Conference Session

Inclusive and Reflective Practices in Pre-College Engineering Education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ju Hui Kang, University of Cincinnati; Soo Hyeon Kim, Indiana University Indianapolis; Gi Woong Choi, University of Cincinnati; Mansi Rajendra Kasar, Indiana University, Indianapolis

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

upright, whichwas similar to what she experienced herself. In addition, children were able to calm down or findalternative solutions to continue their work with the appropriate support from their caregivers.This demonstrates how adequate guidance and scaffolding during maker activities can helpchildren develop their own strategies when encountering similar situations by themselves [24].As for engagement and interest, all four families managed to complete their structures despite thefrustrations they encountered. Caregivers emphasized that the outcome did not need to be perfectand that their children’s creations were valuable regardless of frustrations encountered during theprocess. Since there was no formal assessment or survey examining

Conference Session

Expanding STEM Access and Belonging: Programs and Practices for Inclusive K–12 Engagement

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virginia Swindell, University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

.12284[34] Watkins, J. (2023). “That is Still STEM”: Appropriating the Engineering Design Process toChallenge Dominant Narratives of Engineering and STEM. Cognition and Instruction, 1-31.[35] Welsh, R. O. (2021). Assessing the quality of education research through its relevance topractice: An integrative review of research-practice partnerships. Review of Research inEducation, 45(1), 170-194. https://doi-org.libproxy.uncg.edu/10.3102/0091732X20985082[36] Calabrese Barton, A., & Tan, E. (2015). FAM JAM: Supporting Powerful Learning inMiddle School STEM. Engineering for Sustainable Communities Curriculum. RetrievedFebruary 21, 2025, from www.engineeriam.org

Conference Session

GSD 8: Industry and Professional Skills

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Parker Boggs, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; David B Knight, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Maura Borrego, University of Texas at Austin; Jessica Deters, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Gabriella Coloyan Fleming, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Sydni Alexa Cobb, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

; Osterman, 2017). When surveying 2700 U.S.manufacturing establishments to focus on hiring mechanisms and skills of an employee,positions that were more common to have vacancies were related to a lack of advanced math andreading skills. Participants were from a wide background of skill levels from differenteducational backgrounds. The ideal respondent was someone who worked in human resources tohave a wide knowledge of daily operations or someone in a plant managing position. Based onsurvey data, the researchers found that 76% of positions place an emphasis on reading skills and74% place an emphasis on math skills for job success. The next area for assessing an employee istheir technical abilities. Over 42% of the respondents stated that an

Conference Session

Interrogating Race, Caste, and Power (Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division ECSJ Technical Session 4)

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Secules, Florida International University; Atota Bedane Halkiyo, Florida International University; Maimuna Begum Kali, Florida International University; Nivedita Kumar, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

research.Dr. Atota Halkiyo, Florida International University Dr. Halkiyo is a Postdoctoral Associate at the School of Universal Computing, Construction, and Engineering Education at Florida International University. Dr. Halkiyo graduated in Education Policy and Evaluation from Arizona State University and uses mixed methods but largely qualitative inquiry to study his primary research interest: enhancing higher education equity for all students, particularly those from international and/or underrepresented backgrounds (e.g., women and/or Black students in engineering). He envisions researching and removing possible systemic learning barriers from the curriculum, pedagogy, assessment, and learning environment to make

Conference Session

Community and Industry Collaboration for Sustainable Development

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan J Ely, University of Southern Indiana; Matthew J. Ely, Indiana University-Bloomington; Milad Rezvani Rad, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)

mission statements tell us about what they believe and do? Research in Comparativeand International Education, 9(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.2304/rcie.2014.9.1.83[21] Aib, I., & Shehzad, W. (2023). Defining mission statements in higher education: Towards agenre perspective. Higher Education Quarterly, 77(1), 138–157.https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12378[22] Manning, K. (2013). Organizational theory in higher education. Routledge.[23] Vohra, A., Achut, H. A., Loh, A. P., & Tan, W. W. (2014). Study of motivational constructs,learning orientations and goals affecting engineering students’ learning process. 2014 IEEEInternational Conference on Teaching, Assessment and Learning for Engineering (TALE), 462–467. https://doi.org/10.1109/TALE

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division (COED) Track 4.E

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyrie Zhixuan Zhou, University of Texas at San Antonio; Chunyu Liu, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Yunqi Li, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Devorah Kletenik, Brooklyn College, City University of New York; Rachel F. Adler, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

Education V. 1, 2024, pp. 680–686.[10] G. Press, Internet traffic from mobile devices stats (2024), https://whatsthebigdata.com/mobile-internet-traffic/, 2024.[11] L. Su, “Web accessibility in mobile applications of education sector: The accessibility evaluation of mobile apps of higher education sector in portugal,” M.S. thesis, Universidade de Tr´as-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 2021.[12] G. Agrawal, D. Kumar, and M. Singh, “Assessing the usability, accessibility, and mobile readiness of e-government websites: A case study in india,” Universal Access in the Information Society, pp. 1–12, 2022.[13] L. C. Serra, L. P. Carvalho, L. P. Ferreira, J. B. S. Vaz, and A. P. Freire, “Accessibility evaluation of e-government mobile

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachmadian Wulandana, State University of New York at New Paltz; Graham Werner, State University of New York at New Paltz; Brandon Gardner, State University of New York at New Paltz

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

) capabilities,ANSYS is extensively utilized in the design and evaluation of wind turbine blades, offering asuite of tools that enable engineers to address aerodynamic, structural, and thermal challenges. Inwind turbine blade design, ANSYS provides advanced tools for analyzing aerodynamicperformance using CFD modules such as ANSYS Fluent and ANSYS CFX. These tools simulateairflow around the blade, assess lift and drag forces, and calculate power coefficients undervarious wind conditions. Engineers can use these insights to optimize blade geometry, twist, andchord distribution for maximum energy capture. Blades are subjected to complex and varyingloads, including aerodynamic forces, gravitational effects, and centrifugal forces. Using tools likeANSYS

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guenter Bischof, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences; Benjamin Blank; Annette Casey, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences; Bernhard Fuchs, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences; Luka Grbeš, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences; Elia Osti

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

presented at 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Salt Lake City, Utah. 10.18260/1-2—30888 (2018)[2] Raghu Echempati, New Course Development and Assessment Tools in Automotive Lightweighting Technologies, Paper presented at 2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Salt Lake City, Utah. 10.18260/1-2—30837 (2018)[3] Nuno Manuel Mendes Maia and Júlio Martins Montalvão e Silva, eds., Theoretical and Experimental Modal Analysis, Research Studies Press Ltd., Baldock (1997)[4] Jacob P. Den Hartog, Strength of Materials, Dover Publications, New York (1961)[5] Daniel J. Inman, Engineering Vibration, Pearson, 4th edition (2013)[6] Gloria G. Ma, Siben Dasgupta, and Anthony W. Duva, Cantilever Beam

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 6

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Ann Weitnauer; Jacqueline Rohde, Georgia Institute of Technology; Thomas Martin, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

Paper ID #38940Lessons Learned While Managing ”Raise Your Hand,” a MultidisciplinaryCollaboration between Engineering and the ArtsMary Ann WeitnauerDr. Jacqueline Rohde, Georgia Institute of Technology Jacqueline (Jacki) Rohde is the Assessment Coordinator in the School of Electrical and Computer Engi- neering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Her interests are in sociocultural norms in engineering and the professional development of engineering students.Thomas Martin, Georgia Institute of Technology ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Lessons learned while managing Raise

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Danielle Vegas Lewis, SUNY Fredonia

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 3: Mentorship and Communication in Engineering Graduate Programs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Magdalena G. Grohman, University of North Texas; Matthew J. Brown Ph.D., Southern Illinois University; Nicholas Raphael Gans, The University of Texas at Arlington; Jeff Glenn Edwards, University of Texas at Dallas

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

learning processes that lead to these outcomes [4], [5].CURE, as a course-based experience with pre-defined learning outcomes, is very amenable tooutcomes-focused research using surveys, test-based assessments, and grade-point averages [6].However, URE does not have the same kind of set learning goals; the primary goals of the UREcontext are the knowledge-production goals of the working laboratory. Learning here will, ofcourse, be a more organic by-product of the enculturation of students into scientific (andengineering) practice. Graduate research experiences are akin to URE in terms of difficulty toassess learning outcomes. Rather than focusing on outcomes defined from the start, we usecognitive-ethnographic methods to understand the social

Conference Session

Online and Remote Teaching

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nazanin Mansouri, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

met. The assessment of the identified ABET performance indicators at the end of the semester were above the acceptable threshold and comparable with the in-person course. This experience demonstrates that through innovation, some of the engineering laboratory courses can be taught remotely without sacrificing any experiments.1. Introduction One of the most meaningful measures of an engineering program is for its graduates to be able to perform from the first day on the job. It is only through a fine interplay of the theory and practice that such an outcome can be achieved. Hence, it is imperative that when developing courses and curricula, we keep a theory to practice outcome in mind. What distinguishes the new graduates in

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 11

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret E.B. Webb, Virginia Tech ; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Integration at the Course Level

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

socialjustice. Using a particular perspective on sociotechnical thinking (STSE), the goal of thisresearch was to explore sociotechnical thinking within engineering instructor teaching goals andpractices. The study also sought to identify the challenges and enabling factors that engineeringinstructors experience in utilizing teaching practices related to sociotechnical thinking. STSEwas selected given both its inherent flexibility, and its specific features that allow for somenatural connections with engineering. Using STSE also allowed for the introduction of aframework from a different context to assess its utility and relevance to the engineeringlandscape.This study employed an online survey, featuring both qualitative and quantitative methods

Conference Session

Intersections of Identity and Student Experiences: Equity, Culture & Social Justice Technical Session 10

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaylla Cantilina, University of Michigan; Robert Loweth, University of Michigan

Conference Session

Student Division Technical 3: Mixed - Research, Engineering Design, Design Thinking, and Curriculum Design

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hugh Scribner, University of Colorado Boulder; Katherine Goodman, University of Colorado Denver; Jean Hertzberg, University of Colorado Boulder

generally had a strong interest in aesthetics and design.This meant that it was difficult to detect significant positive shifts across student responses.ResultsTransformative ExperienceThe AesDes survey assessed the transformative experience by measuring the three indicators:expansion of perception, motivated use, and affective value. The findings are presented below.Expansion of PerceptionExpansion of perception was measured by Questions 9, 10, and 11, as shown in Table 1.It was found that the responses to Question 9 were positively saturated, as 51% (n=15) of thestudents who came into the class gave responses like the following on the entry survey: “In the engineering field, even though aesthetics is rarely mentioned in any textbooks or

Conference Session

Values in Engineering: Ethics and Justice-Oriented Engineering

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fatima Naeem Abdurrahman, University of Maryland, College Park; Sona Chudamani, University of Maryland, College Park; Chandra Anne Turpen, University of Maryland College Park; Jennifer Radoff, University of Maryland, College Park; Andrew Elby, University of Maryland, College Park; David Tomblin, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Matthew Perkins Coppola, Purdue University Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Emil H Salib, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

students in the creation and submission of a smart contract, and verification oftransaction blocks through a proof-of-work consensus algorithm. A preliminary assessment of thelab exercises by undergraduate students allowed us to present in this paper (see Appendix A) awell-tested set of lab exercises.The paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we provide a brief overview of the opportunitydefinition and the solution goal and objectives of the work described in this paper. In Section 3,we provide a brief description of the core and special components of the Ethereum blockchainplatform. Also included is a walk-through of the data flow of blockchain transactions and blocks.Section 4 focuses on the solution implementation stages and section 5

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Recruiting and Retention

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nisha Abraham, University of Texas at Austin; Nina Kamath Telang, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

“Q” noted on their transcript [17]. ● QDFW% rates: the percentage of students in the course who Q-dropped the class, made a D, F, or withdrew (and received a W on their transcript), in comparison to the whole student population for that course. ● “SI” students: students who attended 6 or more sessions ● “non-SI” students: students who attended 5 or fewer sessions.IV. Research Questions To assess the impact of SI on freshmen engineering participants, this report addresses the following questions: 1. How did SI attendance affect overall course GPAs for SI students versus non-SI students in this course? 2. How did SI attendance affect QDFW% rates for SI students versus non-SI students in this

Conference Session

Bridging Content and Context in the Classroom

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Heather Dillon, University of Washington Tacoma; Tammy VanDeGrift, University of Portland

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education, Equity

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Amanda Gonczi, Michigan Technological University; Whitney Nicole McCoy, University of Virginia; Robert M. Handler; Jennifer L. Maeng, University of Virginia

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

orlittle confidence using computer assessed design (CAD) (n = 22, 81.5%), probes/sensors (n = 18,66.7%), and programming software (n = 16, 59.3%).RQ 2: Appropriateness for Engineering InstructionRegarding whether teachers felt it was appropriate to use each of the digital technologies withintheir classroom to support engineering instruction, all teachers (n = 27, 100%) indicated digitalimages, simulations, and interactive visualizations were somewhat to extremely appropriate(Figure 2). One or more teachers indicated spreadsheets (n = 12, 44.4%), computer-assisteddesign (n = 6, 22.2%), probeware/sensors (n = 3, 11.1%), and programming software (n = 2,7.4%) were not appropriate to use. Digital image use was most frequently ranked by teachers

Conference Session

Design Across the Curriculum 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Caroline Grace Sawatzki, Saginaw Valley State University; Rajani Muraleedharan, Saginaw Valley State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, space, or resources to support course offerings in emerging fields [2].Students who left engineering programs have cited a lack of interest in their major and theinability to work closely with faculty on research projects throughout their undergraduateeducation [3]. Students’ own experiences and performance on assessments indicate that thetraditional “lecture-homework-exam” method of engineering education is insufficient to fulfillthe goal of long-term information retention and academic and professional success [4].Furthermore, students who struggle significantly to succeed in classes employing this method ofeducation are more likely to discontinue their pursuit of engineering, as evidenced by the >50%attrition rate observed in many

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Student Issues as Related to Culture

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Prashant Rajan, Iowa State University; Charles T. Armstrong, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Elizabeth J. O'Connor , Ketchum Change; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Rebecca L. Dohrman, Maryville University; Colleen Arendt, Fairfield University ; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

lecturer in Purdue’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Dr. Zoltowski’s academic and research interests include human-centered design learning and assessment, service-learning, ethical reasoning development and assessment, leadership, and assistive technology. Page 26.1711.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Vulnerable heroes: Problematizing metaphors of male socialization in engineeringAbstractWhile extensive research and intervention has occurred over the past two decades to amelioratethe underrepresentation of white females and

Conference Session

Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lari Garrison, University of Washington; Reed Stevens, University of Washington; Portia Sabin, University of Washington; Andrew Jocuns, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

shape their actions. In particular, we suggestthat students construct a cultural model of the admissions process in order tobetter understand and navigate the process. To understand this cultural model weneed to examine the beliefs that are born from it. In other words, to understand thestudents’ cultural model of the process we must examine what they report theirbeliefs about the process to be. It is important to understand this cultural model,because it is an evaluative tool, one that allows them to assess themselves andothers. This in turn shapes the students’ view of themselves and others, and howothers see them as well. Page 12.428.2Gaining entry to a

Conference Session

IFEES: The Globalization of Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lueny Morell, Hewlett-Packard; Claudio Borri, Universita' di Firenze; Sarah Rajala, Mississippi State University; Bruno Laporte, World Bank; Maria M. Larrondo Petrie; Seeram Ramakrishna, National University of Singapore; Xavier Fouger, Dassault Systemes; Jose Carlos Quadrado; Adriana Garboan, Politechnica University of Bucharest; Duncan Fraser, University of Cape Town; Hans Hoyer, American Society for Engineering Education

Tagged Divisions

ASEE Global Programs

of accelerated globalization, “grey matter” is a country’smain durable resource. Its exploitation for economic and social well-being is increasingly at thecenter of development strategies. The analysis and information on which this book is based arelargely drawn from work by the World Bank Institute’s Knowledge for Development program,launched in 1999, which has carried out a number of knowledge based economy diagnostics andcase studies, using the Knowledge Assessment Methodology (KAM) 5 .What are the basic foundations of knowledge based economies? The World Bank suggests fourmajor areas [2]: • Education & Training– An educated and skilled population is needed to create, share, and use knowledge. • Information

Conference Session

Professional Graduate Education and Industry

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norman Egbert, Rolls-Royce Corporation; Eugene DeLoatch, Morgan State University; Donald Keating, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

: Definition PhaseTask #1: Define Progressive Growth Levels of Engineering Beyond Entry [I – IX] Assess the progressive stages of growth and levels of increasing responsibility in the practice of engineering for leadership of responsible technology development and innovation in industry14.Task #2: Identify Core Progressive Skill-Sets in Engineering for all Levels Identify the professional skill-sets, experience factor, and knowledge required at all growth levels for engineering-leadership of technology development and innovation a) Early-career Level I – III Engineer b) Mid-career Level IV–VI Engineer c) Senior-career Level VII–IX

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship and Innovation: The Student Experience

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Conference Session

Engineering Social and Human Ethical Impacts

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Debra S. Fuentes, Brigham Young University; Stephanie Claussen, Colorado School of Mines; Gregg Morris Warnick, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

was responsible for developing curriculum and assessment tools and overseeing the research efforts within EPICS. Her academic and research interests include the profes- sional formation of engineers, diversity and inclusion in engineering, human-centered design, engineering ethics, leadership, service-learning, and accessibility and assistive-technology.Debra S. Fuentes, Brigham Young University Debra S. Fuentes is a doctoral student at Brigham Young University in Educational Inquiry, Measurement, and Evaluation specializing in Mathematics Education. She received a Master’s degree in Curriculum and Instruction emphasizing English as a Second Language, and a Bachelor’s degree in elementary education, minoring in

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Focused on Female Students

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeanna R. Wieselmann, University of Minnesota; Emily Anna Dare, Florida International University; Gillian Roehrig, University of Minnesota; Elizabeth Ring-Whalen, St. Catherine University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

participation in groupactivities. Other studies have found that mixed-gender groups are associated with more positiveoutcomes than single-gender groups. For example, researchers [82] found that middle-schoolstudents participating in a design-based physics curriculum performed better on assessments ofcontent and practices if they had worked in mixed-gender as opposed to single-gender groups.Schnittka and Schnittka [27] found mixed-gender groups to be beneficial in engineeringeducation, with girls learning more in such mixed-gender groups.Although research findings related to the influence of group gender composition are mixed, anumber of studies [78], [83] – [85] have found group gender composition to be significantlyrelated to students’ participation