Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William M. Jordan, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Paper ID #21339Incorporating Active Learning and Sustainable Engineering Concepts into aRequired Materials ClassDr. William M. Jordan, Baylor University William Jordan is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Baylor University. He has B.S. and M.S. degrees in metallurgical engineering from the Colorado School of Mines, an M.A. degree in theology from Denver Seminary, and a Ph.D. in mechanics and materials from Texas A & M University. He teaches materials-related courses and does research with natural fiber composite materials. He is also interested in entrepreneurship,sustainable engineering, and appropriate technology

Conference Session

NEW Lab Experiments in Materials Science

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gukan Rajaram, North Carolina A&T State University; Devdas Pai, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

2006-2031: LEARNING ABOUT PARTICLE SIZE CHARACTERIZATION WITH AWATER PITCHER FILTERDevdas Pai, North Carolina A&T State University DEVDAS M. PAI is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at NC A&T State University and Associate Director of the Center for Advanced Materials and Smart Structures. He teaches manufacturing processes and tribology related courses. A registered Professional Engineer in North Carolina, he serves on the Mechanical PE Exam Committee of the National Council of Examiners for Engineers and Surveyors and is active in several divisions of ASEE and in ASME.Gukan Rajaram, North Carolina A&T State University GUKAN RAJARAM is a PhD student in the Department of Mechanical

Conference Session

Building a Community in Materials

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Gray

Tagged Divisions

Materials

reduction wherecomposites will replace aluminum.It is evident that the use of composite materials and applications will continue to grow, not onlyby replacing current materials in previous applications, but more importantly by designing new Page 11.163.3composite applications, unique in form, structure and characteristics. Through composites,engineers and designers can truly be creative industrial artists.The challenge for the educational system is to provide learning and training opportunities to helpgrow the composites knowledge base in its many forms. Composites as both a material andapplication must be more widely introduced to all mechanical

Conference Session

Materials Education Perspectives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barry Dupen, Indiana University-Purdue University-Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Materials

learn how materials data affect design, economics, andpublic policy.IntroductionI teach a second-semester freshman materials class for Mechanical Engineering Technologystudents, using the first half of Kalpakjian & Schmid’s Manufacturing Engineering andTechnologyi (the second half of the book is covered in a subsequent materials course). Thecourse covers the basics of materials structure/property relationships, materials testing, andmaterials processing. Because I teach at a branch campus of Purdue University, the class ispopulated by a mixture of full-time traditional-age students who may work part-time jobs, andpart-time older students who work full-time jobs. I assign weekly homework problems to assessstudents’ understanding of the

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hope L. Weiss, California State University, Fullerton

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Francisco State University has developed a series of mobile learning strategies that focus onimproving student learning in a required mechanics of solids course [4]. They include recordedreview videos, virtual office hours, and interactive mobile learning apps. Comparing studentfinal grades, showed that the combination of these strategies moved C students to the A to Brange. However, there is no assessment of the effectiveness of the individual strategies.These previous studies have all been targeted at one specific course. The goal of this project is toimprove students' mastery and recall of prerequisite material across all mechanical engineering(ME) courses, including undergraduate and graduate courses. To do this a “library” of shortvideos is

Conference Session

Innovations in ME Laboratory Instruction

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guido Lopez, Old Dominion University; Ilya Leipunsky, Russian Academy of Science; Nadezda Berezkina, Russian Academy of Sciences

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

(NDT) and Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE)are methods of considerable importance to inspect and determine the integrity of engineeringmaterials, equipment and systems. Several engineering techniques have been and continue to bedeveloped for accurate NDT and NDE of materials. Examples of these techniques in engineeringapplications include: X-rays, Thermography, Ultrasound, Eddy Current, Magnetic Particle, andPenetrant Testing 6,8,12.Materials Testing is quite likely to be part of engineering lab curricula and training, particularly,in fields such as, Civil, Structural, Mechanical, Power Plant, Nuclear, Aeronautical andAerospace. Often, however, testing of engineering materials in the laboratory involves“destructive” procedures where standard

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Miller, Campbell University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #26244Board 98: Lessons Learned from an Integrated Class-Lab Approach to a Me-chanics of Materials CourseDr. Michele Miller, Campbell University Dr. Michele Miller is a Professor and Associate Dean at Campbell University. Prior to joining Campbell in 2017, she was a professor of mechanical engineering at Michigan Tech. She received undergraduate and graduate degrees in mechanical engineering from Duke and NC State, respectively. Her research interests include engineering education and precision manufacturing. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Lessons Learned from an

Conference Session

Design Throughout the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elliott Vega, University of Washington, Bothell; John William Bridge P.E., University of Washington, Bothell

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #14735The Incorporation of a Materials Selection Program in a Junior-Level Me-chanical Engineering Design CourseMr. Elliott Vega, University of Washington, Bothell Elliott Vega is an senior undergraduate mechanical engineer enrolled at the University of Washington Bothell. He received his Associate in Science degree from Shoreline Community College in 2014 in pre- engineering and was accepted as part of the first cohort to enroll as a mechanical engineer at the Bothell campus. His current interest and focus is to apply the knowledge gained in the classroom to advanced vehicle modifications. Upon graduating, he

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: The Remote World

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Hope Leigh Weiss, California State University, Fullerton; John W. Sanders, California State University, Fullerton

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

• Include interactive self-check questions to keep students engaged and to segment the video • Provide an example problem but in order to keep the video short, the solution steps were not explained in detailThese studies each focused on prerequisite review videos for one course in their curriculum.Following their successes, the goal of this project is to create online review videos to improvestudent’s mastery and recall of prerequisite material across all mechanical engineering (ME)courses. The Review Video Library (or RVL) created is an ongoing project with videos beingcontinuously created and updated. It has been used in select courses in Spring 2019, Fall 2019,and currently in Spring 2020. The initial timeline and preliminary

Conference Session

Programming, Simulation, and Dynamic Modeling

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Reed Campbell, Robert Morris University; Luis E. Monterrubio, Robert Morris University; Tony Lee Kerzmann, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

2005, Dr. Campbell has served as faculty for the Pennsylvania Governor’s School for the Sciences (a summer program at Carnegie Mellon) and currently sits on the Board of Directors for the PGSS Campaign, a nonprofit that is responsible for raising the funds to finance and sustain the program.Dr. Luis E Monterrubio, Robert Morris University Aug 2013 - Present Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Robert Morris University June 2010-Aug 2013 Postdoctoral Fellow University of California, San Diego Structural Engineering Department Ph.D. - Mechanical Engineering - (University of Waikato, New Zealand) M.A.Sc. - Mechanical Engineer- ing - (University of Victoria, Canada) B.E. - Mechanical Engineering

Conference Session

Teaching Methods for the 21st Century: Part 2

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anastasia Micheals, San Jose State University; Emily Allen, San Jose State University; Jeanne Linsdell, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

AC 2007-1875: WRITING PROGRAM IMPROVEMENTS FOR A MATERIALSENGINEERING LABORATORY COURSEAnastasia Micheals, San Jose State University Anastasia Micheals, materials researcher and instructor in materials engineering, works with a wide variety of materials, including metals, ceramics, composites, and polymers. She has more than 13 years experience in industry, government and consulting in the areas of materials characterization, analysis, and processing. She holds an M.S. in Materials Science and Engineering from Stanford University, and currently teaches Materials Engineering at San Jose State University. Courses include introductory materials engineering, electrical properties of

Conference Session

Creating 'Materials' Awareness

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence Genalo, Iowa State University; Scott Chumbley, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Page 12.233.6reasons. First of all, it is not a well-known field among K-12 students so any education,even just the fact that the field exists, will increase the number of students choosing toenter the field. Secondly, the science-base and cross-disciplinary nature of the fieldappeal to students who aren’t ready to concentrate on applications they perceive to takethem into one field of science at the expense of others. For example students assume,correctly or not, that majoring in chemical engineering means they won’t be “doingphysics” any more or majoring in mechanical engineering means they will be doing onlyphysics-related applications. Lastly, the fact that atomic structure plays such a vital rolein materials work allows for interesting

Conference Session

Materials Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Moises Hinojosa-Rivera, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Martin Edgar Reyes-Melo, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; José Alejandro Cazares, Teacher

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Paper ID #13325Educational Objectives, Outcomes and Competencies Assesment for a LatinAmerican Materials Engineering ProgramDr. Moises Hinojosa-Rivera, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering (1988), M.Sc (1991) and Ph.D in Materials Engineering (1996), Postdoc at ONERA (France, 1997-1998). Full time professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Mexico since 1999. Main fields of research are Physics of Fracture of Heterogenenous Materials and Materials for Fuel Cells. Also works in the field of Engineering Education. Appointments: Coordi- nator of Mechanical Engineering (2002-2005

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James B. Pocock, U.S. Air Force Academy; Anthony Barrett, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Materials

opportunity with aU.S. academic institution for the limited testing of a variety of wood species. Through anacademic contact, EMI partnered with a faculty member knowledgeable in materials testing atthe U.S. Air Force Academy’s (USAFA) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineeringwho was able to identify an undergraduate student interested in a conducting an independentstudy. Like most U.S. academic institutions with civil and/or mechanical engineering programs,USAFA has a laboratory that includes frames capable of basic material testing to support theirprograms, such as a course in construction materials. Not only was EMI grateful for anopportunity to have some of these species tested at virtually no cost, they were able to avoid thecost of

Conference Session

Teaching Methods for the 21st Century: Part 2

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Vollaro, Western New England College

Tagged Divisions

Materials

AC 2007-1906: MATERIALS SELECTION EXERCISES BASED ON CURRENTEVENTSMary Vollaro, Western New England College Mary B. Vollaro is Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Western New England College in Springfield, Massachusetts. Dr. Vollaro received her Ph.D. at the University of Connecticut and she has held engineering positions in industry in the materials science area. She is currently Chair of the ASEE Materials Division and works closely with longtime ASEE partners, The National Educators Workshop (NEW). Page 12.1038.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hui Shen, Ohio Northern University; Vishal R. Mehta, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

College (NNMC), Espanola, NM, USA. Taught courses in Basic math for engineering applications, Intro to math for engineering applications, General engineering design, Applied Metallurgy, Photovoltaic Devices, Mechanics of Mate- rials, Solar Thermal Applications, Electric Energy Storage Devices, Materials and Devices and Capstone 2016 (Fall): Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio Northern University, taught statics, engineering materials science and renewable energy courses. Activities: Sophomore academic advisor. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 A Comprehensive Term Project for Materials Science CourseAbstractAt Ohio Northern University (ONU), Materials

Conference Session

Materials Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barry Dupen, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Paper ID #12605Using Graphical Data Presentation Techniques to Improve Student Success,Teaching Effectiveness, and Program AssessmentDr. Barry Dupen, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne Dr. Dupen is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering Technology at Indiana University – Pur- due University Fort Wayne (IPFW). He has 9 years’ experience as a metallurgist, materials engineer, and materials laboratory manager in the automotive industry. His primary interests lie in materials engineer- ing, mechanics, and engineering technology education. He is also an experienced contra dance caller

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Cavalli, Western Michigan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Paper ID #22633Comparing Muddiest Points and Learning Outcomes for Campus and Dis-tance Students in a Composite Materials CourseDr. Matthew Cavalli, Western Michigan University Dr. Cavalli is Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Associate Dean for Undergraduate Academic Affairs in the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Comparing Muddiest Points and Learning Outcomes for Campus and Distance Students in a Composite Materials CourseAbstractStudents in a senior-level elective course on composite materials were required to

Conference Session

Building a Community in Materials

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Johnson, Central Washington University; Joe Fuerte, Central Washington University; James Protzeller, Central Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

2006-949: PROGRAM SYNERGY: ENGINEERING LABS USING FOUNDRYRESOURCESCraig Johnson, Central Washington University Craig Johnson (www.cwu.edu/~cjohnson) is the Coordinator of both the Mechanical Engineering Technology and the Cast Metals Industrial Technology Programs at Central Washington University. He is a Foundry Education Foundation Key Professor and has a P.E. in Metallurgy. Dr. J. is also a past chair of the ASEE Materials Division. He specializes in test design, interface characterization and process optimization (forming & casting).Joe Fuerte, Central Washington University Joe Fuerte is a student in the Masters of Science in Engineering Technology Program at Central

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yi Hu P.E., Tatung University; Amy Shumin Chen, Tatung University, Center for General Education; Yung-Yu Chen; Chao Yang Yang, Tatung University; Ching-Long Yeh

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Paper ID #19119Course Modules Designed for Creativity Training in Materials EngineeringEducationProf. Yi Hu P.E., Tatung University Yi Hu teaches in Department of Materials Engineering, Tatung University (TTU). Dr. Hu earned his BS and MS in Mechanical Engineering from TTU in Taiwan and his PhD degree in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in USA. His research major is in the field of advanced ceramics and his PhD research involved developing novel organic-inorganic hybrid materials through sol-gel method. Dr. Hu has worked in the field of electronic ceramics, glass

Conference Session

Hands-on Materials Science and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Johnson, Central Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

ABETrequirements. Student feedback indicated strong support for continued use of this lab.Acknowledgements:Fiberglass used in this laboratory were provided by The Boeing Company and Battelle (PNNL).Bibliography:1. Johnson, C.H., “Modeling in a Composite Beam Lab”, ASEE Annual Conference, 2002.2. Hibbeler, R.C., “Mechanics of Materials”, Prentice-Hall.3. Mott, R.L., “Machine Elements in Mechanical Design”, Prentice-Hall.4. Avallone, E.A., Baumeister III, T., “Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers”, McGraw-Hill.5. http://www.structural-engineering.fsnet.co.uk/free.htm Last updated: 21 May 2006.6. Jones, R.M., “Mechanics of Composite Materials”, Scripta Book Company and McGraw-Hill

Conference Session

NEW Lab Experiments in Materials Science

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Vollaro, Western New England College

Tagged Divisions

Materials

2006-1387: ENGINEERING EXPLORATION FOR JUNIOR GIRL SCOUTS:PARTNERSHIP, ACTIVITIES, INSIGHT, AND REFLECTIONMary Vollaro, Western New England College Mary B. Vollaro is Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Western New England College in Springfield, Massachusetts. Dr. Vollaro received her Ph.D. at the University of Connecticut, her M.S. at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and her B.S.M.E. at Western New England College. She has held engineering positions in industry (in particular, the materials science area). She is the ASEE Materials Division Chair. Page 11.565.1© American Society for

Conference Session

NEW Lab Experiments in Materials Science

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valerie Maynard, Northwestern University; Matthew Hsu, Northwestern University; Katherine Chen, California Polytechnic State University; R.P.H. Chang, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

2006-2672: LAYING THE FOUNDATION FOR NANOSCIENCE ANDNANOTECHNOLOGY WITH AN INTRODUCTORY MODULE FOR HIGHSCHOOL STUDENTSValerie Maynard, Northwestern University is a Research Associate: Content Developer in the Materials Research Institute, Northwestern University. She received a Ph.D. in biophysics from the University of Illinois—Urbana-Champaign. She taught introductory college physics for 10 years and then, frustrated with the abilities of incoming freshmen, went to work on improving science education at the pre-college level.Matthew Hsu, Northwestern University is a Research Associate: Content Developer in the Materials Research Institute, Northwestern University. He received a Ph.D

Conference Session

Introduction to Materials Courses

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Kitto, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

reshaped so that this course also serves asthe fundamental materials engineering component of a new three course sequence within a newminor in materials science. The minor is interdisciplinary so the student audience now includesengineering technology, chemistry, physics, geology, and manufacturing and supply chainmanagement majors.Biomedical devices and case studies, nanoengineering, and bioinspired materials have beenintroduced as focus areas with the intention of improving student learning in fundaments fromcrystal structure, to materials selection based on mechanical properties/design criteria, and tophase transformations. Also, the course content was changed to build student interest while alsofinding new and challenging ways to improve the

Conference Session

Keeping It Real: Real World Examples and Systems Thinking

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huihui Qi, University of California, San Diego; Changkai Chen; Richard Eugene Vallejo Jr., University of California, San Diego; Trevor Keoki Oshiro; Edward Zhou Yang Yu, University of California, San Diego; Isabella Fiorini

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics Division (MECHS)

Paper ID #37752Improving Students’ Learning through Inquiry-Based Learning Activitiesas Pre-training for Mechanics of Materials ClassesDr. Huihui Qi, University of California, San Diego Dr.Huihui Qi is a Teaching Assistant Professor in the department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineer- ing at the University of California San Diego.Changkai ChenMr. Richard Eugene Vallejo Jr., University of California, San Diego Richard Vallejo is a second-year undergraduate student at UC San Diego majoring in Mechanical En- gineering with a specialization in Controls and Robotics. Richard assists with concept generation and

Conference Session

Technical Session 10: Simulation and Modeling

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jing Zhang, Indiana University Purdue University - Indianapolis; Tejesh Charles Dube, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Michael Golub, IUPUI

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

-Performance Relationships: thermal barrier coating, solid oxide fuel cell, hydrogen transport membrane, lithium-ion battery 2. Physics-based Multi-scale Models: ab ini- tio, molecular dynamics (MD), discrete element models (DEM), finite element models (FEM) 3. Coupled Phenomena: diffusion-thermomechanical properties 4. Additve Manufacturing (AM) or 3D Printing: AM materials characterization, AM process (laser metal powder bed fusion, ceramic slurry extrusion) design and modeling (http://www.engr.iupui.edu/˜jz29/)Mr. Tejesh Charles Dube, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis I am a Mechanical Engineering graduate student interested in structural and material science application in the field of mechanical

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

P. Raju Mantena

—- - Session 1626 Frequency-Domain Vibration Analysis for Characterizing the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Materials P. Raju Mantena Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of Mississippi University, MS 38677 ABSTRACT Dynamic stiffness and internal damping are referred to as the dynamic mechanical properties of amaterial and are often expressed in terms of a

Conference Session

Freshman Experience in Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

JungHun Choi, Ohio University; Wieslaw Grebski, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton; Kenneth Dudeck, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2009-222: THE DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHING MATERIALS FOR ANINTRODUCTORY COURSE IN ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICALENGINEERING TECHNOLOGYJungHun Choi, Ohio UniversityWieslaw Grebski, Pennsylvania State University, HazletonKenneth Dudeck, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton Page 14.1200.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Development of Teaching Materials for an Introductory Freshman Courses in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering TechnologyAbstract This paper describes the content of two new introductory freshman courses used both theElectrical and Mechanical Engineering Technology programs at Penn State. These

Conference Session

Innovations in Curriculum, Projects, and Pedagogy in Aerospace Engineering Education

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron W. Johnson, University of Michigan; Jessica E S Swenson, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Paper ID #25717Open-Ended Modeling Problems in a Sophomore-Level Aerospace Mechan-ics of Materials CoursesDr. Aaron W. Johnson, University of Michigan Aaron W. Johnson is a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Michigan. He received his Ph.D. in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2014, after which he served as a postdoctoral research fellow at the Tufts University Center for Engineering Education and Outreach. Aaron also obtained a master’s degree from MIT in 2010 and a bachelor’s degree from the University of Michigan in 2008, both in aerospace engineering.Dr. Jessica E

Conference Session

CAD Within Engineering Design Graphics

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edwin M. Odom, University of Idaho, Moscow; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Paper ID #14578Using Solid Modeling to Enhance Learning in Mechanics of Materials andMachine Component DesignDr. Edwin M. Odom, University of Idaho, Moscow Dr. Odom teaches introductory CAD courses, advanced CAD courses, mechanics of materials, manufac- turing technical electives and machine component design within the Mechanical Engineering program. He is involved with the inter-disciplinary capstone design program, experimental mechanics, and has participated in several NSF grants one of which formalized the Mindworks learning resource. Professor Odom is a co-leader of the Idaho Engineering Works (IEW).Dr. Steven W