Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Self, California Polytechnic State University; James Widmann, California Polytechnic State University

integrate this knowledge during the solution of more or less open-ended projects to gainexperience in the design process. This paper reports on a different method of reinforcement ofmathematical models and failure concepts through the use of Model-Eliciting Activities (MEA).1An MEA is a client driven problem that requires the students to develop a mathematical modelnot explicitly stated in the assignment. The client driven approach can create an environmentwhere the students value abilities beyond using the traditional prescribed models andalgorithms.2 While traditional design projects focus on the product being developed, MEAs focuson the process of problem solving and model development. The originators of MEAs proposesix primary principles to

Conference Session

Tools for Teaching

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Scott Moor, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, they may develop a strongconnection to a particular location that goes beyond simple preference.” As a largely commutercampus students do not easily connect to the college or program. We wanted to aid theirconnection to the program through the places where they study engineering.This classroom and a renovated computer workshop classroom24, located next door to it, are thelocation for all first-year engineering classes and they are adjacent to the faculty office suite forengineering. Both rooms are available as open compute laboratories when not being used by aclass. We attempt to schedule classes so it is rare that both rooms are booked at the same time.Showcase: An additional goal is that this facility would be a showcase that would display

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Pearl Chen, California State University, Los Angeles; Anthony Hernandez, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

-levelengineering course. This observation is consistent with findings reported by other colleagues[16]. The revised instructional system offered resources and tools to help students learn how tolearn. Figure 2 illustrates the website we developed for this purpose. Students could identify theirstrength and weakness through the pretests, and develop a better understanding of variouslearning strategies, such as time management and team skills through interactive activities. Inaddition, they could get advices from their peers (appeared as “student avatars”) who attendedthe same course in the previous years. This change helped to address the timing problems andworkload issues that were encountered by many students who had to work for more than 20hours per week

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tobias Rossmann, Lafayette College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Excellence in Teaching Award, and is an Associate Fellow of the AIAA. Page 26.686.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Ethics for First-Year STEM: A Risk Assessment Based ApproachAbstract This paper describes the development of a first-year seminar focused on the discussion ofethical issues in engineering for STEM students. The seminar course is intended to provide abroad introduction to ethics through discussions and writing assignments focused on case studiesof engineering catastrophes, meeting once a week for ninety minutes, as

Conference Session

Tools and Support for Software Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. Scott Hawker, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

Capability,” Computer Science Technical Report TR-2002-05, University of Alabama, September, 2002.17. Swapna Gupta, J. Scott Hawker, and Randy K. Smith, “Acquiring and Delivering Lessons Learned for NASA Scientists and Engineers: A Dynamic Approach,” Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Southeast Conference, Kennesaw, GA, March, 2005.18. Christina (H.Y.) Yau, and J. Scott Hawker, “SA_MetaMatch: Document Discovery through Document Metadata and Indexing,” Proceedings of the 2004 ACM Southeast Conference, Huntsville, AL, March, 2004.19. Gregory Hislop, et al., “Work in Progress – Developing the Community of Software Engineering Educators,” 35th Proceedings of the ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, October 29-22, 2005

Collection

2020 Fall ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Meeting

Authors

Johannes Weickenmeier, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

to a path. By pursuing hands-on experiences such as internships, CO- OPs, and part-time positions, applicants will gain valuable data for their career decision. This process requires continuous reflection on one’s experiences and is a gradual process that goes beyond the first professional job after college. - Personality Test: We asked all participants to perform the High 5 Test, a free online assessment Figure 2 Career Development Model developed by tool to identify ones top 5 personal strengths, prior Northwestern Student Affairs [6]. Through continuous to the workshop [7]. We collected the participants’ reflection on new experiences and strategic pursuit of

Conference Session

Software Engineering Teaching Methods and Practice

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Walden, Northern Kentucky University; Rose Shumba, Indiana University of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

Page 11.792.9would like to apply more security tools to the development process. Code reviews could be en-hanced through the assistance of better static analysis tools with more instructor assistance. Thereare also a wide variety of web application security scanners, which offer features beyond the proxyand custom perl tools used in previous versions of the course. To address the issue of time constraints, we are creating a graduate class in secure softwareengineering. This class has both software engineering and information security prerequisites, al-lowing us to build upon a foundation of both security and software development skills. Graduatestudents also typically have a stronger mathematical background than undergraduates, opening

Conference Session

Liberal Education for 21st Century Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cherrice Traver, Union College; J. Douglas Klein, Union College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

-disciplinary approach that integrates engineering and liberal arts disciplines. The focus ofthe work presented here is on preparing students from both areas for these challenges through theintegration of undergraduate engineering and liberal arts curricula. The desire for this integrationis motivated by the need for a more technically literate citizenship, work force, and politicalleadership, fostered by providing opportunities for students in technical and non-technical majorsto work together.We provide examples of curricular integration that do not require wholesale restructuring, whichuse methods that can be easily replicated, and which can be developed through the use of modestincentives utilizing existing courses and expertise. The specific

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel Paul Merriweather, Texas A&M University; Harriet A. Lamm, Texas Engineering Experiment Station, TAMUS; Shannon D. Walton, Texas A&M University; Karen L. Butler-Purry, Texas A&M University; Judy Kelley, West Texas A&M University; Krystal E. Thomasson, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi; John David Rausch Jr., West Texas A&M University; Frank Pezold, Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi; Kendall T. Harris, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

teacher preparation programs.TAMUCC LSAMP leaders played key roles in two NSF-funded projects, the Texas RuralSystemic Initiative and the South Texas Rural Systemic Initiative, focused on improvingmathematics and science education in K-12 schools through teacher professional development,and in the NSF-funded Texas Collaborative for Excellence in Teacher Preparation. Thesepartnerships provided a network of educators who worked together to improve mathematics andscience teacher preparation across the Alliance.The Enrichment Experiences in Engineering Teacher Summer Research Program (E3 RET) atTAMU offered secondary school science and math teachers and pre-service teachers a four-weeksummer residential engineering experience on campus. This program

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 9

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rackan Sami Mansour, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Osama Desouky, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Marwa AbdelGawad, Texas A&M University at Qatar

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

prestigious journals and presentations at conferences. Dr. AbdelGawad’s interests are centered around materials and manufacturing, with a strong focus on corrosion of advanced materials, and the study of statics and mechanics. With an extensive teaching background, she has developed a keen interest in advancing innovation in engineering education. At present, she actively explores various methods to enhance student engagement and optimize their learning experiences through curriculum and course design. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Exploring Artificial Intelligence Tools for Materials Science in Engineering: A Work in Progress in Undergraduate Classroom

Conference Session

Design Courses 2, Aerospace Assets

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Richard Melnyk, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. Hinkley, “Unmanned aircraft systems in remote sensing and scientific research: Classification and considerations of use,” Remote Sens., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 1671–1692, 2012, doi: 10.3390/rs4061671.[13] Federal Aviation Administration, “Unmanned Aircraft Systems - Educational Users.” https://www.faa.gov/uas/educational_users/ (accessed Nov. 17, 2020).[14] 116 U.S. Congress, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 Public Law 116–92. 2019, pp. 1–1120.[15] K. Best et al., How to Analyze the Cyber Threat from Drones: Background, Analysis Frameworks, and Analysis Tools. 2020.[16] J. Valente and A. A. Cardenas, “Understanding security threats in consumer drones through the lens of the discovery

Conference Session

Integrating Hands-On Technology and Project-Based Learning in Engineering Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Wu, Berea College; Scott Heggen, Berea College; Emmaley Clare Powell; Oussema Khlifi; Trayvion Jalan Newton

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

electronics.Scott Heggen, Berea College Dr. Scott Heggen serves as an Associate Professor of Computer Science and Chair of the Computer Science department at Berea College. Much of Dr. Heggen’s interests have focused on embedded systems, in particular, how can Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and similar embedded computing devices, coupled with sensors and logic, be used in socially-aware and socially-relevant contexts. Dr. Heggen also leads the Student Software Development Team, a cohort of labor students who are hired through the Berea College Labor Program to develop software solutions to support various departments on campus. The software team is responsible for the entire software engineering lifecycle, from initial design and

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 3

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yanko Kranov; Robert T. Bailey P.E., Loyola University Maryland; Suzanne Keilson, Loyola University Maryland

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

reinforce aspects of theentire engineering design process. After considering various options, the group of facultymembers settled on a basic course design comprised of two parts. The course would begin withthe building of a common electromechanical platform. This would allow students in teams offour or five to level up (i.e., improve) their build and troubleshooting confidence with bothelectrical and mechanical components and systems. Once the basic system platform wasassembled and functional, each team would propose some addition or modification to the to theplatform and would subsequently design, construct, and test that modification. The teams wouldlearn to go through the design process with steps of problem definition, ideation, specification

Conference Session

Developing New Engineering Educators

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Courtney June Faber, University of Tennessee; Courtney S. Smith-Orr, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Walter C. Lee, Virginia Tech; Cheryl A. Bodnar, Rowan University; Alexandra Coso Strong, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Erin McCave, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

(McGuire &Reger, 2003). Therefore, it can be advantageous to have a broader conceptualization ofmentoring. Lottero-Perdue and Fifield (2010) present a conceptual framework for facultymentoring in higher education composed of five dimensions: 1) intended beneficiaries, 2) locusof control, 3) relationship characteristics, 4) topics, and 5) actions. Because there is a need formentoring across all stages of a faculty career, and across multiple aspects of faculty life, usingthis type of broad conceptualization can support explorations of mentoring structures beyond thetraditional intradepartmental faculty pairs.Kram (1985) defines mentoring as having two fundamental components: 1) career support and 2)psychosocial (i.e., personal and emotional

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment in ME 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Canino, Trine University; Brett Batson, Trine University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

practice problems, and took a group quiz at the end of the week.Groups were changed each week. Assessment was by comparing changes in exam performance between the control and studygroups and through a survey. Comments in the survey indicated a change in student attitude when assigned to a group.Students revealed a desire to be supportive in their groups, and said they prepared accordingly –an encouraging result. However, less encouraging, students confessed to preparing less for groupquizzes, knowing others in their groups would provide what they lacked. Exam scores did notindicate a significant difference between the control groups and the test groups.IntroductionThe flipped or inverted classroom has been widely researched and continues to be

Conference Session

Applications of Technology in Mechanics Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wendy S. Reffeor, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

modules developed through thisresearch are interactive and require student exploration. They, along with other learningactivities could easily be used to encourage a more active classroom.As Finite Element Analysis is taught concurrently with Machine Design II at University, studentswere learning to use ANSYS software and the FEA theory simultaneously with machine designcontent. Students stated that the FEA activities helped them understand the machine designcontent much better than just performing book problems. However, due to sequencing in the twocourses, many students also found performing the FEA analyses to be beyond their abilities.Future plans for this research include sequencing the FEA and Machine Design courses to allowbetter synergy

Conference Session

Student Attitudes and Perceptions

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tracee Gilbert, Virginia Tech; Janis Terpenny, Virginia Tech; Sharnnia Artis, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2010-1480: STUDENT SUCCESS – ORIENTED NEEDS ANALYSISFRAMEWORK: A PILOT STUDYTracee Gilbert, Virginia Tech Tracee Walker Gilbert is a Ph.D. candidate in Industrial and Systems Engineering at Virginia Tech. Her research focuses on designing and applying ISE methods and tools to improve engineering education, with particular emphasis on new approaches that will have lasting effects for the success of women and minority students in K-12 and higher education. Prior to pursuing graduate studies full-time, she worked as a Senior Systems Engineer in private industry where she lead projects to develop Geospatial Intelligence Systems from concept through implementation.Janis Terpenny, Virginia Tech

Conference Session

The Best of Computers in Education

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shameel Abdulla, Texas A&M University, Qatar; Yasser M. Al Hamidi, Texas A&M University, Qatar; Marwan Khraisheh, Texas A&M University, Qatar

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

information could also become tedious for the course instructors.The authors developed a chatbot using the Microsoft Power Virtual Agents App, which requiresminimal coding, as the main framework consists of configuring and connecting nodes. Thedevelopment stages require some considerations, such as setting up a hierarchical system to storeinformation about various courses and creating a shared department email address to send andreceive meeting requests. These considerations are addressed further in the paper. The chatbot willhandle all repetitive tasks, thus freeing the instructors time for answering more challengingquestions. It also promotes self-learning and allows students to ask questions beyond office hoursand get responses. The chatbot

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division: Best of Construction

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Stafford Sands II, Auburn University; Xi Wang, Drexel University; tianjiao zhao, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

AI for Education," Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 2023.[12] B. Fatahi, H. Khabbaz, J. Xue, and R. Hadgraft, "Generative AI as a Catalyst for Enhanced Learning Experience in Engineering Education," Australasian Association for Engineering Education Conference Proceedings, 2023.[13] Y. Walter, "Embracing the Future of Artificial Intelligence in the Classroom: The Relevance of AI Literacy, Prompt Engineering, and Critical Thinking in Modern Education," International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, vol. 21, no. 15, 2024.[14] P.-K. Shih, C.-H. Lin, L. Y. Wu, and C.-C. Yu, "Learning Ethics in AI—Teaching Non- Engineering Undergraduates through Situated Learning," Sustainability, vol

Conference Session

Exporting of Higher Education to Developing Countries

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

International

, making it part and parcel of the academic process. Essential to thisgoal is diffusion of new ideas and dissemination of relevant information through: seminars,conferences, and workshops. Also, the use of a Web site as a digital repository that puts acrossmaterials received from contributing faculty members or generated elsewhere, would lead towider interaction, constructive dialogue, and help reach audience beyond those who are directlyinvolved. It is equally important to get the feed back to “proposed” changes and improvementsfrom the various stakeholders including government, local industry, and the community at large.Looking within any or all of the eight colleges of the Region (Table 1), one notices that arelatively large percentage of the

Conference Session

CPDD Technical Session 1 - Design of Professional Development Curricula

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Lu, Texas A&M University; Scott Tingey, Texas A&M University; Denise Preusser; Behbood Zoghi, Texas A&M University

Paper ID #36687Design of An Interactive Scenario-Based TechnicalManagement Communication Course - A Unique Addition toFuture Engineering Leaders’ ToolboxWei Lu (Dr.) Dr. Wei Lu is a Curriculum Manager in the Department of Engineering Technology & Industrial Distribution at Texas A&M University. Her research focuses on Higher Education, instructional design, community engagement & service- learning, eLearning & distance learning technology, K-12 (STEM) Education, Communications, Marketing, and Social Economics. She has been involved in several projects that collaborate with non-profit organizations like

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Mechanical ET

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

James Turso; David Johnson; Shannon Sweeney

Session 2648 Development of a Mechanical Vibrations Course for Engineering Technologists Shannon K. Sweeney, David H. Johnson, James A. Turso School of Engineering and Engineering Technology Penn State Erie, The Behrend CollegeAbstractA senior-level, elective course in mechanical vibrations has recently been developed for theMechanical Engineering Technology program at Penn State Erie, The Behrend College. Thecourse has many similarities to traditional vibrations courses offered in Mechanical Engineeringprograms across the country but it also

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS) Technical Session _ Monday June 26, 1:30 - 3:00

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rosalyn W. Berne, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

side. Madeline K. Biomedical Engineering StudentAnother UVA biomedical engineering student shared during a class discussion that she mustdisconnect herself from her feelings when injecting toxic nerve agents, used for militaryresearch, into rats.The split in identity expressed by these students reflects a larger cultural schism that begancenturies ago:As Franco notes: “René Descartes’s (1596–1650) description of animals as “machine-like” was heavily criticized by many of his contemporaries, but nevertheless provided scientists a way to justify what would now be considered extremely gruesome experiments in a time when anesthesia, for humans and animals alike, was not available.” [4] (p. 241)Descartes’s

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nihad Dukhan, University of Detroit, Mercy; Mark Schumack, University of Detroit, Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

expected from similarservice learning projects in other engineering courses.IntroductionThe societal context of engineering has been gaining a lot of interest in engineering educationforums in the US and around the world. Pascail1 contended that engineers must work and thinktechnical and human problems through together, without separating these two spheres.Ravesteijn et al.2 emphasized the engineers must acquire the ability to understanding socialdynamics of technology and to communicate facts, values and emotions on different levels.Santander Gana and Trejo Fuentes3 viewed technology as a human practice and a social activitythat develops as a result of various intrinsically-woven socio-cultural circumstances. EngineersAustralia4 and many new

Conference Session

Modern Software Measurement Techniques

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Birdsong, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

courses such as chemistry, physics, etc. Our philosophy is thatstudents learn best through a combination of lecture and lab experiences and industryfeedback indicates that our undergraduates are unparalleled at hitting the ground runningand working with real world problems.Mechanical Controls is a four unit, required senior level course that consists of three-onehour lectures and one-three hour lab per week for the ten week quarter. The coursecovers single input single output linear system modeling, time domain analysis, transferfunctions, root locus, frequency response methods, PID and lead lag controllers. The labis taken concurrently with the lecture and is designed to support the topics covered inlecture while also illustrating the realities

Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Mark Jansson PE, Bucknell University; Daniel Schmalzel; Robert R. Krchnavek, Rowan University; John L. Schmalzel, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

deliverables, which are often well beyond thescope of a one- or two-semester project. Projects that provide sufficient funding for students(undergraduate and graduate) offer the best way to provide the sophisticated results that manysponsors expect. Having students continue the momentum developed in the in their class project-based learning experience often results in a corresponding step increase in their productivitywhen the summer project begins. The EAP team accomplished a significant amount of work asmeasured by the number of chapters, appendices and references completed, and the responses ofthe sponsor during regular project reviews. This approach to the key project-based portion of our curriculum has become a model forhow solicit and scope

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Mechanical ET

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Timothy Cooley

be tested.To complete the system eight type-K thermocouples are placed in selected locations within thecomputer. These locations are; an inlet air port, the GPU chip surface, the hard drive case surface(directly over the platter bearing), the power supply air inlet grill, the power supply fan outletgrill, and the CPU sub-system assembly. The layout is shown schematically for clarity in Figure 3.The CPU sub-system received special attention. Here three thermocouples are used; one at theinterface between the CPU and the heat sink, another at the interface between the heat sink andthe CPU fan (imbedded in the tip of a heat sink fin), and the third directly above the fan inlet. Allthermocouples used to measure surface or interface temperatures

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Scott Danielson; Sudhir I. Mehta

number of publications have discussed the topic (e.g., Glassick, Huber, &Maeroff, 1997; Bass, 1999; Silva, 1999) with over 120 campuses making public commitments tothe scholarship of teaching through the Carnegie Academy for the Scholarship of Teaching andLearning (CASTL) Campus Program (Hutching & Shulman, 1999). The CASTL CampusProgram challenges campuses to undertake a public process of evaluation and planning for waysto support knowledge-building about teaching and learning. These discussions about teachingand learning intend to create support systems, sanctuaries, and learning centers across disciplinesfor scholars who are interested in the scholarship of teaching.For an activity to be designated as scholarship, argues Lee Shulman

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 16

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl A. Bodnar, Rowan University; Rocio C. Chavela Guerra, Rowan University; Adrienne Decker, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Senay Purzer, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

as well because they only need to attend one event to get lots of information about many schools.In July, a call for participation followed through both the graduate program sub-committee andthe EECHA list. At that time, ten (10) schools had agreed to participate, and other schools weresolicited for participation. Commitment from the schools involved in the event included: ● Providing input on the timing of the event ● Attending a planning meeting for the event ● Providing input on the name of the event ● Providing input on the information collected from prospective students who register for the event ● Volunteering to participate in one of two panels for the event ○ Graduate school application tips

Collection

2005 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Lorin P. Maletsky; Charles E. Gabel

, hands-on projects wherestudents are asked to proceed from concept to production are invaluable. Frequently this type ofexperience may be an integral part of a senior capstone design project that may last a semester oryear. Shorter projects are a common part of semester-long courses and usually focus on basicdesign concepts and practices that may result in production of a single item, if fabrication isrequired at all beyond the design analysis. At the University of Kansas the senior-level courseDesign for Manufacturability taught students design techniques that were important for massproduction. Course topics included subjects such as reliability, quality control, robust design, andcommon mass production fabrication methods. A project was