Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD) Technical Session 4: Outreach & Collaboration

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Rowley, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD)

Education, 2023The Teaching Needs of Engineering Faculty Compared to Business Faculty: How the Library and Librarian Fit InAbstractSubject or liaison librarians are frequently asked to provide information literacy instruction intheir assigned departments. However, not much in the literature explores how else librarians cansupport faculty teaching needs beyond information literacy. This paper compares the results oftwo separate studies conducted by the author that examined the teaching needs of faculty frombusiness and engineering. Business faculty were interviewed as part of a multi-site study in 2018led by Ithaka S+R, while the engineering faculty study was done separately by the author in2020. Interview transcripts from both

Conference Session

DSA Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Betul Bilgin, The University of Illinois at Chicago; Naomi Groza, The University of Illinois at Chicago

Tagged Topics

Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA), Diversity

engineering is driving innovation, increasingmanufacturing efficiency, and fostering collaboration with other industries [6]. It is also criticalto form a team proficient in skills, a comprehensive understanding of data science, and aconcentrated emphasis on the genuine requirements pivotal to the digital transformation withinthe chemical industry [7], [8].The integration of data science into chemical engineering curricula is crucial for preparingstudents to meet modern industry challenges [1]. This integration can be achieved through themodification of existing courses, introduction of electives, or the creation of specializedprograms [9]. Data science principles, including data management, statistical and machinelearning, and visualization, are

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division (ENVIRON) Technical Session 2 - Engineering for One Planet (EOP)

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cherish C. Vance, The Ohio State University; Patrick J. Sours, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering Division (ENVIRON)

development of cultural competencies with strong interpersonal and professional skills willbe critical to challenge the complexities of these issues from a wide range of perspectives andskillsets [6]. Intercultural Competence is the lifelong process of developing targeted knowledge,skills, and attitudes leading to behaviors and communication that are both effective andappropriate in intercultural interactions [7]. There is clearly a need to incorporate elements ofsocial responsibility through stakeholder understanding into engineering design and practice.This empathic dimension will not only strengthen the professional skill set of graduates throughincreasing their intercultural competence, but also attract STEM undergraduates.Within the College of

Conference Session

Active and Inquiry-Based Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhsin Menekse, Arizona State University; Glenda Stump, Arizona State University; Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Michelene T.H. Chi, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

about rationale for suggested solutions and explanation offindings. Through this give-and-take discussion, students would be building knowledge in a waythat would not have occurred if they had been working alone, thus resulting in new knowledgebeing created in an innovative way. As such, two or more partners build on each other’scontributions sequentially, by refining or modifying an original idea in some way, so that theinteraction can spiral and produce novel ideas or products. This has potential to be morebeneficial than constructive learning, in which a single individual can only extend beyond givencontent with their own ideas; in interactive learning, two individuals can further enrich the topicof discussion through jointly extending on a

Conference Session

Special Initiatives and Programs at Two-Year Colleges

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

AVG. TOTAL xx STUDENTS # A B C D E F G H I J K L . . . X Y Z RUBRIC COURTESY OF W. S. U. WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY PULLMAN, WA. 99164. LIKERT SCALE WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION (1: Strongly Disagree; 5: Strongly Agree) 1 Cumulative 4 5 3 4 4 4 2 3 5 4 3 4 3 4 4 5 4 4 4 2 Integrated 3 4 4 3 3 3 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 3 5 3 4 4 3 Progressive 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 4 2 3 2 3

Conference Session

Full Papers IV

Collection

FYEE 2025 Conference

Authors

James Nathaniel Newcomer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; David Gray, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Alice Hyunna Noble, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Devin Erb, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Annabel Bass, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

FYEE 2025

select an engineering majorthat aligns with their interests, aptitude, and goals. Programs struggle to present majorsin ways that motivate active exploration. At many institutions, engineering degreesencompass between 12-20 distinct majors. While some students arrive with clearlyidentified preferred majors, many others spend significant time in their first yearexploring the different aspects of their majors through components of a first-yearintroduction to engineering course, participation in seminars or information sessions,social exchange with peers and friends, or participation in academic or student-orientedextracurricular clubs. A challenge for instructors and program administrators lies inaligning students’ goals or interests with the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego; Michelle M. Camacho, University of San Diego; Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Joyce B. Main, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Catherine Mobley, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

. These methods allowed participants to construct their ownnarratives about their experiences and helped elicit counter-narratives that challenge prevailingassumptions about what it means to be a veteran in higher education. The resulting data offer richand deep description beyond what could be captured through traditional in-depth interviews. Thesemethods can be useful to qualitative researchers studying other marginalized populations and canhelp the field of veteran studies move from a deficit-based focus to an asset-based focus.We have shared these methods including lessons learned with multiple audiences throughworkshops and special sessions at EDUCON [28], CoNECD [32], and the NASPA Veteransconferences [30, 31]. NASPA is an association for

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Technical Session 2: Enhancing Energy-Related Education with Student Design Projects

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leon Liebenberg, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Taylor Tucker, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

initiate the bulk of their learning activitiesthemselves (e.g., viewing asynchronous lecture videos, participating in online discussions, andmanaging group work remotely) [3]. For most students, self-directed learning skills are not inherent but instead must befostered through (a) the development of agency (i.e., awareness of one’s own competence), and(b) effective coaching in productivity and teamwork. Developing such a skillset requires thatstudents master the ability to make emotional connections among theoretical concepts [4], whichmeans that engineering educators need to engage students at cognitive and emotional levels inauthentic, meaningful, and immersive learning experiences. This study, which uses mixedmethods to analyze data

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ida B Ngambeki, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Dennis R. Depew, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Melissa Jane Dark, Purdue University; Rylan C. Chong, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

unlike many of their classroomengineering problems, public policy problems often do not have cleanly bounded definitivesolutions. Professors, understandably, also generally look unkindly upon anything they perceiveas detracting from time that could be spent covering technical material since curricula are alreadyoverloaded.It should be noted that though there are challenges to integrating public policy into engineeringcurricula, there are also benefits beyond developing student interest and expertise in the policyarea. Discussions of public policy in engineering/technology could serve to increase students’continued interest in engineering. A number of studies have demonstrated that many studentsdrop out of engineering because while they chose

Conference Session

Tools for Teaching and Learning

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Kenneth Kline; Jerry Ku; Chin-An Tan; Trilochan Singh; Ronald Gibson

continuousquality improvement (CQI) into our academic programs. Through this early exposure, we hadbecome firm believers that the general notion of continuous improvement could be applied in anacademic setting. Also helpful to our EC 2000 preparatory work was the fact that we had atradition of investing considerable time, effort and resources in our undergraduate program andwere committed to maintaining a strong program. We recognized that to bring aboutimprovements, specific measures had to be identified so that one could quantify the results ofchanges made to a program and were thus willing to go through the process of identifyingappropriate measures and gathering data. We were more than willing to once again invest timeto organize our self-study report

Conference Session

International Engineering Education II

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Roger Hadgraft

o Application in third year o Transition to the profession in fourth year, including specialisation.• Learning styles are introduced as a means of creating an inclusive teaching environment. The four learning styles match the four stages of good teaching, namely: engaging with the problem, understanding theoretical ideas, applying this new knowledge and seeking new possibilities.• Collaboration is a powerful way of helping students to be more effective learners and of helping staff to be more effective teachers. Together they create a learning community. This collaboration can proceed through project-assisted, project-based and problem-based learning.Graduate capabilities for sustainable engineeringThe IEAust 3 has

Collection

ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Fisseha Gebre, University of the District of Columbia; Devdas Shetty, University of the District of Columbia; JIAJUN XU P.E., University of the District of Columbia

-degradable polymers like PLA, which serve as crucial components inscaffold structures, as shown in Figure 2 [29]. The filaments undergo a transformation into a semi-solid state and are directed onto the platform using an extruder nozzle of varying sizes. Primarily,the extruder follows the x and y directions, guided by the g-code produced by slicing software, toexecute the printing process. Figure 2. Schematic representation of Fused Deposition Modeling 2. Stereolithography (SLA) SLA apparatus constructs layers of resin through the utilization of scanning lasers or lightprojectors. In this process, photopolymers within the resin are cured by exposure to light. Theformation of each layer involves the precise tracing of light or laser

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dina Verdín, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Allison Godwin, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

paradigms by providing asset base perspectives for understanding this community.Dr. Allison Godwin, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering) Allison Godwin, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor of Engineering Education at Purdue University. Her research focuses what factors influence diverse students to choose engineering and stay in engineering through their careers and how different experiences within the practice and culture of engineering foster or hinder belongingness and identity development. Dr. Godwin graduated from Clemson University with a B.S. in Chemical Engineering and Ph.D. in Engineering and Science Education. She is the recipient of a 2014 American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Stanford; Michael Aherne; Duane D. Dunlap; Mel Mendelson; Donald Keating

this advancement for both national and regional economic development. • To provide new mechanisms for sustained collaboration among the participating universities, by using a new internet-based communication that enables collaborative scholarship without regard to geographical location.The strengths of the alliance are the critical mass effect for educational change that resultsthrough multi-university collaboration, and the rapidity for the exchange and sharing of newideas, experiences, and scholarship through the use of electronically mediated communication,which is required to make this transformation a collective reality.1. IntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to describe a new collaborative alliance among

Collection

2025 ASEE PSW Conference

Authors

Richard Eugene Vallejo Jr, University of California, San Diego; Huihui Qi, University of California, San Diego; Owen Terry Crocker, University of California, San Diego

, engineering, or management.IntroductionPeer mentoring is a pedagogical structure in which a more experienced student works with oneof their peers to supplement their learning. Peer mentoring is often used in addition to a moreformal education structure, but may have variance in the level of formality of communicationbetween the mentor and mentees [1]. Peer mentoring can enable students to communicate abouttheir learning easier, feel more confident, improve performance, and become more connectedwith their communities [2, 3]. Within engineering, peer mentoring often occurs in Project BasedLearning (PBL) settings. PBL is a pedagogical structure focusing on learning through engagingstudents through the life cycle of a project from start to finish. This

Conference Session

Construction ET/Technology Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Gehrig, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; David Cottrell, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Anthony Brizendine, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

into traditional 4-year programs that could also admit freshman andinternal change of majors. It was within this context of curriculum change and intense focus onimproved enrollments that the possibility of adding a construction-related program to furtherbolster the CIET program was first raised. The idea was raised based on the observed level of Page 11.469.2CIET student interest in construction-related employment opportunities and in consideration ofthe strong construction market within the Charlotte region.However, to successfully proceed with the planning of a new academic program requires firmjustification of the need for the program beyond

Conference Session

Best of the NEE

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yi-Min Huang, University of Washington; Jessica Yellin, University of Washington; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

anticipate that by asking educators about their teaching decisions, wemay trigger reflection, which in and of itself may lead to improvements in teaching practice.By exploring the processes through which engineering educators make teaching decisions andthe factors they consider, we can use decision making as a lens to understand their teachingpractices and gain a better understanding of how to help engineering educators make moreeffective decisions about their teaching. We believe that this approach is particularly appropriatebecause it is a framework used extensively in the field of engineering (i.e., design decision-making) and thus may be a more familiar framework to discuss their teaching practices.We chose to emphasize teaching decision-making

Conference Session

Integrating Sustainability and Social Responsibility into the Curriculum

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Marincel Payne, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; John Aidoo, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

developing opportunities for undergraduate students to learn through research utilizing engineered treatment wetlands and biomimetic membranes technologies. She is also interested in developing active and place-based teaching methods for environ- mental engineering courses.Dr. John Aidoo, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Dr. Aidoo is currently an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Department at Rose-Hulman Institute Technology. Prior to this appointment, he worked as the Bridge Design Engineer at South Carolina De- partment of Transportation. He received a B.Sc. from the University of Science & Technology in Ghana in 1997 and a M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of South Carolina. His research activities

Conference Session

STEM and the Two-Year College

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Will Tyson, University of South Florida; Sanjukta Bhanja, University of South Florida; Geeti Anwar, University of South Florida; Elise Kuechle, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College Division (TYCD)

socioeconomic needs withoutincreasing their outside work commitments is scholarship funding through programs such as S-STEM. This scholarship offers up to $10,000 per year to underrepresented students transitioningfrom community colleges to STEM degrees at selected four-year institutions. Providing financialassistance is an important way that S-STEM programs promote student retention and graduation,allowing students to reduce outside workload and stress [12], [13]. A study by Ford et al. (2015)highlights the positive impact of S-STEM scholarships. Approximately 87% of scholarshiprecipients reported either not working or working less than 10 hours a week [14]. This reducedfinancial burden alleviated stress and empowered students to focus more on their

Conference Session

New Trends in Graduate Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daphene Koch, Purdue University; Orczyk Joseph, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

the student to be seen and to be heard, as well as tosee and hear what is going on at the host site. This delivery model is a hybrid because there arealso students physically attending the class at the host site. Not only can the students attend classat home or at work, but the student can also attend classes while traveling. The paper will outlinethe technology, curriculum, and development of this online master’s program. IntroductionDistance learning is expanding in all areas of higher education.1 Computer technology hasallowed to expand beyond the early attempts at distance education done via correspondencewatching pre-taped lectures or live television courses to real time, online web-based

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

teaching combines Web-based technology with activelearning methods in the classroom6, 7. Students individually complete web-based assignments afew hours before class in which they answer questions, and the instructor reads through theiranswers before class and adjusts the lessons accordingly, ‘just in time.’ This process is repeatedseveral times a week. The use of questions to drive learning makes the method inductive. Thetechnique can be combined with almost any in-class active learning approach. The just in timeteaching resources include enrichment materials of several types including course related newsstories, on-line homework, and various computer based mechanisms for communication betweenstudents and the instructor4, 6.Teaching Methods Used

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS) Technical Session - Virtue & Ethics in the Profession

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

actually hold the welfare of specific publics paramount? One strategy is to start withthe ethical theories raised by Cruz and his colleagues in their recent chapter on engineeringethics education through a critical view [87]. We may move beyond the normative ethicalphilosophies prioritized by engineering ethics textbooks to envision what public service wouldentail when it embodies an ethic of care [90, 91], buen vivir [69], ubuntu [92, 93], or Confucianharmonization [94]. It would be much more difficult for engineers to retain a techno

Conference Session

Modeling and Problem-Solving

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith B. Fisher, Montana State University; Kevin R. Cook, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

in these disciplines as well asto expand their understanding of the behavior of materials and systems beyond what thefundamental courses typically teach. The visual aspect of the simulation / analysis toolsis very conducive to illustrating material behavior and the exercise of setting up andcarrying out the problem solutions enhances the learning. The class is conducted withplanned lessons that involve the entire class participating in a strategic exercise ofinvestigating and solving the problem, followed by similar problems that students workthrough on their own.Strategy to Enhance Problem Solving with the Use of Simulation and Analysis ToolsFrom the introductory material it was found that effective problem solving requires boththe use of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Deborah Nykanen, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Marilyn Hart, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Mezbahur Rahman, Minnesota State University, Mankato

years. Key components of the program are the integration of research and academicexperiences and a broadened participation of underrepresented groups. Other grantimplementations may focus on cohorts within a single major, such as the graduate softwareengineering program at UW LaCrosse1, but we feel the benefits of an interdisciplinary programoffer value beyond the scope of a single-major program. Additionally, by including biology, wehave been able to increase the number of women recipients, creating a sense of critical masswithin the program to support the women in engineering and computer science.Selected students receive financial support and an opportunity to develop academic, professionaland life skills through a weekly scholars seminar

Conference Session

Integrating Research into Teaching

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Marlin Thomas

attacks within the United States,reduce our vulnerability to terrorist attacks, and minimize the damage and gain recovery forattacks that do occur. What is different about this strategy from ordinary defense is that theterrorist enemy studies our preparedness, and seeks out targets based on our weakness areas andthen will pursue attacks with chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons to createmajor damage and destruction. So clearly, our initial thrust is to eliminate the possibility ofattacks through significant efforts to prepare and achieve a level of readiness that would detersuch attacks. State and local governments are responsible for funding, preparing, and operatingemergency services that will respond to terrorist attacks

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yunfeng Wang, The College of New Jersey; Christopher Ault, The College of New Jersey; Teresa Nakra, The College of New Jersey; Andrea Salgian, The College of New Jersey; Meredith Stone, Independent Evaluator

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

interdisciplinary science: Exploring preferences and consequences. Research Policy, 36(1), 56-75.5. Geiger, R., and Sa, C. 2005. Beyond technology transfer: new state policies to harness university research for economic development, Minerva, 43(1), 1-21.6. Lattuca, L., Vogt, L., and Fath, K. 2004. Does interdisciplinarity promote learning? Theoretical support and researchable questions. Review of Higher Education, 28(1), 23-48.7. Borrego, M., and Newswander L. 2008. Characteristics of successful cross-disciplinary engineering education collaborations. Journal of Engineering Education, 97(2), 123-134.8. Qualters, D., Sheahan, T.C., Mason, E.J., Navick, D.S., and Dixon, M. 2008. Improving learning in first-year engineering courses through

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kristen Moore, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Casey E. Wright, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Erica M. Stone, Middle Tennessee State University; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University at West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

totransition from engineering writing to engineering education’s more social science literacypractices. Researchers of academic literacies suggest that effective writing instruction ought toinclude more than just technical writing skills; instead, they advocate training students toconsider rhetorical skills beyond the text, such as the power relations that affect student writing,the ideological conventions of writing, and the contrast between disciplinary and generalacademic practices [18].When students transition from engineering to engineering education, they are faced with anontology problem that often shows up as a writing problem. In engineering, reality is taken asobjective and knowable through closely controlled measurement), and therefore

Collection

2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

sunil Dehipawala, City University of New York, Queensborough Community College; Harsha Rajapakse, Medgar Evers College, CUNY ; Breeya Evans; Tak Cheung

Structure (XANES).at arsenic K edge employed to study microstructure such as bonding properties and number of nearneighbour atoms of iron and arsenic within plants. Results indicate that presence of more Fe3+ inthe soil facilitate arsenic absorption by plants.Keywords: Arsenic, Absorption, X ray, XANES, soil conditions, Fe2+, Fe3+.Introduction: Arsenic is a naturally occurring substance in the Earth’s crust. The average Arsenicconcentration of the Earth’s crust is approximately 1.5 ppm. The amount present varies dependingon the geographic location and type of soil and rock. In some areas it can go up to 35,000 ppm1 .Arsenic and its compounds are known toxics. According to Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) and the World Health

Collection

ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Maxine Fontaine, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Frank T Fisher, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Ashley Lytle

indicate a need forfurther breakdown of the student groups or simply that there is a large variation of adaptivenessamong the LI and non-LI groups.Future work includes measuring adaptiveness in subsequent incoming cohorts, as well astracking adaptiveness in students as they progress through the degree program. Tracking growthin the four AE dimensions as students move toward graduation will also be helpful withestablishing baseline measurements.AcknowledgementsPartial support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation Scholarships inScience, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (S STEM) program under Award No.2130428. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materialare those of the author

Conference Session

Will This Be on the Mechanics Test? Concept Inventories and Understanding Exams

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yan Tang, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Lin Ding, The Ohio State University; Haiyan Bai, University of Central Florida; Richard Catrambone, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics Division (MECHS)

. The question Catrambone likes to ask–and the thread that runs through the projects he does alone and in collaboration with others–is: What does someone need to know in order to solve novel problems or carry out tasks within a particular domain? Catrambone’s research interests include problem solving, educational technology, and human-computer interaction. He is particularly interested in how people learn from examples in order to solve problems in domains such as algebra, probability, and physics. He explores how to create instructional materials that help learners understand how to approach problems in a meaningful way rather than simply memorizing a set of steps that cannot easily be transferred to novel problems