software
Conference Session
Developing New Instrumentation
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Liping Guo, Northern Illinois University; Recayi 'Reg' Pecen
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
AC 2008-2550: STUDENT DESIGN PROJECTS IN A PROGRAMMABLE LOGICCONTROLLER (PLC) COURSELiping Guo, Northern Illinois UniversityRecayi "Reg" Pecen, University of Northern Iowa Page 13.1106.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Design Projects in a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Course in Electrical Engineering TechnologyAbstractA Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a specialized computer used for the controland operation of manufacturing process and machinery. A junior/senior level PLC coursein a four-year electrical engineering technology institution mainly covers the followingtopics: PLC hardware components, developing fundamental PLC
Conference Session
Instrumentation Technical Session II
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Akram Hossain, Purdue University, Calumet (Tech); Tanima Zaman, Ivy Tech Community College, Northwest
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
decision to execute collision avoidance routine and returns to theprocess of reaching the destination point. The motion of the robot is controlled by two pairs ofmechanically geared wheels driven by two DC Servo Motors. The figure below shows anexample of the path of travel for the mobile robot: Page 23.1275.3 Figure 1: The Path of Travel for the Mobile Robot.NI Robotic Starter Kit 1.0:National Instrument’s Robotic Starter Kit 1.0 is an active learning module that helps to buildrobotics fundamentals such as sensor characterization, motor control, kinematics, path planning,data acquisition and other industrial robotics concepts. NI
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maged Mikhail, Purdue University Northwest; Shuyu Wang, Purdue University Northwest
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
labs. In different display screens, each function key performs different functions. 4. Jog key: there are 12 jog keys on the pendant to jog the robot in different directions and modes.Lab 3 – Programming Fundamentals LabThis lab mainly focuses on how to create a program for the robot using the teaching pendant. Inthe lab, each student is required to create at least one program to get familiar with the steps.First, they will learn to power up the robot. Once the robot is powered on, they will learn how tojog the robot by joints. Then, they can switch frames and jog the robot within different frames.After feeling comfortable with jogging the robot, they will start to learn how to create a program.The idea of writing programs
Conference Session
Modern Software Measurement Techniques
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Neuman, Queensborough Community College; David Lieberman, Queensborough Community College; Don Engelberg, Queensborough Community College; Alex Flamholz, Queensborough Community College; Paul Marchese, Queensborough Community College; George Tremberger, Queensborough Community College; Tak Cheung, Queensborough Community College
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
Visual Basic in simpleexamples such as the virtual instrumentation of light switches. This contrast is helpful to thosestudents who already learned programming in their high schools.II. Examples and DiscussionII-A Numerical simulationThe fundamental gravitational and electrical force-distance relationship in introductoryengineering physics is quite difficult to demonstrate. The standard use of a torsion balance todemonstrate the gravitational force requires an extremely stable environment. In the case ofelectrical force, the high voltage involved may pose a safety issue. The essence is not for thestudents to re-discover the laws of physics, but rather to learn how to verify and discover therelationships. Therefore we developed a laboratory
Conference Session
Effective Projects and Experiments in Instrumentation and Control
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Tyler Schecklman, Savannah Technical College
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
seconddigitatWrite(ledPin, LOW); // sets the LED offdelay (200); /'/ waits for a second}Software: ProcessingProcessing is a programming language, development environment, and online community thatsince 2001 has promoted software literacy within the visual arts. It was initially created to serveas a software sketchbook and to teach fundamentals of computer programming within a visualcontext, Processing quickly developed into a tool for creating finished professional work as well.Processing is a free, open source alternative to proprietary software tools with expensivelicenses, making it accessible to schools and individual students [9]. Its open source statusencourages the community participation and collaboration that is vital to Processing's
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Elliott Bryner, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Daniel Dannelley, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
learn instrumentationand data acquisition principles that can be applied to systems that use hardware and softwarefrom other sources. The intent of the course and lab is to teach fundamentals and applicationsrelating to measurement and instrumentation and not the mastery of a particular tool. However,the opportunity to learn more in-depth LabVIEW programming skills and practices is availableto interested students.1 Note: the authors of this paper have no relationship with National Instruments other than customer - supplier andreceive no special financial considerations other than the academic discount available to all institutions of higherlearning. Figure 4 Simple data acquisition task in NI LabVIEW using the DAQmx architectureData
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Mohamad A. Mustafa, Savannah State University; Alberto G. De La Cruz; Alfredo Villanueva; Mir M. Hayder, Savannah State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
required positions given in the Lab.The position of the 3R Robots end effector is physically measured to insure it is in the correctposition, using the joint angles predicted by the inverse kinematics routine.In Lab 4b, students will be using ROS Kinect Kame to control basic movements of a drone.Students will write python scripts to have the drone move autonomously forward and backward.This teaches the ROS fundamentals of publishing and subscribing to nodes in ROS.Fundamentals of the available ROS topics are provided in the bepop_autonomy repository,which will be used to make basic connections to a Parrot Bebop 2 drone.http://bebop-autonomy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.htmlIn Lab 5 students use ROS and python to convert between Euler
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maged Mikhail, Purdue University Northwest; Ali Alavizadeh, Purdue University Northwest
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
unlike the FANUC controller it is notmomentary, and once pressed, it stays pressed and you are free to jog the robot. The dead-manswitch is absent from the “RobotRun” controller, and this is a fundamental feature ofprogramming using a teach pendant, and takes time getting used to it.Virtual Robot Labs Using “RobotRun”The following section explores the first three virtual labs which cover the fundamental aspects ofthe software, and augment the physical robotics programming. The topics are learning to create ascenario, pick and place, tool frame. After completing these labs, students will have thefundamental tools with which to explore more advanced programming methods within the“RobotRun” software, and with physical robots. The labs are designed
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Bradley Lane Kicklighter P.E., University of Southern Indiana
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
, sensors, and actuators).8.2 Sequential Programming and LoopingThe objectives of the activity include: 1. Demonstrate the ability to create a sequential program to automate a set of steps. 2. Demonstrate the ability to make a sequential program loop. 3. Produce a well-documented program.The students will perform the following in the activity: 1. Write a sequential programming ladder logic program to implement the following steps: When the Start button is pressed, drive the left motor clockwise. When the hole in the left disk reaches the capacitive proximity sensor, drive the left motor counterclockwise. When the hole in the left disk reaches the inductive proximity sensor, stop the left motor and drive the right motor
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Bradley Lane Kicklighter, University of Southern Indiana
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
, buttons, sensors, and actuators).Sequential Programming and LoopingObjectives: 1. Demonstrate the ability to create a sequential program to automate a set of steps. 2. Demonstrate the ability to make a sequential program loop. 3. Produce a well-documented program.Activities: 1. Write a sequential programming ladder logic program to implement the following steps: When the Start button is pressed, drive the left motor clockwise. When the hole in the left disk reaches the capacitive proximity sensor, drive the left motor counterclockwise. When the hole in the left disk reaches the inductive proximity sensor, stop the left motor and drive the right motor clockwise. When the hole in the right disk reaches the through
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lash B. Mapa, Purdue University - Calumet; Suraiya Jannat Khan, Purdue University - Calumet
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
possible to read, write and update digital information. The RFID technologyis very popular in Supply chain management system. The supply chain management systemdepend on the tracking of shipments, inventory and assets. Annual sale, Revenue, Seasonal sales,Manufacturing date, Expiration date needs to be tracked and documented from the suppliers to theend of line customer. These documentation used to be tracked by bar coding system, but nowadaysit is being replaced by RFID Technology.A typical RFID system consists of an antenna, a transponder (tag) and a microprocessor chip withmemory. The effectiveness of a tracking system depends on RFID tagging readability. A basicknowledge of the spatial dimensions of RFID tags read capability makes it feasible
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Mohamad A. Mustafa, Savannah State University; Claire Cynthia Lehman, Bill's Robotic Solutions
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
, one for input and one for output. The first line ofa function m-file is in the following format:Function[output_parameters]=function_name(input_parameters)The first word is always the word function which is followed by the optional output parametersenclosed in the square brackets. If the function has no output parameters the square brackets andthe equal sign can be omitted. File saved must have the same as the function name and thefunction name is a character string that will be used to call the function. The equivalentresistance of figure 1.0 is given by the equation below:Following are steps to write a function called parallel: 1. Under file menu in MATLAB click new function. 2. Write the function with the following lines
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
George E. Meyer, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Yufeng Ge, University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
biomedical instrumentation uses electronic sensors, analogand digital circuits, computers and microcontrollers for scientific measurements and processcontrol. Instrumentation is used widely for commercial product development, testing, and basicresearch. The course described in this paper introduces basic measurement theory, applications ofinstrumentation and controls along with features of basic biological, environmental, andmechanical sensors. Sensors and transducers introduced include contact, non-contact, mechanical,thermal, optical, ultrasonic, and other devices.The topic areas of the course given 2015 are presented in Table 1. During the first five weeks, thereis an intensive introduction to the understanding of fundamental instrumentation
Conference Session
Instrumentation Technical Session III
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
curriculum.The Raspberry Pi computer15 is also showing potential for this role. However, these platforms dorequire some knowledge of microcontroller level hardware interfacing.The Parallax Propeller16 occupies a middle ground between the Mindstorm and Arduinoplatforms. It is possible for a new programmer to produce a functional control system with inputsand outputs using the Spin language. The hardware has eight processors, called cogs, using 32Kshared RAM and 32 IO pins. Each processor has 2K of RAM and can run up to 80MHz each.Instead of using interrupts, programmers write subroutines that run on separate cogs. For Page 23.1343.3example, on a typical
Conference Session
Computer-based Measurements
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohammad Rafiq Muqri, DeVry University, Pomona; Shih Ek Chng, DeVry University, Pomona; Furqan Muqri, University of Texas; Aceela Muqri, VCU School of Medicine
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
. Page 25.980.9The main point is that every great iOS iPhone or Android app starts with a brilliant idea, buttranslating that idea into actions requires planning. So before you can write any code, you haveto take the time to explore the possible techniques and technologies. The core infrastructure of aniOS app is built from objects in the UIKit framework. There are some resources that must bepresent in all iOS apps. Most apps include images, sounds, and other types of resources forpresenting the app’s content, but the App store may also require some specific resources. Youmay like to refer to iOS App Programming Guide 11 for further details. 4Objective-C also provides a dot
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Maged Mikhail, Purdue University Northwest; Sandeep Bharti, Purdue University ; Ali Alavizadeh, Purdue University Northwest
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
workssuch as welding the metal parts precisely. Designing and writing a simulation program onwelding the different shapes on the Visual Components software is easy and resourceful.Therefore, industries can achieve precision in welding the objects and will generate lesswaste [8], an example is shown in figure 7. Figure 7. Welding objects with the Welding Torch on the Visual ComponentsAs has been reviewed, the robots are mostly utilized in the manufacturing industry and thetype of job that laborers encountered in this type of business is usually repetitive andmonotonous. People who do the same thing repetitively for a long period tend to get boredand tired of what they are doing and might arrive to a position wherein they are
Conference Session
Instrumentation and Measurements: Innovative Course Development
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Farrow, University of Tennessee-Martin
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
textbook. The second edition is now required as the textbook for the course. Other worksare used as references for the course, and the instructor refers to them as appropriate. Theseinclude Statistical Design and Analysis of Engineering Experiments, by Lipson and Sheth,Experimental Methods for Engineers, by Holman, Omega Engineering handbooks, and TheMayfield Handbook of Technical & Scientific Writing, by Perlman, Paradis, and Barrett. Page 11.468.5The following topics are treated in the course lecture: • Basic measurement concepts and definitions • Amplification and filtration of electrical signals • Computer DAQ Systems
Conference Session
Instrumentation Technical Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrew Hoff, University of South Florida; Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
Paper ID #7856Instrumentation to Facilitate Learning in a First Bio-potentials CourseDr. Andrew Hoff, University of South Florida Dr. Andrew Hoff is a Professor of Electrical Engineering in the College of Engineering at the University of South Florida. His research and educational focus explores bio-electric phenomena and the processing and characterization of material surfaces. He has developed educational materials for high school science and math curricula with funding provided by the National Science Foundation.Dr. Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida Dr. Richard Gilbert is a professor of Chemical and
Conference Session
Instrumentation Technical Session II
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Marshall, University of Southern Maine
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
forms. First is the hand held programmingdevice usually associated with older PLCs. It is a dedicated device that allows you toenter in the appropriate programming code line by line. Although they are still availablefor many PLCs, they are rarely used for new program development. Page 23.989.4These hand held pendants are being replaced with software packages that enable thetraditional PC to be utilized to develop the ladder logic and program the PLC. Thecomputer software packages are generally easier to use and allow you to write and editcode much faster. They also provide the user with many more programming andmonitoring options. Perhaps the most
Conference Session
Instrumentation in Education
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David McDonald, Lake Superior State University
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
CANoe20.The CAPL manual is downloaded from the Vector CANtech website, and reprinted on campuswith written permission. An appendix in the CAPL manual is used for instruction on the CANbus operation. Other handouts and laboratory exercises are instructor generated based onacademic and industrial experience.Graded items include homework, quizzes, exams, laboratory exercises, and projectdocumentation. Students are required to maintain an engineering notebook with an industrialformat flavor. Students write formal, business-style memos on major projects in theOrganizational Purpose (OP), Technical Task (TT), and Rhetorical Purpose (RP) format. Thewriting also includes journals with both free-write and assigned topics. Finally, there are somewritten
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lash B. Mapa, Purdue University Northwest; Feroja Goni, Purdue University Northwest; Sadia Alam; Gokarna Aryal, Purdue University Northwest
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
item levelmonitoring (individual pots and plants). This is essential during warranty replacement andinsurance of high end or economically valuable plants.EquipmentRFID technology is considered to be beneficial because it does not require line of sight. It ispossible to read, write and update digital information by using this technology. A typical RFIDsystem consists of an antenna, a transponder (tag) and a microprocessor chip with memory.The effectiveness of a tracking system depends on RFID tagging readability. Tag readabilitydepends on many variables, such as type of tag and antenna, distance from tag to antenna, tagorientation and tag placement. Also interferences with the surroundings due to other wirelessdevices might have some effects on
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David M. Beams P.E., University of Texas, Tyler; Hector A. Ochoa, University of Texas, Tyler
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
faculty of the new School of Engineering at the University of Texas at Tyler. He has published numerous papers on engineering education and has presented several technical papers at national conferences on the subject of wireless power transfer. Dr. Beams holds or shares four patents and is a licensed professional engineer in Wisconsin.Dr. Hector A. Ochoa, University of Texas, Tyler Hector A. Ochoa received hi Ph.D. in computer engineering from The University of Texas at El Paso in 2007. He received his M.S. in Physical Sciences from The University of Texas at El Paso in 2004. He joined The University of Texas at Tyler as a visiting professor at the department of electrical engineering on Fall of 2007. In fall of
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Claire Cynthia Lehman
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
one another. Building on the experience thestudent gained from working with Scratch, the students were introduced to the fundamental concepts ofhow to use ROS (Robot Operating System). The use of this system is ordinarily taught at the seniorcollege level, however, by simplifying the concepts down to its fundamentals the students of the REAPprogram were able to grasp the basics of how to use ROS. This paper will describe how the studentswere able to use ROS in Linux environment to program a drone to take off and land on its own, basedon a script they wrote in Python programming language. Also, this paper will discuss how the studentsused the concept of computer vision systems to track objects of a certain color.Introduction:The Research &
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Stephen A. Strom, Pennsylvania State University; Marius Strom, Saint Francis University
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
Linux programs (e.g., VIM, nano, etc.).Lab Projects:As the General Engineering program began at Saint Francis University during the 2018-2019academic year, the instrumentation class has only been run once at the time of writing. In thefirst iteration of the class, there were a variety of class projects, three of which will be describedin this paper: 1. Edge detection using IR photodiodes (lab) 2. Temperature measurement using an NTC thermistor (lab) 3. Fuel cell voltage/temperature monitoring (term project)A description of each project is given below. Students were solely responsible for softwaredevelopment in each case, though each had to reproduce the given circuit layouts in order todebug their codes.Edge DetectionIn this application
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dale H. Litwhiler, Pennsylvania State University - Berks
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
Agilent 33210Afunction generators such that all teams could design and debug their C code without waiting touse test facilities or risking the mess of a mineral oil spill. The LabVIEW VI block diagram ofthe HIL fluid level probe simulator is shown in Appendix A.Objectives and OutcomesThe pertinent objectives of the third-year course that are covered by this project are as follows: 1. Implement computer data acquisition systems to collect data. 2. Apply engineering principles to design a measurement system, given performance specifications. 3. Write clear and effective technical reports and product specifications.The effectiveness of the course to cover these objectives is easily measureable from the writtenspecification
Conference Session
Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Claire Cynthia Lehman, Bill's Robotic Solutions; Mir M. Hayder, Savannah State University
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
Catholic University of America.Dr. Mir M. Hayder, Savannah State University Dr. Hayder is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Technology at savannah State Uni- versity, GA. He received PhD in Mechanical Engineering from McGill University, Canada. His research interest lies in the areas of engineering education, fluid-structure interaction, flow-induced vibrations, syngas and blended fuel combustion, and flow and structural simulations. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Environmental Monitoring Robotic SystemAbstractRobots are being developed and utilized as a fundamental data collection tool for environmentalmonitoring to meet the standards
Conference Session
Programs Using New Instrumentation Concepts
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Thomas Adams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
generallyinclude an introduction to the basic operating principles of piezoresistive sensors. In our opinion,however, the exposition of these principles in popular textbooks for instrumentation systems andMEMS are generally inadequate—authors tend to either oversimplify, leaving a student unawareof operational details, or write for a research-oriented audience, making the material inaccessibleto undergraduates. In this paper we present an approach to teaching the operating principles ofpiezoresistive sensors that addresses these issues.The distinguishing features of our approach are its accessibility and coherence. First, thetechnical content and mathematics are appropriate for sophomore-level engineeringundergraduates. Second, the technical material is