Asee peer logo
Well-matched quotation marks can be used to demarcate phrases, and the + and - operators can be used to require or exclude words respectively
Displaying results 601 - 630 of 30202 in total
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jennifer Blue, Miami University; Amy Summerville, Miami University; Brian P. Kirkmeyer, Miami University; Brielle Nikole Johnson
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
engineering programs, potentially delaying the time todegree, imposing financial burdens on students and families, and contributing to attrition fromthe major into non-STEM fields. Improving student success in early courses within theengineering major would therefore address a critical issue in engineering education. Women in engineering are of particular concern. In 2013, women were 19.2% ofundergraduate engineering majors in the US [1]. That same year, they held 26% of the jobs incomputing and only 12% of the jobs in engineering [2]. In this study, we examine the effects ofgender on the performance of students in early courses that engineering majors take duringtheir first year of college. We also examine effects of gender on student
Conference Session
Mathematics Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gustavo Moran, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
interactions between student moti- vation and their learning experiences. Her projects involve the study of student perceptions, beliefs and attitudes towards becoming engineers and scientists, and their problem solving processes. Other projects in the Benson group include effects of student-centered active learning, self-regulated learning, and incor- porating engineering into secondary science and mathematics classrooms. Her education includes a B.S. in Bioengineering from the University of Vermont, and M.S. and Ph.D. in Bioengineering from Clemson University. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Effects of an Intensive Mathematics Course on Freshmen
Collection
2019 ASEE PNW Section Conference
Authors
Jen Symons, University of Portland; Heather Dillon, University of Portland; Joseph P Hoffbeck, University of Portland
Tagged Topics
Diversity
% 0% Control Iteration Inductive Teaching MethodFigure 1: Histogram comparing student performance (i.e. normalized student score) aggregatedfor all course topics as a result of different teaching methods.DiscussionThis study aimed to understand the effect of inductive teaching, compared to deductiveteaching, in an introductory programming course. Previous studies in engineering and languagepedagogy support the use of inductive teaching [1-2]. We hypothesized that inductive teachingwould improve student performance related to more complex topics like functions, conditionalstatements, and loops. However, the results of this study suggest a
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: The Remote World
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Kevin Skenes, The Citadel; Jason Howison, The Citadel; Emily Kate Bierman, The Citadel
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
., Trautwein, U., Lüdtke, O., The relationship between homework time and achievement is not universal : Evidence from multilevel analyses in 40 countries. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, Vol. 20, 2009.12. Bronikowski S., Lowrance, C., and Viall, K., Lather, Rinse, Repeat: The Effect of Replacing Homework with Periodic Quizzes in Engineering Courses. American Society of Engineering Education Middle Atlantic Section Conference, 2011.13. Allen, J. H., Fulcher J., Selvaraj, S. I., Assessment of Student Learning in Undergraduate Engineering Courses Using Quizzes In Lieu of Homework. 124th Annual American Society of Engineering Education Conference and Exposition, 2017.14. Li, W., Bennett, R., Olsen, T., McCord, R. Engage
Conference Session
Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nausheen Pasha-Zaidi, The Petroleum Institute; Jaby Mohammed, The Petroleum Institute
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
process can affect the quality of the team experience. In this study,female students in an Engineering Design course at the PI were randomly assigned toteams. After the first team presentation, they were asked to consider the effectiveness oftheir random team assignment and reflect on their team processes. Student perceptions ofteam effectiveness were gauged using anonymous surveys. Engagement in teamwork wassubsequently assessed using a variety of tools. In this paper, the authors discuss theimplications of choice in team creation on student perceptions of team effectiveness andsatisfaction.IntroductionResearch suggests that same-gender teams (all-male or all-female) perceive themselves asmore effective than heterogeneous teams (Baugh &
Conference Session
Accreditation and Related Issues in ECE
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Jeff Jalkio
Session 2532 Using Self-Evaluation and Student Generated Portfolios for Assessment of Student Learning and Course Effectiveness Jeffrey A. Jalkio Department of Engineering University of St. ThomasAbstractOne advantage of having clearly articulated learning objectives for courses is that students canfocus on these objectives to unify course material. Unfortunately, students often ignore thestated course objectives and focus their attention on the specific work required to earn goodgrades from the instructor. This paper
Conference Session
Innovations in Teaching: Mechanics
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeffery S. Thomas, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Richard H. Hall, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Timothy A. Philpot, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Douglas R. Carroll, Missouri University of Science & Technology
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 The Effect of On-Line Videos on Learner Outcomes in a Mechanics of Materials CourseIntroduction The Mechanics of Materials course is one of the core engineering courses included in thecurriculum of mechanical, civil, mining, petroleum, marine, aeronautical, and several otherengineering disciplines. As a core course, the Mechanics of Materials course typically has largeenrollment. Initiatives aimed at improving the effectiveness of the engineering core courses canhave a major impact on engineering education by virtue of the large number of students affected. Computers afford opportunities for creative instructional activities that are not
Conference Session
Attracting and Retaining Students in Civil Engineering
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William A Kitch, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
AC 2011-2754: EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF JUST-IN-TIMETEACHING AND PEER INSTRUCTION METHODS IN CIVIL ENGINEER-ING COURSESWilliam A Kitch, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, P.E., Ph.D. Page 22.651.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Evaluation of Effectiveness of Just-in-Time-Teaching and Peer Instruction Methods in Civil Engineering CoursesAbstractThis paper evaluates the effectiveness of just-in-time-teaching and peer instruction methods in atypical required junior level civil engineering geotechnical course sequence. These methods
Collection
2011 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Scott Bronikowski; Christopher Lowrance; Kenneth Viall
Lather, Rinse, Repeat: The Effect of Replacing Homework with Periodic Quizzes in Engineering Courses Scott Bronikowski, Christopher Lowrance, and Kenneth ViallAbstractThis paper investigates the benefits and consequences of eliminating graded homeworkassignments in engineering courses and replacing them with ungraded study problems and shortperiodic in-class quizzes. The specific environment for this study is the US Military Academy,West Point, NY. West Point has several unique factors related to curricular requirements andstudent time commitments which motivated the authors to strive for increased time efficiency inlearning complex material. The authors of this paper have taught engineering courses under
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zhaoshuo Jiang P.E., San Francisco State University; Alec William Maxwell, San Francisco State University; Zahira H. Merchant, San Francisco State University; Philip Scott Harvey Jr., University of Oklahoma; Nolan Tsuchiya P.E., California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Cheng Chen, San Francisco State University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
assess theeffectiveness of the mRSTLab in improving students’ understanding of critical course concepts.The survey results are very encouraging. Students showed good improvements in learning basicengineering concepts after they used the mRSTLab. In six of the seven questions, the answercorrectness increased by 8% - 21% in the post-survey compared to the pre-survey; the answercorrectness in one question remained the same. The answers to the questions assessing studentsatisfaction revealed that, 95% of the students found the mRSTLab easy to use and felt that itwas an enjoyable learning experience. 89% of the students agreed that it helped them improvetheir understanding of critical concepts and 84% would recommend it to a friend [18].Multiple
Conference Session
First-year Programs: Core Skills
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Seach Chyr (Ernest) Goh P.Eng., University of British Columbia, Okanagan; Claire Yu Yan P.Eng., University of British Columbia, Okanagan; John M. Hopkinson, University of British Columbia, Okanagan
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
Blended Delivery of a Statics CourseAbstractThis is a complete paper on Evidence-based Practice. A project was undertaken at the Universityof British Columbia to modularize the engineering mechanics: statics course. The full duration ofthe project is three years. In accordance with the project schedule, by September 2019, modulesfor the first half of the statics course were developed. The schedule calls for the remainingmodules to be developed by September 2020, and be implemented in that term.This paper presents a pre-implementation study to compare the effectiveness of two of thesemodules against conventional lectures. This study has been approved by the Behavioral ResearchEthics Board of our university. A total of 332 students enrolled in the
Conference Session
Size, Civility, and the Classroom Culture: Setting Class Tone with a Student-centered Perspective
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dimitra Michalaka P.E., The Citadel; Michael Golub, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
toexplore how the different ways of pairing students for group course projects influence teambuilding skills.IntroductionEngineers have a high calling of contributing to the betterment of humanity. Engineering hasbecome very competitive and projects more complicated in recent years.1,2,3 One solution to thecompetitive engineering environment is team building.4,5,6 Competent and effective teambuilding requires time and effort in the workplace or school. To best prepare students to meet theengineering profession’s demands and the needs of experienced professionals, it is important toteach teamwork and team building in the educational system. Teamwork is also a necessarycomponent of an engineering education because it provides a collaborative
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Mary Anderson-Rowland
Session 2570 The Effect of the Scheduling of the First Engineering Course on the Retention of Underrepresented Minority Engineering Students Mary R. Anderson-Rowland Arizona State UniversityAbstractThe retention of freshmen engineering students has received much attention and research focusin the last few years. Direct exposure to engineering during the first two semesters of thefreshman engineering student is an area being studied as a retention factor. When theintroductory engineering course at Arizona State (ASU) was in a
Collection
2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Jim Helbling; Angela Beck
132 From One to Many: Building an Effective Teaching Team for Capstone Courses Jim Helbling, Angela Beck Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, CAAbstractThis paper describes a shift from a solo instructor paradigm to a two-instructor team-teachingparadigm and then to a multi-instructor teaching team paradigm for senior-level capstone coursesat Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott campus (ERAU/Prescott). Specifically, thispaper recounts how various instructors and advisors joined a solo engineering instructor to
Conference Session
Hybrid and Online Teaching of Mechanics
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Serge Raymond Maalouf, University of Maine; Olivier Putzeys P.E., University of Maine
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
Engineering Education, 2020 Blended Statics: Finding an Effective Mix of Traditional and Flipped Classrooms in an Engineering Mechanics CourseAbstractFlipped classrooms and active learning are becoming more common in engineering education. Inan attempt to reap some benefits of the flipped format while minimizing its drawbacks, we havedesigned and implemented a “blended” statics course. Our blended course format includes a mixof traditional lectures and pre-recorded video lectures. In a typical week, one period is atraditional lecture, and the other period is an “activity session”. Before each activity session,students watch several pre-recorded mini-lecture videos and complete online quizzes to assesstheir understanding of the
Conference Session
Problem- and Project-Based Learning
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alaa Jaber; Kimberly Lechasseur, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Khairul Mottakin; Zheng Song, UMDearborn
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)
feedback strategies. We report findings andinsights to help instructors develop feedback policies and practices that are effective and likely tobenefit students. Our results suggest that giving low-level feedback still improves students’learning outcomes in the context of PjBL, especially for technical tasks.IntroductionProject-based learning is a student-centered pedagogical strategy in which students learn byparticipating in real-world and personally meaningful projects 1 . Unlike course projects wherestudents are expected to provide standard solutions, PjBL emphasizes authenticate, meaningfuland challenging projects 2 that provide inadequate solutions. Working on such open-endedprojects gives students ownership over their own learning 3 and
Conference Session
Programming for Engineering Students
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William Punch, Michigan State University; Richard Enbody, Michigan State University; Colleen McDonough, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
Early With at Risk Students in a CS1 CourseAbstractWe recently converted a CS1 (Introduction to Computing) class to use the Python language inplace of C++. Among other reasons, we hoped that the new language would help students whotypically struggled with the course. Our typical drop+fail rate was around 25%-30% for C++,and we hoped the conversion would reduce this number. Though it did reduce slightly, 15%-25%, it was not as significant as we had hoped. We therefore tried an early intervention strategyto help those students whom we could identify as struggling. We provided extra tutoring for onlythose students. We then calculated statistics on the effects this extra tutoring. The results werenot good: we found no
Conference Session
Remote and Network-based Laboratories
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rick Williams, East Carolina University; Loren Limberis, East Carolina University; Rebel Umphlett, BioNetwork Capstone Center; David Hobson Yarley, BioNetwork Capstone Center
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
25.1075.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Professional Development-Styled Short Courses for a Highly Effective Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory ExperienceAbstractProfessional development-styled short courses often provide working engineers an intensivehands-on learning experience that is difficult to achieve within the confines of the dailyworkplace. Can this model be extended into engineering education and provide engineeringstudents hands-on laboratory experiences that are difficult to achieve within the confines ofcampus? This collaborative project between the Engineering Department at East CarolinaUniversity (ECU) and the BioNetwork Capstone Center, an industrial-scale
Conference Session
Mathematics Division (MATH) Technical Session 1
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Meiqin Li, University of Virginia; Jessica Taggart, University of Virginia
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics Division (MATH)
Paper ID #41119Student Perceptions on the Effectiveness of Incorporating Numerical Computationsinto an Engineering Linear Algebra CourseDr. Meiqin Li, University of Virginia Dr. Li obtained her Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from Texas A&M University-College Station in 2017. Dr. Li holds a strong interest in STEM education. For example, she is interest in integrating technologies into classrooms to bolster student success, creating an inclusive and diverse learning environment, and fostering student confidence by redeveloping course curricula and assessment methods, etc. Beyond this, her research intertwines numerical
Conference Session
Solid and Structural Mechanics in Aerospace Engineering
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Waterloo Tsutsui, Purdue University - West Lafayette; Michael C. Loui, Purdue University - West Lafayette
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
engineering course, regular attendance at PLTLsessions improved the students’ understanding of the course materials, thus resulting in thesignificantly higher scores in final exams. Similarly, for an undergraduate organic chemistrycourse, regular attendance in PLTL sessions produced significantly improved student academicperformance and resulted in higher motivation toward the course work.2 For an undergraduatebiology course, Born et al.3 analyzed the effectiveness of PLTL for underrepresented minorityand women in science. The research concluded that PLTL had positive impact on their academicperformance. For a first-semester undergraduate general chemistry course, Hockings et al.4concluded that students who regularly participated in PLTL sessions
Conference Session
Labs & Hands-on Instruction I
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steven S. Holland, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Cory J. Prust, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Richard W. Kelnhofer, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Jay Wierer, Milwaukee School of Engineering
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
School of Engineering c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Effective Utilization of the Analog Discovery Board Across Upper-Division Electrical Engineering CoursesAbstractTo date, the electrical engineering education literature has presented the Digilent AnalogDiscovery board with a focus on usage in lower-level circuits courses and as merely a low-costreplacement for bench-top signal generators and oscilloscopes. This work broadens the domainof the Analog Discovery board beyond introductory courses, and demonstrates its use as apowerful educational tool for junior and senior level coursework. By utilizing its full suite ofmeasurement features, sophisticated laboratory
Conference Session
Hands-on Laboratory and Design Experiences in Environmental Engineering
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrew Ross Pfluger P.E., U.S. Military Academy; David-Michael P. Roux, U.S. Army; Michael A. Butkus, U.S. Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
AC 2012-3143: A HANDS-ON EXPERIENCE IN AIR POLLUTION ENGI-NEERING COURSES: IMPLEMENTING AN EFFECTIVE INDOOR AIRPOLLUTION PROJECTMajor Andrew Ross Pfluger, U.S. Military Academy Andrew Pfluger is an officer in the U.S. Army and an instructor at the U.S. Military Academy (USMA) in the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering. He holds two graduate degrees from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University. He currently teaches environmental science and air pollution engineering at USMA.Mr. David-Michael P. Roux, U.S. Army David-Michael P. Roux, P.E., is a U.S. Army officer and was an instructor in the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering at the U.S. Military
Collection
2022 ASEE Gulf Southwest Annual Conference
Authors
Vewiser J Turner Jr P.E., Prairie View A&M University; Sarhan M. Musa, Prairie View A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
formulation of plans toassist student’s improvement. The methodology also made it possible to document students’performance in the ABET outcomes for accreditation. Furthermore, we have showed that theinstructor industrial experiences can provide a simple approaches and effective way of teachingcapstone senior design courses for underrepresented students to enhance their learning. Proceedings of the 2022 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX Copyright © 2022, American Society for Engineering Education 12 References1. Dutson
Conference Session
Miscellaneous Mechanics: Covid and Free Body Diagrams
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Lord, Virginia Tech; Michael K. Thompson, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics Division (MECHS)
institution moved all classes and assessmentonline, removed most attendance policies, extended the drop deadline, and allowed students toalter their grading system from A-F to credit/no-credit. Most classes and assessments continuedto be online in Fall 2020 and Spring 2021, before returning to typical pre-pandemic scheduling inFall 2021. These accommodations were necessary to respond to public health advice, student andfaculty illness, and ongoing uncertainty at the time. However, there are growing concerns aboutthe effect that the pandemic and associated policies had on student learning and preparation forfollow-on courses.We analyze student grade data and withdrawal rate for three large multi-section foundationalmechanics courses between Fall 2015
Conference Session
Innovative Teaching Techniques in the Classroom
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sean A. Wirth; Abbie B. Liel , University of Colorado Boulder ; John S. McCartney, University of Colorado Boulder
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
-taking, were by far the most effective for short-term retention of material. Thesehandouts with headings, along with full text handouts, had the most positive impact onlonger-term (two week) retention. Interestingly, the study showed that handouts withheadings and a bulleted list of key points, were not much more effective than the blank page;researchers hypothesized that the bullet points imply to students that they have the completepicture of a subject, implicitly discouraging note-taking and further study. Later, Titsworth[5] examined the effect of student note-taking on their course performance. Results showedthat, when students took notes, their test scores were 25% higher on detail-oriented tests,which asked students to recall specific
Conference Session
Engineering Technology Division Poster Session
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ilse B. Nava Medina , Texas A&M University ; Angie Hill Price, Texas A&M University; Mathew Kuttolamadom, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
composites, additive/subtractive manufacturing processes, laser surface texturing, tribology, visuo-haptic VR/AR interfaces and engineer- ing education. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017Comparing the Effectiveness of Semester-Long vs. Accelerated-Summer Course Offerings Comparing the Effectiveness of Semester-Long vs. Accelerated-Summer Course OfferingsAbstractMany of the foundational courses in undergraduate engineering programs are essential pre-requisites for the core major-specific courses pertaining to the respective engineering degree, andhence typically have high enrollments. As a result, in addition to being offered during the
Conference Session
Engineering in a Societal Context
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth A. Reddy, University of San Diego; Gordon D Hoople, University of San Diego; Austin Choi-Fitzpatrick, University of San Diego; Michelle M. Camacho, University of San Diego
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
research focuses on inequities in STEM education using quantitative and qualitative research methodologies and theories from interdisciplinary sources including cultural studies, critical race, gender and feminist the- ories. Her book, the Borderlands of Education, is co-authored with Susan Lord, Professor of Electrical Engineering. Camacho is affiliated faculty with the Department of Ethnic Studies, Women’s and Gender Studies, and the School of Peace and Justice. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Peace Engineering: Investigating Multidisciplinary and Interdisciplinary Effects in a Team-Based Course About DronesAbstractThe practice of engineering often involves
Conference Session
Thermal Systems
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Pamela J. Théroux; Gary Gabriele; Brad Lister; Deborah Kaminski
termslike “interactive learning” and “student-centered-learning,” there appears to be little dialoguesurrounding student learning characteristics and their influence on successful learning inengineering education. The principle objective of this study was to explore how students engagelearning in an undergraduate engineering course and, subsequently, to examine what associationvarious student learning styles may have on student grades. Evidence suggests that identifyingthe way in which learners process the task of learning can provide crucial information aboutfactors that can influence learning success (Bransford, et al 1999; Felder, 1996). Supplementingtraditional teaching to address diverse learning styles has demonstrated a positive effect
Conference Session
DEED Poster Session
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wael Mokhtar, Grand Valley State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
AC 2011-973: PROJECT-BASED LEARNING (PBL) AN EFFECTIVE TOOLTO TEACH AN UNDERGRADUATE CFD COURSEWael Mokhtar, Grand Valley State University Assistant Professor School of Engineering Page 22.1188.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Project-Based Learning (PBL) – An Effective Tool to Teach an Undergraduate CFD CourseAbstractAn undergraduate technical elective Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was developed. Thecourse was designed to be a balance between theoretical foundation of the subject and hands-onexperience. Project-Based Learning (PBL) was used as part of the course to
Conference Session
Building Success in the Online Classroom
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Hayden K. Richards, US Air Force Academy; Phillip Cornwell, United States Air Force Academy
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
this study was thatstudents in self-selected teams were significantly more likely to already have friends on theirteam and that there was a significant negative correlation between already having friends andmany of the performance measures.Objective and ProceduresIn the 2020 spring semester, we compared the effects of four different team formation strategieson student performance on a team-based assignment. The primary goal of this study is to provideinstructors with data that will help them improve student performance on team-basedassignments through effective team formation. The students in this study (total N = 111, out of atotal course population of N = 429) were taking one of four otherwise identical sections of anundergraduate