Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Julie Sandberg; Christine L. Collier; Chell Roberts; Lawrence Genalo

Engineering accomplishes its goals through career conferences, scientific internships, and scholarships. PWSE also provides support for women in science and engineering (PWSE pamphlet). This as well as many other programs try to make women aware of the career possibilities for them in technological careers. This World Wide Web project is very similar to all of these programs. Its goal is to encourage girls the age of eight and up to become involved in science and engineering. This project uses the World Wide Web to educate young girls about science and technology in a fin and interesting way. It introduces young people to computers and the intemet, while answering questions they may ask about

Conference Session

Electrical Energy Courses, Labs, and Projects I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Keith L. Coogler, Sam Houston State University; Bill Crockford, Sam Houston State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

potential applications.IntroductionDevices that scavenge energy from the ambient surrounding environment have become a populartopic for research. For some applications, energy scavenging eliminates the need for batteries orincrease the time between battery replacements. One ambient energy source found in ourenvironment is a temperature change (thermoelectric-Seebeck) effect. This form of ambientenergy is found in buildings, machines, bridges, staircases, furnaces, indoor and outdoortemperature differences, and the human body. The use of TEGs based on thermoelectric effects(or Seebeck, Peltier, Thomson effect) is made possible by direct conversion of temperaturedifferences to electrical power [1-6]. The Seebeck effect occurs when a temperature

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

W. Brian Hyslop; Susan L. Burkett; Susan Vrbsky; Laura Ruhala; Richard Ruhala; John Lusth

tenure/tenure-track couples in the Universities represented by the three casestudies is rather small. It is not clear that satisfying dual tenure-track seeking couples is asignificant problem. It seems that useful information could be better collected from graduatestudents currently seeking academic employment.AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank Barbara Bogue, the Director of the Women in Engineering Program atPSU, for her assistance. Page 4.463.7Bibliography1. Schulz, N. N., Schulz, K. H., & Crow, M. L. A Survey of Dual Career Hiring into Engineering Faculty Positions.J. Engineering Education, pp. 333-339, October 1997.2. Schulz, N. N

Conference Session

Novel Measurement Experiments

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Hoehn, Middle Tennessee State University; Saleh Sbenaty, Middle Tennessee State University; William Day, Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

2006-2041: DESIGNING, BUILDING, AND TESTING A CLOSEDCOMPARTMENT STAGE INCUBATOR, CCSIRichard Hoehn, Middle Tennessee State University RICHARD HOEHN, Mr. Hoehn is currently a graduate student, Computer Engineering Technology major at Middle Tennessee State University. Mr. Hoehn’s interests are wide spread in the technical field of PLC and PC-Based control applications. This also covers the design of embedded systems using off-the-shelf microcontrollers, CPLDs, and FPGAs. Mr. Hoehn is currently working for SME and is responsible for PLC and PC-Based instrumentation and control applications as well software development.Saleh Sbenaty, Middle Tennessee State University SALEH M. SBENATY, Dr

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca M. Reck, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

control systems, mechatronics, and engineering education. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Applications Monday: Students Bring Real-Life Control System Experiences into the ClassroomIntroductionControl systems courses are often highly theoretical and focused on mathematical derivations.Some students express difficulty connecting the theories to practice due to this emphasis. By thetime students reach their senior year of undergraduate studies in the United States, they haveinevitably encountered a control system in their daily lives (e.g. kitchen appliance, automobile,house HVAC system) or in an internship or co-op job. Yet, many students do not readilyrecognize these

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chip W. Ferguson, Western Carolina University; Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University; Sudhir Kaul, Western Carolina University; Paul M. Yanik, Western Carolina University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

experiences (3.6/4.0); and a need for continued strengtheningof activities associated with graduate school application processes as well as preparations for jobinterviews and applications. This paper presents details of the program initiatives, a compilationof survey results with necessary discussion, and areas of possible improvement going forward.IntroductionPreparing and maintaining a well-educated STEM workforce is essential to increase the globalcompetitiveness of U.S. based industries. Engineering and Technology programs at Institutionsof Higher Learning are well suited for supporting national workforce initiatives and may focusthese efforts through scholarship-based programs aimed at increasing student engagement,retention, and the workforce

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 3: Advancements in Teaching Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci Ph.D., CMfgE, Robert Morris University; Ronald Saus, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

, Tan and Tan, talk about a course “for expanding students’ knowledge of how ancient engineering has shaped human history and in return, how people have shaped engineering and technology.” The course was developed as a General Education Curriculum (GEC) course for the Engineering Education Innovation Center (EEIC) at the Ohio State University and includes “such topics as our ancient engineers, stone and hafted tools, the quest for fire, ancient arts, primordial farms, early water-raising devices, the engineering of clayware, early metallurgy, simple machines, military engineering, mechanical and water engineering, and time measurement.” The course is offered to engineering and non-engineering students, with a

Conference Session

Session 1: Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI)

Collection

2017 EDI

Authors

Stephen DeWeerth

2017 Engineering Deans Institute Coral Gables, FL, 2017 April 5Prof. James Ricles, Director/PI Prof. Richard Sause, co-PI 1 Lehigh NHERI• Housed in Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems (ATLSS)• Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) Site (2004-2014)• Unique facility that enables transformative research for natural hazard loss reduction and development of a resilient community  Portfolio of equipment, instrumentation, infrastructure, testbeds, and experimental simulation control protocols for structural testing  Large-scale, multi-directional

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul McMonigle, The Pennsylvania State University; Katelin Marie Woods, Tulane University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD)

Paper ID #47145BOARD #146: Going Bookless: A Case Study from an Engineering LibraryMr. Paul McMonigle, The Pennsylvania State University Paul McMonigle is the Engineering Instruction Librarian at the Pennsylvania State University. He graduated from Syracuse University with a MS-LIS degree in December of 2018 and from the Pennsylvania State University with a M.Ed. in Learning, Design, and Technology in 2024. His research interests include information literacy instruction for STEM students, student engagement and outreach programs, and the early history of libraries and collections.Katelin Marie Woods, Tulane University

Collection

2011 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Sigrid Berka

culture.At the same time, it is a great incentive for students enrolled in URI’s 5 year dual degree GermanIEP program, working towards a B.S. in an engineering discipline, and a B.A. in German.Students in this program spend their 4th year studying and interning abroad. The IEP has ademanding curriculum, and the annual study tour is one of its most effective tools to retain thesestudents who go the extra mile. It serves several purposes: firstly, it introduces students toGermany as an attractive site for science, technology and culture. Highlights of the study tour arevisits to German companies as a means of preparing students for their internships in the 4th year.At companies such as Bayer, BMW, Conti, Hilti, Lufthansa Technik, Siemens, or ZF

Conference Session

Teaching Engineering and Public Policy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Orndoff, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

overviews thestudent exploration of various techniques used by construction professionals, property ownersand policy makers that promote the aesthetic and economic benefits of green construction.The research gathered by the students resulted in the following reports produced byundergraduate students and compiled by graduate students. The compendium of constructionpractices from the student perspective that bring to light the advantages of implementing greenconstruction include the following five sustainability topical areas: Educating Property Ownersand Buyers, A Greener World – Green Construction Practices to Rebuild and Preserve, GreenerRoofs for A Greener Community, Benefits of Protective Construction Practices and TreeConservation through

Conference Session

Best. Class. Ever.

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Linda S. Davis, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Deborah Lynn Grubbe P.E., Operations and Safety Solutions, LLC; Ronald Lee Cutshall Sr., R. L. Cutshall Sr., Consulting; Steven J. Swanson; Michael T. Harris, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Arvind Varma, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

nuclear engineering. The instructors for thecourse are also working with the faculty in the School of Chemical Engineering to develop a“Dynamic or Living” Process Safety Library. The electronic library is being populated withsafety lecture material, homework and exam problems and multi-media resources that can beincorporated in core chemical engineering courses such as thermodynamics, fluid mechanics,heat and mass transfer, reaction engineering and design. The Dynamic Process Safety Librarywill also be used as resource materials for students taking the Process Safety ManagementCourse. Additionally, the process safety efforts in the College of Engineering are utilizing theexisting resources and materials that are provided by the professional

Conference Session

Software and E-learning in the ME Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Blekhman, California State University Los Angeles

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Engineering Education, 2007 Lessons Learned in Adopting a CFD PackageAbstractComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) used to be a luxury reserved for elective undergraduate orgraduate engineering courses. Now it is being rapidly adopted in introductory Fluid Mechanicscourses. This, in large part, became possible with the introduction of FlowLab, which isspecifically designed for this purpose. The software is offered with several Fluid Mechanicstextbooks and is free for the duration of the course. It comes with a selection of modulesaddressing both internal and external flows. It is designed to simplify the instructor’s work and toaccelerate student learning by streamlining such issues as geometry, meshing, application ofboundary

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alyson Eggleston, The Citadel; Robert Rabb, The Citadel; Ronald Welch, The Citadel

,” London: Edge Foundation, 2011.[8] C. E. Johnson and M. Z. Hackman, Leadership, A Communication Perspective. 7th Edition. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc., 2018.[9] W. Archer and J. Davison, “Graduate employability,” The council for industry and Higher Education, 1-20, 2008.[10] A. G. Eggleston and R. J. Rabb, “Returning to an Industry-informed Technical Writing and Communication Course Design,” Paper presented at 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Tampa, Florida, June 2019. 10.18260/1-2—33246.[11] A. G. Eggleston and R. J. Rabb, “Survey and Best Practice Identification for Course Development and Integration of Technical Communication for Engineers,” Technology Interface International Journal

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 4: Design Thinking & Entrepreneurship

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gordon Stewart, Roger Williams University; Maija A. Benitz, Roger Williams University; Lillian Clark Jeznach, Roger Williams University; Charles R. Thomas, Roger Williams University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

environmental and water resources engineering. Her research is focused on water quantity and quality in natural and built hydrologic systems.Dr. Charles R. Thomas, Roger Williams University Dr. Charles Thomas is a member of the engineering faculty at Roger Williams University. For most of his time at RWU he has taught at least one section of the first-semester engineering course each fall semester, all the while enjoying the opportunity for collaboration with talented faculty colleagues that comes with teaching a multi-section course. He also teaches fluid mechanics and other mechanical engineering elective courses. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Introducing the Engineering

Conference Session

Knowing Students: Diversity & Retention

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Alisha Waller

Session 1430 T-shirts and Ponytails: Women Students in Engineering Talk about Self-presentation Alisha A. Waller Georgia State UniversityIntroduction Over the past thirty years, educators, activists, and politicians have made manycalls to increase the number of women in engineering education and practice. For example, in apublic hearing conducted by the Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science,Engineering, and Technology Development in July of 1999, William Wulf, President of the NationalAcademy of

Conference Session

AI Integration in Engineering Economy Course

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raymond L. Smith III, East Carolina University; Ricky T Castles, East Carolina University; Emily Fuller Sondergard

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy Division (EED)

disciplines[15]. However, the growing influence of generative AI tools like ChatGPT has also raised concernsregarding academic integrity and appropriate use, particularly among younger learners [16].Rather than viewing AI solely as a threat to traditional education models, recent efforts advocate for itsresponsible integration to enrich learning environments [11]. Strategies such as developing custom AIchatbots aligned with educational objectives offer pathways to maintain academic rigor while leveragingthe strengths of AI technologies [17]. At the forefront of this movement, work presented at the AmericanSociety for Engineering Education (ASEE) has demonstrated the effective use of custom generative AIchatbots as course resources [18], [19

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-oriented Studies Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Robert J. Rabb P.E., The Citadel; James Righter, The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the School of Engineering (SOE) at The Citadel. He earned his BS in Mechanical Engineering at the U.S. Naval Academy, his MS in Military Studies from the Marine Corps University Command and Staff College, and his PhD in Mechanical Engi- neering from Clemson University. His research interests include design methods, engineering leadership, collaborative design, and engineering education. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 “Just in Time” Mechatronics in Senior Design CapstonesAbstractMechatronics was originally viewed as a simple combination of mechanical and electricalsystems, but as technology and capability have

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Mark Smith

computing is, who the major players in the industry are, and how it can be used tomonitor and control remote processes. Session attendees will also see a case study of remote-control computing software in operation, monitoring and controlling a plant floor productionsystem.IntroductionNetworking technologies, and especially the Internet, have become a major component ofapplication systems. As we teach the design and implementation of process control systems inthe Engineering curriculum, we must recognize that these systems will require capabilities forcontrol and support from remote locations. For example, the need for remote control may bedriven by the high cost of a particular process. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory uses remoteprocess control

Conference Session

ELOS Technical Session 4: Empowering Student Learning Through Design, Integration, and Assessment

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Grace Yemisi Balogun, Morgan State University; David Olusogo Owolabi, Morgan State University; Michael Oluwafemi Ige, Morgan State University; Tolulope Abiri, Morgan State University; Pelumi Olaitan Abiodun, Morgan State University; Oludare Adegbola Owolabi P.E., Morgan State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

academicinstitutions seeking to prioritize student health and wellbeing.Keywords: Air Quality Monitoring, Engineering Education, Student Safety, Sustainability,Health HazardsIntroductionThe role of engineering education in cultivating a robust technological workforce is increasinglyacknowledged as essential for addressing societal and industrial challenges. One of thefoundational elements of engineering education is providing a safe and effective learningenvironment, which is of paramount importance, especially in laboratory settings where hazardoussubstances may be present [22]. Underfunded Historically Black Colleges and Universities(HBCUs) play a critical role in developing a diverse and representative engineering workforce[14]. Despite their importance

Conference Session

CIT Division Technical Session #1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mudasser Wyne, National University; Alireza Farahani; Esmaeil Atashpaz-Gargari; Lu Zhang, National University

research at Fort Hays State University, Kansas in 1996. He taught various courses in computer science, mathematics and information systems. In 2002, Dr. Farahani joined National University in San Diego. He is currently a professor and the Program Director for Computer Science at National University. He has served as the department chair of Information System and Computer Science departments. Dr. Farahani’s areas of interests are in optimization and parallel computing. He is a strong advocate of use of technology in teaching and learning.Esmaeil Atashpaz-Gargari Dr. Esmaeil Atashpaz-Gargari is an assistant professor of Computer Science in the Department of Engineering and Computing at the National University. He has

Conference Session

Program Delivery Methods and Real World Concepts

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghvinder Sangwan, Pennsylvania State University; Kathryn Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University-Great Valley; Matt Bass, Siemens Corporate Research; Dan Paulish, Siemens Corporate Research

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

asynchronous collaborative problem solving are discussed in Section 5,including some proposed directions for future research. Section 6 contains a discussion of theimplications this work has for the future of engineering education in general, while some finalcomments and conclusions are presented in Section 7.2. A Motivating Example from Software Product Development: The Global Studio ProjectSiemens Corporate Research (SCR), in collaboration with six universities, across four continents(Carnegie Mellon, USA; Monmouth University, USA; Pontifical Catholic University, Brazil;Technical University of Munich, Germany; University of Limerick, Ireland; InternationalInstitute of Information Technology, India) is currently conducting a multi-year experiment

Conference Session

Computer Applications in Energy Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vincent Winstead, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

AC 2008-2707: APPLIED ENGINEERING WITH LABVIEW: EXPERIENCESFROM A PLUG-IN HYBRID PROJECTVincent Winstead, Minnesota State University, Mankato Dr. Vincent Winstead is an assistant professor in the electrical and computer engineering and technology department at Minnesota State University, Mankato. Dr. Winstead completed his Ph.D. degree at the University of Wisconsin, Madison in Electrical Engineering with a specialization in control systems. He had worked as a systems engineer for the U.S. Air Force and as a powertrain control research engineer for Ford Motor Company. Dr. Winstead is a registered professional engineer and holds numerous patents in hybrid vehicle system optimization and

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Charles V. Camp; Anna P. Phillips; Paul Palazolo

evaluation of thetechnical part of the students’ written and oral presentations, evaluation of the students’ technicalwriting was more difficult. In actually evaluating the form and style, the evaluation became muchmore challenging, as there was more anecdotal than professional skills used for the evaluation.Students asked for more feedback than the teachers were able to provide. It was at this point thatadditional resources were committed to the class in the person of a professional writinginstructor.After consultation with the English Department, a writing instructor was selected to work as anintegral part of the teaching team. The teacher selected was familiar with the scope of theengineering students’ writing from having taught required

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Frederick Reardon

of engineering and technology. However, inteaching thermodynamics, it is essential to teach a systematic problem-solving methodology inorder that the the scientific concepts can be mastered. Thermodynamics is not a linear subject.In fact, it seems to me that it has a triangular structure, consisting of Principles, Processes, andProperties (Figure 1). In each of these three areas, there are numerous equations. Until theyunderstand the structure of the subject, students tend to be overwhelmed by the number ofequations, constants, and parameters. They want an example for every possible kind of problem,so that they can know how to get the answers to homework and exam problems. Rather thandoing that, which is really impossible, I teach them a

Conference Session

Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent Nelson, Northern Arizona University; Constantin Ciocanel, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2010-1852: CONNECTING EXPERIMENT, THEORY, AND PHYSICALINTUITION IN HEAT TRANSFER WITH A LOW-COST SOLAR WATERHEATER DESIGN PROJECTBrent Nelson, Northern Arizona University Brent Nelson completed his PhD at GeorgiaTech performing interdisciplinary research at the intersection of thermal transport, materials science, and nanofabrication. Before joining the faculty at NAU in 2008, he served as a postdoctoral fellow in engineering education with the National Academy of Engineering CASEE program, during which he worked with the Center for Biologically-Inspired Design at the Georgia Institute of Technology. There he studied the use of Biologically-Inspired Design as a context for studying

Conference Session

Topics in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melanie Ford, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

13.515.2engineering, mechanical engineering technology, plastics engineering technology and softwareengineering. Within the last year, we moved into a brand new 162,000 square foot facility withall new labs and classrooms. Part of the School’s mission is to conduct technical and educationaloutreach to the community. The College for Kids program offers a unique venue of providingeducational outreach to the younger members of the community.In the summer of 2006 in response to the survey results, the course “Engineering MythBusters”was created as an enrichment program for children ages 8 to 12. The goal of the course is tointroduce children to the different fields of engineering using hands-on activities. Inspiration wasdrawn from the popular Discovery Channel

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James E. Maccariella Jr., Mercer County Community College; Laura Blinderman, Mercer County Community College; Helen Tanzini, Mercer County Community Cillege; Richard Porter, Mercer County Community College

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

. Richard Porter, Mercer County Community College A graduate of Rutgers University in Mathematics and Chemistry. Worked in pharmaceutical industry as a computer programmer for several years. Teaching predominantly calculus and foundations mathematics since 1994. Enjoy current technology and ”real life” applications of mathematics. Involved in several aca- demic clubs, organizations, societies, and Mercer’s Honors Program. Currently a caregiver, avid gardener, and horticultural volunteer. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Scholarships Advancing Mercer STEM Students (SAMS)BackgroundMercer County Community College (MCCC) is a comprehensive, publicly supported open-admission

Conference Session

Making Mechanics Courses Fun and More Effective

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sarah Wodin-Schwartz P.E., Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Caitlin A. Keller, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kimberly Lechasseur, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Instructorships in Mechanical Engineering, the Romeo L. Moruzzi Young Faculty Award, and the KEEN Rising Star Award.Ms. Caitlin A Keller, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Caitlin Keller is the Instructional Designer for Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Her primary role involves partnering with faculty to create and develop courses in the online, blended, and face-to-face environ- ments with a focus on inclusive teaching practices and using active engagement as a vehicle for effective student learning. In addition, Caitlin serves as the designer, facilitator, and instructional design consultant for a variety of faculty development initiatives at WPI. Caitlin holds a Master of Science degree in Learn- ing Technologies and

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jinmyun Jo, Virginia State University; Xiaoyu Zhang, Old Dominion University; Ali A. Ansari, Virginia State University; Pamela Leigh-Mack, Virginia State University; James Irvin Cooke Jr., Virginia State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

control system. Dr. Ansari is a professor of Computer Engineering at Virginia State University.Dr. Pamela Leigh-Mack, Virginia State UniversityDr. James Irvin Cooke Jr., Virginia State University Director of Assessment and Senior Capstone Experiences Program Coordinator of Information Logistics program Department of Technology Virginia State University c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Extended Summer Research to Senior Design Project Jinmyun Jo1, Xiaoyu Zhang2, Pamela Leigh-Mack1, Ali Ansari1, James I. Cooke Jr1 Virginia State University, Petersburg, VA 238061 Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 235292IntroductionThere