Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Huang, SparkFun Electronics

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

automatemeasurements and focus on the analysis of data. However, even these tools are sometimes costprohibitive and sometimes mask key teachable moments for students.In this paper, we present a series of experiments, activities, and tools that can be integrated intoany physics class that leverage an Arduino Uno, a low-cost, 8-bit microcontroller. The Arduinois built upon an open-source framework that encourages people from all communities to sharetheir designs, drawings, and code examples. One of the key advantages of Arduino is that it issimple. Arduino was originally conceived by a team at the Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy for useby a largely non-technical audience of “artists, designers and architects.” i The Arduino is asingle-board microcontroller

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amani Magid, New York University, Abu Dhabi

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

Paper ID #23165Is It Worth It? Implementation of Electronic Lab Notebook Software Amongthe STEM Community at an American University in the UAEMrs. Amani Magid, New York University, Abu Dhabi Amani Magid has a degree in Integrative Biology and a minor in Arabic from University of California, Berkeley. In her career as a scientist, she has worked as a researcher in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and managed biology lab classes at a community college. She soon realized her passion was in finding and locating science information and earned her Masters in Library and Information Science at University of Pittsburgh while interning at

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Christina McCoy P.E., Oklahoma State University; John J. Phillips, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Architectural Engineering, Construction Engineering

classFigure 4: Students consolidating concrete in a steel beam moldFigure 5: Students carrying beams to curing roomImages for lab day 2: beam testingFigure 6: Class with fabricated beams prior to testingFigure 7: Failed beam during second lab testing dayFigure 8: Students during beam testingBibliography[1] C. C. Bonwell, Active learning : creating excitement in the classroom. Washington, D.C.: Washington, D.C. : School of Education and Human Development, George Washington University, 1991.[2] L. E. Carlson, & Sullivan, J.F., " Hands-on engineering: Learning by doing in the Integrated Teaching and Learning Program International," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 15, 1, pp. 20-31, 1999.[3] D. G

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Hooper Sanders, East Carolina University; Mark Angolia, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

training andimprovement projects utilizing industrial engineering concepts, computer science concepts,supply chain and inventory management concepts, quality concepts, Lean and Six Sigmaconcepts, electronics, and technical writing. Figure 3 shows a summary of the types of projects Page 24.20.5completed during the seven year period for which the data was collected. The top ten types ofprojects reflected in this data directly relate to a professional certification i.e., Lean Six Sigmacertifications, Certified Manufacturing Technician (CMT), Computer Aided Design (CAD)certifications, Certified Supply Chain Professional (CSCP), Certification in

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James W. Jones, Ball State University

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

oftennecessitated. As with other approaches, offering varying opportunities and different schedulingoptions has proven most successful.Faculty developmentIndustry has a vested interest in preparing students to enter the workforce, and therefore has aninterest in preparing those who are teaching them. Advisory board members are often welcomingto faculty who have an interest in their own development, and can offer additional opportunitiesfor growth. This can vary from providing case studies that can be adapted by a faculty memberfor their research or classrooms, to demonstrating how new technologies are being used. Forexample, the author’s program has gained access to internal training programs on scheduling andother technical components through industry

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Spencer Arbuckle, University of Waterloo; Patrick Andersen Angkiriwang; Joyceline Nathaniel; Rania Al-Hammoud P.Eng., University of Waterloo; Scott Walbridge P.E., University of Waterloo

Tagged Divisions

Architectural Engineering

students, with some senior undergraduatestudents assisting as well. Overall, there were 12 volunteers acting as activity facilitators,volunteering for either two sessions or all four sessions. The volunteers were provided withall relevant activity materials, as well as detailed instructions for running the activity.Volunteers were also able to ask questions and/or share important information (e.g. if theiractivity was running on time) via the “Volunteers” channel in MS Teams. Table 3 provides adescription of each activity. Also, an example paper bridge design and load test is shown inFigure 5. In general, the activities were set up in a points-based system and groups wereranked in each activity from highest to lowest score to determine what

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan C. Campbell, University of Washington; Ken Yasuhara, Center for Engineering Learning & Teaching, University of Washington; Denise Wilson, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

were mentioned in the quotes above, several of whichwere indicated as influencing the situation. In quote (1), Team Rose indicated themselves,writing about their own role as technical advisers to provide guidance in a culturally sensitivemanner. This demonstrated care-ethical responsibility in that awareness of one’s own role andhow it is best performed are prerequisites for determining appropriate actions to take (or not totake).Care-ethical responsibility can also be exhibited through awareness of other stakeholder groups.For example, in quote (2), Team Rose wrote about the western region (meaning its people andperhaps government collectively) and the positive influence it could have “to help develop thecountry.” In quote (3), they wrote of

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Behnam Shadravan

the next generation of construction managers and engineers. Theyoccasionally work in the industry as an intern, or sometimes in other positions reflecting theirexperience in the industry. There is little research related to this matter in the literature.An anonymous survey is followed to check the students' perception of the effects of the drug andcompare it to the construction industry employees.The survey clarifies the lack of associated knowledge and awareness in the job and university.Related safety training needs to be added for the students and other employees in the constructionindustry to avoid vulnerability. It is crucial in different levels and more critical in the lower agesand the student level to illuminate confusion. On the

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Whitney Gaskins, University of Cincinnati; Samieh Askarian, University of Cincinnati; Keri Eason

metric.Our results suggest that engineering must do more to improve the racial climate and understandracial identity. Once engineering communities understand the importance of racial and ethnicidentity the more inclusive the spaces can be that will help ensure participation and increaserepresentation of Black students.IntroductionFor decades, administrators, researchers and scholars have been reporting on the demographicdisparities in representation amongst Black students in engineering [1]. Workforce developmenthas been asking for more diversity and an increase in representation, but numbers have remainedstagnant [2] – [3]. Culture in colleges of engineering have been described as chilly [4]. There arenoted campus climate issues around race, class

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division Technical Session 3: Technology

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul McMonigle, Pennsylvania State University

sources they use, teach them how to accesscourse reserves and inter-library loan materials, and most importantly, who to talk to when theyneed help. Students will use their own personal devices to access course materials via theNearpod app, which will contain Microsoft PowerPoint slides, direct links to library websitesand databases for demonstrations, an internal collaboration board, a Google Form for their post-session feedback, and activities designed to actively engage them and keep them motivatedduring the 50-minute session.The activities that break up the monotony of the presentation and allow for student engagementare based on real-world activities. [19] [22] The topics chosen for the example and activitysearches are those that engineering

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheryl Sorby, University of Cincinnati; Savannah Stark, University of Cincinnati; Christina Carnahan, University of Cincinnati

, spatial skills emerged as a significant factor inSTEM degree attainment, especially for advanced degrees [3]. Spatial skills have also beenlinked to creativity and technical innovation [13]. Unfortunately, of all cognitive processes,spatial skills exhibit robust gender differences, favoring males [e.g., 14]. In addition, studieshave shown that students from low socio-economic status groups are also at risk of havingpoorly developed spatial skills [e.g., 15]. Thus, poor spatial skills could be a factor in the lack ofdiversity within engineering. In an effort to address this issue, the Developing Spatial Thinking (DST) curriculum wasdesigned, which consists of a workbook and software, to help students develop their 3D spatialskills [9]. The DST

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Xiaorong Zhang, San Francisco State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

international conferences, and a regular reviewer of a variety of journals and conferences in related fields. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Resilient Course Design for Teaching a Project-Based Engineering Course OnlineAbstractDuring emergency remote teaching situations caused by the COVID-19 crisis, students andinstructors in higher education may be dealing with challenges and inequities including increaseduncertainty over health, employment, and finances; inequitable access to synchronous learningopportunities; increased challenges in conducting accurate and equitable online assessments. Forproject-based electrical

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Juhamatti Korhonen, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology; Johanna Naukkarinen, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology; Hanna Niemelä, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology; Heikki Järvisalo, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology; Pertti Silventoinen, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

engineeringcourses continuous assessment was found to result in better grades, a higher passing rate, higherstudent satisfaction, and better engagement with course activities [2]. Similar effects ofcontinuous assessment have been detected in process engineering [3] and civil and mechanicalengineering [4]. The positive effects may, however, come with the expense of excessiveworkload for the instructors [5]. Therefore, a careful consideration of the ways to apply methodsof continuous assessment is necessary.The first part of the proposed study method is to select a research article that fits the scope of thetopic taught that week and have the students read it independently. The article does not cover thewhole topic of the week but narrows the scope to a

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjay Tewari, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

necessary. These assignments could be online interactivemodules where students can read brief summaries and then participate in short answer typesquestions. Alternately, readily available videos from technical societies (AWWA, ASCE.WEF, etc.) could be used. The availability and quality of supplementary material haveimproved with time but the material is not comprehensive and still lack variety. Educatorshave limited options for finding appropriate multi-media substitutes for reading assignmentsbecause not every lesson or concept is available in video/interactive format.Additional resources are available on websites of federal environmental agencies such as theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the United States GeologicalSurvey

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pablo K. Cornejo, California State University, Chico

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

8-10 Project Management, Calculations 0-4 5-7 8-10 Preparation and Organization (30 points) Poor Fair Good Evidence of Effort & Organization 0-4 5-7 8-10 Legible and Appropriate Information 0-4 5-7 8-10 Variety of Visual Aids (graphics, tables) 0-1 2-3 8-10 Technical writing style, professionalism 0-1 2-3 8-10Results – Overall grades in the courseTables 4 shows the grades for key assignments in the green

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annalisa Onnis-Hayden , Northeastern University; Carolina Beatriz Venegas-Martinez, Northeastern University; Marissa P. Dreyer, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

the pilot system.These labs sessions were classified as physical, biological, and ecological, based on the topic(see example in Figure 3). The first laboratory exercise on the hydraulic characterization ofmedia was fully developed and the experiments were based on the experience/knowledge gainedduring the building and testing of the pilot. Finally, in the final recommendation section of thecapstone report, the students proposed several research themes/projects for undergraduate andgraduate to undertake, as well as STEM related activities at Northeastern University.Physical: Media choice is paramount when it comes to designing the most efficient systempossible. In this lab we will analyze the relationship between media size, permeability

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacob Chapman; Sanjivan Manoharan, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

unfavorable. The airfoil is said to haveundergone stall, and the critical angle of attack at which this happens is known as the stall angle.Figure 3 shows the variation of lift coefficient with angle of attack for a Clark-Y airfoil. Thecritical angle of attack is around 12 degrees. The above background information forms theempathize stage of the problem solving cycle and was given during both the traditional FluidMechanics lecture and independent study session. The student was asked to refer to other booksand articles to further strengthen the basic concepts. 1.2 1 Lift Coefficient 0.8

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nader Rafla, Boise State University; H. Shelton Jacinto, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

improvement. Survey questions are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Non-numerical survey questions asked to students about flipping the class. # Question 1 How did the videos, lecture notes, and collaboration during the class meetings help you learn the material? 2 What additional teaching aid materials or teaching style were you expecting to see that can improve the pace of your learning? 3 Were the in-class activities (ICAs) helpful in learning the material? If so, explain in what way? If not, how would you prefer this to be changed? 4 Did you work in a team during ICAs? If so, how did that affect your learning? If not, why not? 5 Were the recitation sessions helpful? How did you feel about the frequency and the

Conference Session

Construction Division Technical Session 3: Case Studies

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren W. Redden, Auburn University; April E. Simons P.E., Auburn University; Scott William Kramer, Auburn University; Trenton Huffines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering

, each from Auburn University. Ms. Simons has been a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Alabama since 2014.Prof. Scott William Kramer, Auburn University Scott W. Kramer, Ph.D. is a Professor in the College of Architecture, Design, and Construction at Auburn University. He received his B.S. and M.S. in Civil Engineering from Auburn University and Ph.D. in Learning Design & Technology from Purdue University. Since 1993, he has taught undergraduate and graduate classes in scheduling, project management, and information technology. His research and con- sulting work involves international construction and designing study abroad classes for university stu- dents. His project management experience includes

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Potter, Iowa State University; Richard Stone, Iowa State University; Devna Fay Popejoy-Sheriff, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

the past ten years, it is virtually unchanged at 21.3%, as can be seen inFigure 1 [1]. This same conclusion is supported by other sources, including Lichtenstein et alusing National Science Foundation data [2]. Compared to the overall US population of 50.8%women [3], there is significant room for improvement, with improvement defined as an increasein this percentage. Those in the engineering professions know, and have known for decades, thatthis percentage needs to increase, yet society struggles to make any noticeable improvement.While “engineering” as a discipline is commonly discussed in literature, almost no researchspecific to industrial engineering retention and graduate school was identified. The only researchfound addressing

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Corey Kiassat, PhD, MBA, PE P.E., Quinnipiac University; Xiaoyue Jiang, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

Paper ID #16737Systematic Team Formation Leading to Peer Support and Leadership SkillsDevelopmentDr. Corey Kiassat P.E., Quinnipiac University Dr. Corey Kiassat is an Assistant Professor and the Director of Industrial Engineering at Quinnipiac Uni- versity and has a BASc and a PhD degree in Industrial Engineering from the University of Toronto. He has an MBA, majoring in Marketing and International Business, from York University. Corey is a Pro- fessional Engineer and has 11 years of industry experience in manufacturing engineering and operations management with General Motors in USA and Canada. He has also been involved

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Madeleine Arvold, Seattle Pacific University; Steven David Mow, Seattle Pacific University; Zachary W. Cook, Seattle Pacific University; Natalie Goode, Seattle Pacific University; Caitlin H. Wasilewski, Seattle Pacific University; Rida Y. Al-Hawaj, Seattle Pacific University ; Melani Plett, Seattle Pacific University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

. Macurik, K. H. (2008). Video training of support staff in intervention plans for challenging behavior: Comparisonwith live training. Behavioral Interventions, 23(3), 143-163.6. Donkor, F. (2010). The comparative instructional effectiveness of print-based and video-based instructionalmaterials for teaching practical skills at a distance. The International Review of Research in Open and DistanceLearning, 11, 96-116. Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/792/14867. Guzzo, R. A., & Dickson, M. W. (1996). Teams in organizations: Recent research on performance andeffectiveness. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 307-338. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.3078. Arthur, W., Jr., Bennett, W., Jr., Edens, P. S., & Bell, S. T

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Bartus, Stevens Institute of Technology; Frank T. Fisher, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Program (www.stevens.edu/nano) at Stevens. He has been awarded the NSF CAREER award, the ASEE Mechanics Division Ferdinand P. Beer and E. Russell Johnson Jr. Outstanding New Educator Award, and the 2009 Outstanding Teacher Award from the Stevens Alumni Association. Page 26.1213.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Outcomes of a Systems Engineering Project for K-12 TeachersIntroductionPresident Obama’s Educate to Innovate initiative set a goal of preparing 100,000 new andeffective STEM teachers over the next decade.(1) Concurrently, the publication of the NextGeneration

Conference Session

New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dimitra Michalaka P.E., The Citadel; William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Paper ID #12271Application of Active Learning Techniques in Undergraduate Civil Engineer-ing CurriculumDr. Dimitra Michalaka, The Citadel Dr. Dimitra Michalaka is an Assistant Professor at the department of civil and environmental engineering at The Citadel. Dr. Michalaka received her undergraduate diploma in civil engineering from the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), after which she entered into the transportation engineering grad- uate program at UF. She graduated with a Master’s of Science in May 2009 and with a Ph.D. in August 2012. Her research is primarily focused on traffic operations, congestion

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aimee T. Ulstad, Ohio State University; Yeonsu Ryu

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

worked for over 27 years. She worked as project manager, engineering manager, utility manager, maintenance manager, and finally as the Resident Engineer managing all technical areas of the facility. During her tenure, the brewery saw dramatic increases in productivity improvement, increased use of automation systems, and significant cost reductions in all areas including utilities where they received the internal award for having the best utility usage reduction for 2014. Since joining Ohio State, Aimee has joined the American Society of Engineering Educators and serves as the treasurer of the Engineering Economics division.Ms. Yeonsu Ryu Yeonsu Ryu is a master’s student in Biomedical Engineering at The Ohio State

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Rush Leeker, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Mary K. Pilotte, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Paper ID #22080Investment in Informal Outreach Programs: A Systematized Literature Re-view of Informal Pre-College STEM Programs in African-American Com-munitiesMrs. Jessica Rush Leeker, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering) Jessica Rush Leeker earned her undergraduate degree from Penn State with a focus in Supply Chain and Information Systems and a minor in international business. She attended Purdue University, receiving an MBA with specialization in Sustainability and Operations. Before business school, Jessica spent a summer in Haiti, delivering shoes to those in need and creating a more

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John C. Oliva, Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

developed strong opinions about those from the other side. In this regard, I had not justchanged jobs when I first went to L3-CPS; it was more like I was switching teams. Similarsentiments have been echoed in the 2013 Workshop Report from ASEE’s series on TransformingUndergraduate Education in Engineering.3On the positive side of this matter, there is a lot of mutual respect going in both directions.Many times, when I worked for a university, we looked toward the professional engineers toprovide guidance in how the engineering profession was being put into practice. In our modernworld, things change fast, and this is even more relevant in technical fields like engineering. Forprofessors that had left the corporate world 10 or more years earlier

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natascha Buswell, University of California, Irvine; Joseph Henry, University of California, Irvine; Kevin Flaieh

applied in anupper-division engineering course. The intervention is designed to get students to question therole of engineers as designers of society through critical analysis of engineering designs that donot adequately consider the diversity of their user base. Preliminary findings reported here centeron a thematic analysis of the students' responses to the assignment, highlighting major trends inthe data showing that students are attentive to designs that negatively impact women and peopleof color. We discuss implications for further development of the intervention based on evidencefrom others in the field and the efficacy of our intervention in demonstrating to students thatengineering as a discipline is attentive to issues of

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Keith E. Hedges, Drury University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural Engineering

learning managementsystem (LMS) available for every course and offered additional technical support.The University adhered to the country’s reopening recommendations for the 2020-2021 calendaryear. “According to the Chronicle of Higher Education’s reopening tracker [12], Drury is oneof just 2 percent of the country’s nearly 3,000 colleges holding fully in-person classes” [13].Drury made several significant changes impacting the schedule, classroom accommodations, andCovid-19 tracking. (1) To discourage travel during the semester, Drury adjusted the academiccalendar to shorten the fall, spring, and Thanksgiving breaks [14]. (2) The University removeddesks from the classrooms to ensure a minimum of 6+ ft physical distancing. (3) The studentsand

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Laura Jun Chee Yong, Pennsylvania State University; Linda M Hanagan P.E., Pennsylvania State University; Allison Godwin, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Architectural Engineering

middle school appropriate architectural engineering-related knowledge through socially relevant and culturally situated project-based learning activities Phase 2 One week Students will explore architectural engineering careers through a panel discussion session with professional architectural engineers from different backgrounds and area of focus Phase 3 One week Students will learn transferable career exploration and planning skills and strategies that can be applied to exploring and planning careers in other fieldsRationale and