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Displaying results 1 - 30 of 92 in total
Conference Session
Teaching Materials Science Using Innovative Methods
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ajit D. Kelkar, North Carolina A&T State University; James Gardner Ryan, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering; Ram V Mohan, North Carolina A&T State University; Sachin Marotrao Shendokar, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
, 2013 Innovations in Nano Materials Education through International CollaborationsAbstract: The Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering (JSNN) was established as anacademic collaboration between North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University andThe University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Both Universities are classified by the CarnegieFoundation as “research universities with high research activity.” JSNN builds on the strengthsof the two universities in the basic sciences and in engineering to offer an innovative, cross-disciplinary graduate program that will train professionals in various emerging areas ofnanoscience and nanoengineering. The M.S. and Ph.D. programs in
Conference Session
Innovations in Materials Education
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Cottrell, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Chung-Suk Cho, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Na Lu, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Robert Swan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Tagged Divisions
Materials
. Page 15.741.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Innovative Collaboration to Provide Hands-On Educational Opportunities for Engineering Students: Integrating Habitat for Humanity into a First Year “Construction Materials” CourseIntroduction In recent years, much has been written about the many potential benefits resulting from afreshman-level ―Introduction to Engineering‖ or ―Introduction to Materials‖ course. Despitethese benefits, however, many institutions have been unable to add such a course to theirengineering curricula for a variety of legitimate reasons. At the University of North Carolina atCharlotte, the creation of a new program in Construction
Conference Session
Innovations in Materials Education
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kathleen Kitto, Western Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
AC 2010-274: MEASURING DIFFERENCES IN STUDENT OUTCOMES IN ABASIC MATERIALS ENGINEERING COURSE FROM COLLABORATIVEEXPERIENCES FOCUSED ON BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONSKathleen Kitto, Western Washington University Page 15.863.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Measuring Differences in Student Outcomes in a Basic Materials Engineering Course from Collaborative Experiences Focused on Biomedical ApplicationsAbstractDuring the past seven years several known best practices in teaching to improve student learningoutcomes have been integrated into our Introduction to Materials Engineering course,transforming it from a traditional lecture only
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James B. Pocock, U.S. Air Force Academy; Anthony Barrett, U.S. Air Force Academy
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Materials
the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the United States Air Force Academy. With a focus in structures, he received a BS in Civil Engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1996, a MS in Civil Engineering at the University of Illinois in 2000, and a PhD in Civil Engineering at Virginia Tech in 2006. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Material Testing as an Opportunity for International Collaboration and Undergraduate ResearchAbstractThis paper considers material testing of African wood species, performed by an engineeringschool in the U.S. on behalf of an international non-government organization (NGO), as researchconducted partially
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anastasia Marie Rynearson, Campbell University; Alison K. Polasik, Campbell University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Paper ID #27790Interactive and Collaborative Materials Science and Processing Course withIntegrated LabDr. Anastasia Marie Rynearson, Campbell University Anastasia Rynearson is an Assistant Professor at Campbell University. She received a PhD from Purdue University in Engineering Education and a B.S. and M.Eng. in Mechanical Engineering at the Rochester Institute of Technology. Her teaching experience includes outreach activities at various age levels as well as a position as Assistant Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Kanazawa Technical College and Future Faculty Fellow teaching First-Year Engineering
Conference Session
Teaching Methods for the 21st Century: Part 1
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Savage, California Polytechnic State University; Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University; Jonathan Stolk, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Materials
AC 2007-2321: COLLABORATIVE DESIGN OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNINGCOURSES: HOW TO IMPLEMENT A MODE OF LEARNING THATEFFECTIVELY BUILDS SKILLS FOR THE GLOBAL ENGINEERRichard Savage, California Polytechnic State UniversityLinda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State UniversityJonathan Stolk, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering Page 12.367.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Collaborative design of project-based learning courses: How to implement a mode of learning that effectively builds skills for the global engineerAbstractSuccess for tomorrow’s engineers necessitates the design of curricula that promote awareness ofthe
Conference Session
Innovations in Materials Education
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Craig Johnson, Central Washington University; Arthur D. Morken, Central Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
AC 2011-1144: ASYNCHRONOUS USE OF ENGINEERING (MATERI-ALS) EDUCATION VIDEOSCraig Johnson, Central Washington University Craig Johnson, Ph.D., P.E., is a professor at Central Washington University teaching materials courses and managing their foundry. He coordinates both the Mechanical Engineering Technology and Industrial Technology Cast Metals programs.Arthur D. Morken, Central Washington University Mr. Morken is a Graduate Teaching Assistant at Central Washington University. With more than ten years experience as an educator Mr. Morken has been immersed in educational technology relevant issues. Due to the escalating demands placed on instructors he is constantly looking for more efficient methods of student
Conference Session
Materials Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nitin Sukhija, Mississippi State University (Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems and Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering); Tomasz A. Haupt, Mississippi State University; Mark Fredrick Horstemeyer, Mississippi State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
. J. Bonk, and C. R. Graham, “The handbook of blended learning,” Global perspectives, local designs. Pfeiffer, 2012.4. M. F. Horstemeyer, “Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) for Metals: Reinvigorating Science with Design,” John Wiley Sons, Inc., 2012.5. A. A. Gokhale, “Collaborative learning enhances critical thinking,” Journal of Technology Education, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 22-30, 1995. Page 24.521.146. T. Haupt, N. Sukhija, and M.F. Horstemeyer, “Cyberinfrastructure support for engineering virtual organization for cyberdesign,” in Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics, ser. Lecture
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Tracy Zhang, Michigan State University; Robert Allen Bubeck, Michigan State University; Therese Aimei Joffre, Midland High School; Grace Anne Bremmer, H. H. Dow High School; Logan Patrick McNamara, H. H. Dow High School; Aaron Michael Heydenburg; Bingbing Li, Central Michigan University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
on the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Among all theperformance expectations from these science standards, incorporating high school engineeringdesign requires more effective collaboration between K-12 teachers, higher educators, scientists,and engineers. Without such collaborative effort, K-12 teachers could face tremendouschallenges for the design and implementation of meaningful engineering education lessons thatcould meet the standards. Summarized in this paper are the design and implementation ofmaterials science and engineering educational research offered to high school rising seniors insummer 2019. The summer training program provides students an opportunity to learn the designcriteria for fabricating bone scaffolds and to
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yi Hu P.E., Tatung University; Amy Shumin Chen, Tatung University, Center for General Education; Yung-Yu Chen; Chao Yang Yang, Tatung University; Ching-Long Yeh
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Coventry University of United Kingdom. I work at Department of Industrial Design of Tatung University, Taiwan. My research focus on enhancing Human- Computer Interface in sport equipment, product sketch skill enhancement education. enthusiasm in the fields of cognitive ergonomics, psychological aesthetics, and design evaluation.Prof. Ching-Long Yeh c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Course Modules Designed for Creativity Training in Materials Engineering EducationAbstract One of the challenges for us is to excite creativity and innovation in the Engineeringeducation by emerging the design courses. The objectives of designing courses forengineering is to
Conference Session
Introduction to Materials Courses
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kathleen Kitto, Western Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
AC 2009-1725: ENHANCING FUNDAMENTAL MATERIALS ENGINEERINGEDUCATION USING BIOMEDICAL DEVICES AND CASE STUDIESKathleen Kitto, Western Washington University Page 14.567.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Enhancing Fundamental Materials Engineering Education Using Biomedical Devices and Case StudiesAbstractDuring the past six years several best practices in teaching and learning have been implementedin our Introduction to Materials Engineering course to transform the course from a traditionallecture only course to a course that is centered on conceptual and active learning. In addition,this academic year the content of the course was also
Conference Session
Advances in Materials Education
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Claes Fredriksson, ANSYS - Education Division and University West, Sweden
Tagged Divisions
Materials
for Materials-Related Engineering Education,Proceedings of the International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning (ICL), DubaiDecember 3-6, 2014.
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kaitlin Tyler, Granta Education Division; Hannah Melia
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Materials
currently an Education Fellow with the Granta Education Division. She received her PhD at the University of Illinois Urbana Champaign under Professor Paul Braun. Her research was split: focusing on manipulating eutectic material microstructures for optical applications and examining how engineer- ing outreach programs influence participants’ self-perceptions of engineering and self-confidence. Her interests lie in materials education and STEM outreach. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Learn Materials: Making an introductory, online materials resource (Work in Progress)AbstractThis year, Granta are hoping to put a very basic database of Materials
Conference Session
Materials Division Poster Session
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Moises Hinojosa-Rivera, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Martin Edgar Reyes-Melo, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; José Alejandro Cazares, Teacher
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Paper ID #13325Educational Objectives, Outcomes and Competencies Assesment for a LatinAmerican Materials Engineering ProgramDr. Moises Hinojosa-Rivera, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering (1988), M.Sc (1991) and Ph.D in Materials Engineering (1996), Postdoc at ONERA (France, 1997-1998). Full time professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Mexico since 1999. Main fields of research are Physics of Fracture of Heterogenenous Materials and Materials for Fuel Cells. Also works in the field of Engineering Education. Appointments: Coordi- nator of Mechanical Engineering (2002-2005
Conference Session
Curriculum Implementation of Materials Advances
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Simoneau, Keene State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
AC 2007-1019: THE PROMISE AND PERIL OF ISO 14000 AND THE ROLE OFENGINEERING EDUCATORSRobert Simoneau, Keene State University Page 12.1454.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 The Promise and Peril of ISO 14000 and the Role of Engineering EducatorsAbstractWith increased pressures to make our curriculum relevant there are a number of crucial issuesthat need to be considered for inclusion in our courses. In an already overcrowded curriculumthere is relentless tension about those student learning objectives that are desirable against thosethat are less relevant. The conceptual
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sayyad Zahid Qamar P.E., Sultan Qaboos University; Majid Al-Maharbi, Sultan Qaboos University; Josiah Cherian Chekotu, Dublin City University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
of his experience as a researcher/academician, he has been actively involved in research and accredi- tation work related to engineering education. His technical research areas are Applied materials and manufacturing; Applied mechanics and design; Reliability engineering; and Engineering education. As part of the Applied Mechanics and Advanced Materials Research group (AM2R) at SQU, he has been involved in different applied research funded projects in excess of 4 million dollars. He has around 200 research/technical publications to his credit (2 research monographs/books, 2 edited book volumes, 5 book chapters, 145 publications in refereed international journals and conferences, and 32 technical reports). He is
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert A Heard, Carnegie Mellon University; Christiaan Job Nieman, Universidad de los Andes
Tagged Divisions
Materials
environmental and social level. Reuse and repurposing of materials, Cradle to Cradle, and Biomimicry are his inspiration in the search for energetic, economic and social sustainability, but more than anything he designs with the purpose of finding simple solutions to complex problems. This all from the product scale to that of urban interventions, and from commercial proposals to bottom-up social innovation. He works mostly in a collaborative and collective way, seeking to apply the design in a multidisciplinary and participatory field where possible. Tends to seek action and intervention as a way of experimentation. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Exploration and Innovation in
Conference Session
Active Learning and Demonstrations in Materials Education
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Spencer Seung-Hyun Kim, Rochester Institute of Technology; Elizabeth Dell, Rochester Institute of Technology; Mario H. Castro-Cedeno, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Materials
AC 2012-5073: MATERIALS EDUCATION FOR GREEN PLASTICS MAN-UFACTURING TECHNOLOGY (GPMT)Dr. Spencer Seung-Hyun Kim, Rochester Institute of Technology Spencer Seung-Hyun Kim is Associate Professor in Manufacturing in Mechanical Engineering Technol- ogy/Packaging Science Department (MMET/PS) at RIT, and serves as Associate Director of American Packaging Corporation Center for Packaging Innovation at RIT. He previously worked in the semiconduc- tor industry. Kim, as a PI or Co-PI, received grants and sponsorships from NSF, SME, SPE, universities, and industries. He is Advisor to RIT’s Student Chapter of the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE). Kim has directed numerous undergraduate research projects.Prof. Elizabeth Dell
Conference Session
Innovations in Materials Education
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Qu Jin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; P.K. Imbrie, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Institute for P-12 Engineering Research and Learning (INSPIRE) at Purdue University. Purzer has journal publications on instrument development, teacher professional develop- ment, and K-12 engineering education. Her research focuses on assessing constructs, such as innovation, information literacy, and collaborative learning.Dr. P.K. Imbrie, Purdue University, West Lafayette P.K. Imbrie is an Associate Professor of engineering in the Department of Engineering Education at Purdue University. He holds B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in aerospace engineering from Texas A&M University. His research interests include educational research, solid mechanics, experimental mechanics, microstructural evaluation of materials, and
Conference Session
Advances in Materials Education
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Barry Dupen, Purdue University Fort Wayne
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Paper ID #32326Creating a Minor in Materials for Engineering Technology StudentsDr. Barry Dupen, Purdue University Fort Wayne Dr. Dupen is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Technology at Purdue University Fort Wayne (PFW). He has nine years’ experience as a metallurgist, materials engineer, and materials labora- tory manager in the automotive industry. His primary interests lie in materials engineering, mechanics, and engineering technology education. He is also an experienced contra dance caller. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021
Conference Session
Emerging Issues in Materials Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Senay Purzer, Purdue University; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Jacquelyn Kelly, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
AC 2009-759: WHAT LIES BENEATH THE MATERIALS SCIENCE ANDENGINEERING MISCONCEPTIONS OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS?Senay Purzer, Purdue University Senay Purzer is an assistant professor in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. She received a Ph.D. and a M.A in Science Education, Department of Curriculum and Instruction from Arizona State University. She has a B.S. degree in Physics Education and a B.S.E. degree in engineering. Her creative research focuses on collaborative team learning and the role of engineering self-efficacy on student achievement.Stephen Krause, Arizona State University Stephen J. Krause is Professor in the School of Materials in the Fulton School of Engineering
Conference Session
Active Learning and Demonstrations in Materials Education
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adam J. Kardos, University of Colorado, Denver; Stephan A. Durham, University of Colorado, Denver; Wesley E. Marshall, University of Colorado, Denver
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Outstanding TRB Paper. Page 25.1503.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 “Green Projects to Pavements” A Project-Based Learning Approach to Introducing Sustainability to Civil Engineering StudentsAbstractToday’s education system generally adheres to a deductive style where instructors present thefundamentals that lead to application. In addition, the majority of engineering students arevisual, sensing, and active learners, whereas traditional delivery of course material inengineering academia is auditory, passive, and sequential. The objective of
Conference Session
Professional Development in Materials Engineering
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Peter Schubert, Packer Engineering; Kara Cunzeman, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
AC 2008-969: ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS FOR LUNARPROCESSINGPeter Schubert, Packer Engineering Dr. Schubert conducts research into alternate energy, space-based manufacturing, and engineering education at Packer Engineering in Naperville, IL. He is Senior Director, and has served as PI on projects from DOE, NASA and the GSA. He has published 51 technical papers, has 26 US patents, and is an instructor with the Society of Automotive Engineers. Prior experience includes 21 years in automotive electronics with Delphi Corporation, where he was a Technical Fellow. His doctorate in EE from Purdue was sponsored by a GM Fellowship. His MSEE is from U. of Cincinnati on a Whirlpool
Conference Session
Materials Selection & Design
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Olshefsky, ASTM International
Tagged Divisions
Materials
business logistics from The Pennsylvania State University. He had a 13-year career in the transportation field before joining ASTM in September of 1998, when he began as a manager in the Technical Committee Operations Division. Page 15.1087.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Standards Education: Bridging the Gap Between Classroom Learning and Real World ApplicationsThis paper introduces the role of standards education in materials science and engineeringcurricula. Technical standards provide a common language for engineers to specify materials foruse in design and for discussing
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bartlett Michael Sheinberg, Houston Community Collelge; Amanda Smith Hackler, STEM Evaluations and Educational Consulting Services, LLC
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Materials
engineering. During his thirty years plus at Houston Community College, he has formed collaborations across the country that have provided the opportunity for HCC students to participate in innovative research and materials programs. A significant number of these students have completed their undergraduate education, entered and finished their graduate education, and transitioned to careers. Mr. Sheinberg has Bachelor’s Degrees from the University of Texas (Austin) and University of Houston and a Master’s Degree from the University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (Houston). He serves on numerous regional, state and national committees. He is married to Beth Finefield, and they reside in Kingwood, TX.Dr
Conference Session
Materials Science and Engineering of 2020
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jonathan Stolk, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Alexander Dillon, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Materials
2006-1851: HOW MUCH CAN (OR SHOULD) WE PUSH SELF-DIRECTION ININTRODUCTORY MATERIALS SCIENCE?Jonathan Stolk, Franklin W. Olin College of EngineeringAlexander Dillon, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering Page 11.695.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 How much can (or should) we push self-direction in introductory materials science?AbstractA capacity for self-directed, life-long learning is often cited as a critical skill for tomorrow’sengineers. The student response to high levels of self-directed learning, however, is not alwayspositive, particularly in introductory level courses. Some students enthusiastically embrace
Conference Session
Materials Education Perspectives
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aaron Blicblau, Swinburne University of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Materials
learning. During 2007, he was awarded a Carrick Citation for Outstanding Contributions to Student Learning ranging across first to final year engineering." Page 13.1337.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Using Electronic repositories as a student resource for MSE applicationsAbstractIn the majority of engineering disciplines, MSE provides resources and applications with manyother areas of engineering, e.g., design, structures, mechanics, and manufacturing. For thestudents to transfer and implement their MSE knowledge, they must have easy access to all
Conference Session
Innovations in Materials Education
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacquelyn E. Kelly, Arizona State University; Andrea Marta Eller, Arizona State University; Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
AC 2011-1961: ASSESSING CHALLENGES AND AFFORDANCES OF ATRADITIONAL INSTRUCTOR’S PEDAGOGICAL CHANGE DURING GUIDEDIMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGYJacquelyn E. Kelly, Arizona State University Jacquelyn Kelly is doctoral student in Science Education at Arizona State University. Her Master’s de- gree is in Materials Science and Engineering and her undergraduate degree is in Physics and Chemistry. Her principle research interests are situated in engineering education and include conceptual develop- ment, engineering academic language acquisition, and the role of motivation and emotion on these things. She is also invested and passionate about K-12 education as she teaches physics, chemistry, and science foundations
Conference Session
Emerging Issues in Materials Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Diane Folz, Virginia Tech; Christine Burgoyne, Virginia Tech; Janis Terpenny, Virginia Tech; Richard Goff, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Materials
Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Education, and an affiliate faculty of Industrial & Systems Engineering at Virginia Tech. She is Director of the Center for e-Design, a multi-university NSF I/UCRC center. Her research focuses on methods and representation schemes for early design process and on engineering design education. She was previously faculty at the University of Massachusetts and worked at General Electric (GE), including the completion of a two-year management program. She is a member of ASEE, ASME, IIE, and Alpha Pi Mu and is the Design Economics area editor for The Engineering Economist and the Associate Editor for the ASME Journal of Mechanical
Conference Session
Materials Division Technical Session
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amber L. Genau, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Materials
in engineering and providing international experiences and perspectives to undergraduate students. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 The Evolution of Engineering MaterialsAbstractThis paper describes the development of an upper level engineering elective entitled “TheEvolution of Engineering Materials.” The course considers how the discovery of new materialsand the ability of process materials in new ways has influenced the course of history, shapingboth human societies and their surrounding environments, from the Stone Age to the ModernEra. Students become familiar with a variety of still-relevant technical content through theconsideration of historical activity, from