Conference Session

ChE Department and Faculty Issues

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Gerri Burke; William Krantz; Joel Fried

applications. The goals of thisREU Site program are the following: • To provide a motivational research experience for promising undergraduates • To encourage women, minorities, and physically disadvantaged students to pursue graduate studies • To expose undergraduates to exciting research challenges in membrane science and technology • To facilitate the learning of research methods, laboratory skills, safety awareness, critical thinking, problem solving, research ethics, organizational skills, and oral and written communication skills • To provide an enjoyable and meaningful social/cultural program for the students • To provide financial support for undergraduate students during the summer • To couple

Conference Session

Scholarship in Engineering Technology

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Abi Aghayere

30-minute blocks of time at least 4 days a week. Set realistic scholarship goals and prioritize activities. 2. Publish or present on ABET assessment experiences and procedures. 3. Publish or present on new course and curriculum developments, experiences in the classroom: what works, what doesn't, innovative methods for enhancing student learning, assessment of pedagogical methods, etc 4. Publish or present on online teaching experiences; comparison of online versus face-to-face or hybrid courses as it relates to student learning 5. In the absence of laboratories, consider scholarship in the areas of computer modeling and simulation, and pedagogy 6. Consider writing and publishing a textbook in your field

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Engelken

. Page 5.640.2This also rapidly “rubs the rough edges” off of the neophyte and makes him/her savvy in humanrelations skills such as diplomacy, tact, and negotiation. He/she learns the give and take andmutual back scratching aspects of the world of business and the importance of honesty, properpackaging and timing of proposals and ideas, and the reason that contracts exist; that is “coveringone’s tail”. Related communication skills (oral, written, and graphical/computer) are alsodeveloped via proposals, reports, and deliverables.Other constraints (legal, aesthetic, environmental, regulatory, and political) that are peripheral tothe technical core of engineering consulting but critical to its ultimate success are brought intosharp focus by

Conference Session

Capstone Courses and Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Trian M. Georgeou, Arizona State University; Scott Danielson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Chell A. Roberts, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

experience both the frustration and satisfactionof that experience. Such learning prepares them for professional practice in ways that a projectrequiring only a paper/computer design does not. For instance, students in the lower end designteam, while having some background due from their coursework, became much more proficientand confident in their understanding of design and machining. Students designed, programmed,setup, machined, and inspected complex CNC parts. They assembled the parts into a completemachine and successfully tested it. They were able to adapt their engineering skill sets to theproject at hand. This was a lifelong-learning experience the student will not soon forget.Bibliography 1 Sheppard, S., Macatangay, K., Colby, A., &

Conference Session

Pedagogical Advancements in Engineering Management

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Jimmy Gandhi, Stevens Institute of Technology; Brian Sauser, Stevens Institute of Technology; Brian E. White, Complexity Are Us - Systems Engineering Strategies; Alex Gorod, Visiting Fellow, University of Adelaide; Vernon Ireland, University of Adelaide

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

the the Systems Development and Maturity Laboratory (http://www.SysDML.com/), which seeks to advance the state of knowledge and practice in how we manage system lifecycles. He teaches courses in Project Manage- ment of Complex Systems, Designing and Managing the Development Enterprise, Advances in System of Systems Engineering, and Systems Thinking. In addition, he is a National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration Faculty Fellow, Editor-in-Chief of the Systems Research Forum, and Associate Editor of the IEEE Systems Journal.Dr. Brian Emery White, Complexity Are Us - Systems Engineering Strategies Brian E. White received Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in computer sciences from the University of Wisconsin, and S.M

Conference Session

Building Information Modeling (BIM)

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph A. Wright, University of Wisconsin, Stout

Tagged Divisions

Construction

construction and into operations. As such itbecomes a management and communications tool for all participants in the project. At presentthere appears to be little progress in the education community to present BIM as anything morethan a 3D modeling tool, perhaps because the construction industry is still in the early stages ofaddressing this.Prior to the 1990s Computer Aided Design packages were little more than an electronic draftingboard that was used to produce 2D drawings which became, in hard copy, part of the ContractDocuments. In the mid-1990s large software houses such as Autodesk and Bentley begandeveloping 3D packages as a design tool chiefly to allow designers to communicate with clientsmore clearly. They were not necessarily aids that

Conference Session

Reflections on the “Raise the Bar” Initiative (Part I) - Using a Decade of Experience to Chart the Future

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Ressler, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

integrate Policy Statement 465 implementation into theSociety’s broader strategic planning process. At this important juncture, there is a critical needto document the achievements of the past, discern key lessons learned, and chart an appropriatecourse for the future.PurposeThe purposes of this paper are (1) to summarize the decade-long process of developing andimplementing new accreditation criteria in support of the ASCE Raise the Bar initiative; (2) toidentify the principal lessons learned through this process; and (3) to provide recommendationsfor future developments in the accreditation domain of this ongoing effort to raise theeducational standard for civil engineering professional practice

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Randall A. Yoshisato

Figure 1. Academia, Industry, Society Mental Modelreturn to society. In helping students learn about themselves, their world and their society,graduates are presumably better equipped to be more active and productive citizens who in turnwill raise a new generation which will be even more active and productive.Industry does its part by providing society with safer, more desirable products and services atlower cost. Industry also provides jobs and career opportunities for people to obtain botheconomic and psychic rewards. The increased value of better products and services andstimulating, good paying jobs results in more satisfied people and in turn, a more satisfiedsociety. It is through the preparation of better educated employees where the

Conference Session

Engineering education issues relevant to agricultural, biological and ecological engineering-Part 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Cody Prince, East Tennessee State University; PAMELA MIMS, East Tennessee State University; Aruna Kilaru, East Tennessee State University; Eric Jorgenson, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Division (BAE)

, existingbusinesses, and resources, the Appalachian Highlands is well suited to develop as a regionalcenter of the bioeconomy given the right investments in education and infrastructure, as discussedin the following.Report on Current Work - OverviewIn 2020, The National Academies, through one of its consensus reports, adopted the followingdefinition of the U.S. bioeconomy: The U.S. bioeconomy is economic activity that is driven by research and innovation in the life sciences and biotechnology, and that is enabled by technological advances in engineering and in computing and information sciences [21].This broad definition is meant to encompass the whole of the nation’s bioeconomic activities toenable policy discussions. For our program, we have

Conference Session

Status of CE Education: Today & Tomorrow

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Ressler, U.S. Military Academy; Daniel R. Lynch, Dartmouth College

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

outcomes beyond the eleven Criterion 3 outcomes demonstrated that the BOK cannot beadequately addressed in a traditional four-year baccalaureate degree program—a conclusionsubsequently affirmed by a comprehensive curriculum analysis.6The BOK1 report defined three levels of achievement, using the terms recognition,understanding, and ability to reflect a progression of learning. These specific terms wouldeventually be superseded by a more broadly accepted taxonomy (described below); however, theconcept of levels of achievement has persisted as an integral element of the conceptualframework used to define the Civil Engineering BOK.In October 2004, the ASCE Board reinforced the importance of the BOK by modifying thewording of Policy Statement 465 as

Conference Session

Green Renewable Energy

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deepak Gupta, Southeast Missouri State University; Ragu Athinarayanan, Southeast Missouri State University; Bradley J. Deken, Southeast Missouri State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

analysis, design and implementation of green energy technologies. The sample plan ofstudy is provided in Appendix A. This degree complements the green energy programs at twopartner community colleges in the region. A plan was presented whereby students completing acertificate and/or an AAS degree at one of the community colleges could seamlessly matriculateto the 4-yr BS Technology degree program at Southeast.The second objective in this project targeted individuals in business and industrial enterpriseswith immediate impact on the green initiatives in Southeast Missouri region. This group typicallyis interested in learning practical concepts of energy efficient and environmentally sound greenpractices. For this target audience, Southeast

Conference Session

Persistence and Retention II: Curricular Issues

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D. Ricco, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

word curriculum;however, searches into journal articles and papers containing the word yield treatises onindividual courses, historical underpinnings of the engineering curriculum’s development, orcase studies from schools whose revamped curriculum has engendered some sort of desirablechange. We can examine the numerous calls for Project Based Learning (PBL) to beincorporated more closely into the engineering education curriculum[15-18] or ponder the calls forcurriculum reform that focus on reforming one class or sets of classes in chemical or civil ormechanical engineering,[19, 20] or even the broader scope of calls to revamp curriculum as awhole.[21-24] We could even wade through a sea of calls to reform simply on the topic ofcapstone design

Conference Session

WIED Olio

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenna P. Carpenter, Louisiana Tech University; D. Patrick O'Neal, Louisiana Tech University; Lori L. Bakken, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Grand Challenge Scholars Program and is also active in development of integrated and innovative STEM curricula, issues related to the success of women in STEM and innovative use of technology in STEM education.Dr. D. Patrick O’Neal, Louisiana Tech UniversityLori L Bakken, University of Wisconsin-Madison Dr. Bakken is an associate professor in the Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, School of Human Ecology and an affiliate faculty member in the School of Education. She has developed, implemented and evaluated research education programs in the medical field for the past 15 years. Her research focuses on the role of learning experiences in career development. Dr. Bakken most notable for her work in clinical

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions - Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Green, LeTourneau University; Carolyn Conner Seepersad, University of Texas, Austin; Katja Holtta-Otto, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

economies. Although most design engineering is performed in developedcountries, 86% of the world lives in a developing country5. Approximately 1 in 5 US residents(18.1 %) have a disability, and for the 65+ age group that number is 50%6.In view of these needs, many universities seek to foster a global-service mindset with anexperiential learning curriculum. Partly for these reasons, extreme experience interviews arebeing piloted in 1st year Cornerstones Design and 3rd year Design Methods courses at the firstauthor’s institution, which offers a B.S. and M.S. in engineering with concentrations including Page 15.571.3biomedical, computer, electrical

Conference Session

Capstone/Design Projects: Electr-Mech ET

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael E. Hay; Recayi Pecen

Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering EducationThe Manufacturing Technology program is a four-year undergraduate program leading to a BSdegree. The program has three emphasis areas: Automation & Production, Design, and MetalCasting. The major is designed to provide relevant and contemporary learning experiences toprepare students to manage technical, managerial or service careers in manufacturing or relatedindustries. The EIET and Manufacturing Technology programs have 2+2 articulation agreementswith Iowa community colleges.IV. Project Methodology and Design/Development of the UNI Solar BoatFigure 1 illustrates initial ProE design of solar-electric

Conference Session

Academic Prerequisites for Licensure

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Brewer Stouffer; Jeffrey Russell

, that demonstrates abroad, liberal arts-based education. Figure 2—Curriculum at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,1852Early engineering programs were modeled on the French system, which centered on theory. Page 7.1321.4Students primarily took math, science, and liberal arts courses until their last semesters, wherein Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2002, American Society for Engineering Educationthey learned the basics of engineering technology and design. It was an assumption that upongraduation students would learn the

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen B. Coletti, Northeastern University; Melinda Covert, Northeastern University; Paul A. DiMilla, Northeastern University; Lauren Gianino, Northeastern University; Rachelle Reisberg, Northeastern University; Emily Wisniewski, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

, "Engineering students' perceptions of academic activities and support services: factors that influence their academic performance.," College Student Journal, vol. 38, 2004.[3] J. F. Milem and J. B. Berger, "A modified model of college student persistence: Exploring the relationship between Astin's theory of involvement and Tinto's theory of student departure.," Journal of College Student Development, vol. 38, pp. 387-400, 1997.[4] A. Kitsantas and A. Chow, "College students' perceived threat and preference for seeking help in traditional, distributed, and distance learning environments," Computers & Education, vol. 48, pp. 383-395, 2007.[5] V. K. Bohns and F. J. Flynn, "‘‘Why didn’t you just ask

Conference Session

Breaking barriers, building futures: Narratives of equity and inclusion in STEM education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elahe Vahidi, University of Cincinnati; Mark Okoth Onyango, University of Cincinnati; Kaitlyn Anne Thomas, University of Nevada, Reno; Kelly J Cross, Georgia Institute of Technology; Whitney Gaskins, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Paper ID #43874Racialized Trauma for Black, Latin, and Indigenous Engineering Students:A Systematic Literature Review.Dr. Elahe Vahidi, University of CincinnatiMark Okoth Onyango, University of Cincinnati Mark Onyango is a graduate assistant in the Department of Engineering and Computing Education (DECE) in the College of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. He earned his Master’s degree in Information and Communication Engineering from Harbin Institute of Technology’s School of Electronics and Information Engineering in Harbin, China and holds a Bachelor of Education (Electrical

Conference Session

Materials Division (MATS) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah A Goodman, Stevens Institute of Technology; Emily L Atieh, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials Division (MATS)

Paper ID #42801Campus Re-engineered: Tackling problems close to home to promote interestin the field of Materials Science and Engineering for non-majorsDr. Sarah A Goodman, Stevens Institute of Technology Sarah A. Goodman is a Teaching Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at Stevens Institute of Technology. Her research interests include the use of active learning in graduate courses, the use of virtual reality to teach crystal structure, and helping students develop a sense of community and belonging in the field of engineering. Prof. Goodman has experience teaching 4th, 11th

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Kenneth W. Santarelli

) _______ ME 118 – Fluid Mechanics Lab-(1) _______ ME 115 – Instrumentation & Measurement Lab-(1) _______ ME 136 – Thermodynamics-(3) _______ ME 134 – Fundamentals of Machine Design-(3) _______ ME 140 – Advanced Engineering Analysis-(3) _______ CE 121 – Mechanics of Materials(-3) _______ ME 2 - Computer Applications in ME –(1) _______ ME 95 – Engineering Product Development-(2) _______ PHIL 316 – Philosophy (CSUB) – (5 QTR) _______ *Completion of

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 6

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Syed Ali Kamal, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Matilde Luz Sanchez-Pena, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Esther Jose, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

in technical skills and professionalbehaviors, little support is offered for wellbeing practices, emotional understanding, and sociallyresponsible beliefs. We expect the findings of the study would bring new insights into the rolemodeling practices for development of engineering identity among younger generations.IntroductionThere has been a considerable focus on promoting diversity in the STEM workforce in recentyears. Despite this, people of color, particularly Black and Hispanic groups, remain severelyunderrepresented [1]. Similarly, women, though widely represented in healthcare related scienceprofessions, remain underrepresented in computing and engineering fields [1]. These disparitiesin the workforce are tied to underrepresentation of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerald Marschke, University at Albany-SUNY; Holden Diethorn; James Davis; Andrew Wang

/. Table 1: Engineering Occupations Census Occupation Code and Title 0300 Architectural and engineering managers 1310 Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists 1320 Aerospace engineers 1330 Agricultural engineers 1340 Biomedical engineers 1350 Chemical engineers 1360 Civil engineers 1400 Computer hardware engineers 1410 Electrical and electronics engineers 1420 Environmental engineers

Conference Session

DEED Technical Session 3 Capstone Design

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Baine, Grand Valley State University; Karl Brakora, Grand Valley State University; Christopher Pung, Grand Valley State University

global,cultural, social, environmental, and economic factors.” [1]Grand Valley State Univeristy offers six engineering programs: Biomedical Engineering (BME),Computer Engineering (CE), Electrical Engineering (EE), Mechanical Engineering (ME),Product Design and Manufacturing Engineering (PDM), and Interdisciplinary Engineering (IE).Students from all the programs enroll in the same capstone course sequence. Students in thissequence are placed in teams of three to seven to work on a unique industry sponsored,multidisciplinary, design-build-test project under the supervision of a faculty advisor. Theprojects arecompleted over the course of two semesters spanning from January to August and traditionallycover topics related to measurement, industrial

Conference Session

ECE Division Technical Session 1: Online or Remote Teaching and Curricular Developments

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

L. Brent Jenkins, Kennesaw State University

Paper ID #37037Development of A Remote-Access, Simulator-Enabled, Team-Friendly Lab for an Electric Machines CourseL. Brent Jenkins (Associate Professor) L. Brent Jenkins, Associate Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kennesaw State University. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Development of A Remote-Access, Simulator-Enabled, Team-Friendly Lab for an Electric Machines CourseAbstractIn early March of 2020—as it became clear that our summer courses would likely be online

Conference Session

ERM: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Bahnson, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Elan Hope, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Derrick Satterfield, University of Nevada, Reno; Anitra Alexander; Alexis Briggs; Laila Allam, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno

education. Meaningful portions of students reported discriminationexperiences that should not be features of their graduate education. The hostility and experiencespresented here are shown to be endemic to graduate education, and when considered alongside thenarratives of students, are indicative of the failings of engineering graduate education [6, 7].Similarly, differences in graduate engineering identity and motivation related to gender andmarginalized race/ethnicity may be a product of the discrimination these students face [26, 27]. Bycontinuing to ignore these situations and perpetuate the status quo we undercut students' ability tofind support and learn effectively [26]. Unfair treatment, racism, sexism, and negative communication

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Division Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Carvell, Marian University; Tanja Greene, Marian University

combinations possible. Of the thirty graduates, nineteen havegraduated as mechanical engineers, eight as biomedical engineers, two computer engineers, andone as construction technology (an engineering technology major). The major from the MarianUniversity has a wide range, with sixteen math majors, six chemistry majors, four biologymajors, and one major each from business, computer science, theology, and Spanish. Other than the variety in majors, the retention, graduation, six year graduation, and jobplacement rates are all very high. Table 1 shows the rates and data for each of the five graduatedclasses, and the anticipated May 2022 graduating class. Graduating # FTFTF # # of transfers

Conference Session

Critical Reflections on Engineering Ethics Education

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Claire Lynne McCullough P.E., High Point University; Svetlana Chesser, Auburn University; Brian J. O'Leary, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga; Bart L. Weathington, WECO Solutions

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Paper ID #34179STEM, Gender, Ethnicity, and CyberbullyingDr. Claire Lynne McCullough P.E., High Point University Dr. McCullough received her bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Van- derbilt, Georgia Institute of Technology and the University of Tennessee, respectively, and is a registered professional engineer in the state of Alabama. She is a member of I.E.E.E., Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and Eta Kappa Nu. She is currently Professor and Founding Chair of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the High Point University, and teaches courses in such areas as Engineering Ethics, Controls, and

Conference Session

STEM Issues

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Reg Pecen, Sam Houston State University; Ulan Dakeev, Sam Houston State University; Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Energy Conservation and Conversion Division at American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE). Dr. Pecen holds a B.S in EE and an M.S. in Controls and Computer Engineering from the Istanbul Technical University, an M.S. in EE from the University of Colorado at Boulder, and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Wyoming (UW, 1997). He served as a graduate assistant and faculty at UW, and South Dakota State University. He served on UNI Energy and Environment Coun- cil, College Diversity Committee, University Diversity Advisory Board, and Graduate College Diversity Task Force Committees. His research interests, grants, and more than 50 publications are in the areas of AC/DC Power System Interactions

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Assessment and Accreditation: Making the Grade!

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

John Whitefoot, University of Pittsburgh; Mark David Bedillion, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Theevaluation of wide-ranging curriculum changes also provides a good opportunity to considercurrent and future trends, both in technical content as well as the various needs of stakeholders(students, faculty, industry). In their early history, engineering schools focused on practicaltechnical skills for industry but later shifting the emphasis to engineering science [1]. Morerecently, trends have focused on increasing hands-on learning, design/build/test, and increasedflexibility in curricula.This paper focuses on using curriculum benchmarking of other engineering programs as aninitial step in a larger curriculum review process, as applied to the Mechanical Engineeringprograms at the University of Pittsburgh (Pitt) and Carnegie Mellon University (CMU

Collection

2018 ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Zoe Zyvith, Rutgers University; Mark Thomas Trevena, Rutgers University; Andrew Yong; Ryan Lamantia; Lana E Sharp, Rutgers University; Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of the District of Columbia. His research interests include the application of wireless sensor networks in biomedical and environmental domains and performance analysis of communication systems over fading channels. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Geothermal Heating and Cooling at the Massachusetts General Hospital Zoe Zyvith1, Mark Trevena1, Ryan Lamantia1, Lana Sharp1, Andrew Yong1 and Sasan Haghani,2,3 1 Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854 2