Collection

Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference

Authors

Dorothy W. Skaf, Villanova University; Vito L. Punzi, Villanova University

countries.”Student 2: “I would say that this research compliments my interests, but it has also opened me up to new possibilities within the chemical engineering field. I am very thankful that I had the chance to connect my research to the world through my trip to Madagascar, and because of this research, I have really started to understand humanitarian engineering and connect it to the world in a way I have never been able to do in the classroom. I would say that it is important to have at least some interest in humanitarian engineering within this research because it has allowed to me to see the bigger picture and think about the research beyond just the technical aspect.”Student 3: “At first

Conference Session

Combining Research and Teaching

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Raul Ordonez; Marianne Cinaglia; Kathryn Hollar; Jess Everett; Joseph Orlins; Kauser Jahan; Mariano Savelski; Linda Head; Stephanie Farrell; Robert Hesketh

their experience and finalize plans for technical publications and presentations. During the first, fifth and last weeks, an outside evaluator (College of Education, Faculty) meets with the REU participants to evaluate their experience. The evaluator determines the impact of the REU experience on the participants through written surveys and exit interviews. The evaluator also conducts surveys beyond the duration of the REU to trac k the students’ progress at their respective colleges. The surveys and exit interviews will provide valuable information vital for the improvement of the REU program in subsequent years. RESULTS OF REU 2001 Nearly 50 applications were received in the summer of 2001. The nine finalists, 2 males and 7 females reflected

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Llewellyn Mann, University of Queensland; David Radcliffe, University of Queensland; Gloria Dall'Alba, University of Queensland

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

therequirements of the solution. This process is represented by the feedback loop in Figure 3 Page 12.716.7(labeled Problem Identification), where each solution developed is fed back through thesustainable design process to further develop the solution.A reductionist approach is taken to solve the problem. In this reductionist way, the problem isreduced to a set of smaller parts and solved independently of each other, without an awareness ofhow the parts influence each other. Each part is solved trying to help solve the overall problemwhile minimizing the negative environmental, social and economic impacts from that individualpart.The process of

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Michael Butler, Lockheed Martin

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

novice? There are a numberof factors that can contribute to this difference but many of these can be tied to a single item:experience. The experience of going through multiple iterations of a technical solution to aproblem, making compromises, working with customers and colleagues, and a host of otherevents lead to the advances and setbacks that help shape the effectiveness of a practicingprofessional engineer. Employers of engineering graduates, both in industry and thegovernment, have made claims that though the engineers being produced in the presentengineering education system are strong in technical skill, they are still lacking in certainprofessional skills that make them not fully ready to practice engineering in the current fastpaced

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Steven Myers; Kathleen Nunnally; Catherine Blat; Patricia Tolley

is particularlyimportant in the SI leader’s preparation and for providing real-time feedback to the courseinstructor. During the sessions, the SI leader does not “re-lecture” class material or workproblems for the students. Rather, the SI leader teaches the students how to learn by coaching andguiding them through the understanding of and application of concepts. By facilitatingdiscussions on how to draw system schematics, understand and use basic equations, and identifyappropriate assumptions, the SI leader helps the students move beyond a “plug and chug”mentality. Based on feedback from course instructors and students who have participated in SI,peer-led sessions are effective in that students are more likely to ask questions, participate

Conference Session

Mobile Robotics in Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Ahlgren, Trinity College; Igor M Verner, Technion--Israel Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

research of affective learning in engineeringeducation.References[1] R. Picard, S. Papert, W. Bender, B. Blumberg, C. Breazeal, D. Cavallo, T. Machover, M. Resnick, D. Roy, and C. Strohecker (2004): Affective Learning – A Manifesto. BT Technology Journal, 22(4), 253-269.[2] V. DeBellis, and G. Goldin (2006): Affect and Meta-Affect in Mathematical Problem Solving: A Representational Perspective. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 63(2), 131-147.[3] Hofer, B. K., & Pintrich, P. R. (Eds.). (2002). Personal epistemology. The psychology of beliefs about knowledge and knowing. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.[4] Bandura, A. Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior Vol. 4, pp. 71-81, 1994. New

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education Cross-Cultural Awareness and Social Impacts

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer DeBoer, MIT; Glenda S Stump, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Frances Carter-Johnson, MIT, Teaching and Learning Laboratory; Gayle Allen Ed.D., BrightBytes; Lori Breslow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

competence. This paper describes the process through which we are developingthat assessment.Relevant workWhile assessments that answer the needs we identify are few, there are a plethora of tools thatare useful to assess knowledge of and attitudes about cultural differences. These instruments aregenerally geared towards understanding whether an employee is prepared for an internationalassignment, but they all address knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Most of the instruments citedare self-assessments, looking at an individual’s responses to key probes to determine his/herindividual adaptability. In a few, observers do assess the individual.The Cross-Cultural Adaptability Inventory (CCAI), for example, includes a “kit” for observerfeedback, and the

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Rose Marra; Andrew Lau; John Wise; Robert Pangborn

of fields, of study in engineering; 2. Acquaint students with tools, resources and opportunities available to them; 3. Provide exposure to some of the professional skills and competencies associated with academic study and the practice of engineering; 4. Encourage networking and interaction with faculty, students, and engineers.Thus far, engineering seminars with 51 unique titles have been offered. This paper reports on theassessment process and results from Fall 1998 through Spring 2000 (4 semesters). Theassessment is performed in two ways; a written student survey completed at the end of thecourse, and focus groups conducted early in the semester following the completion of a seminar.The goals of the assessment are to

Conference Session

Tree-huggers, Diggers, and Queers--Oh my!

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Cech, University of California, San Diego; Tom Waidzunas, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

racial/ethnic minority students inengineering education, the experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) identifying studentsremain unstudied. This paper breaks this silence with a study of the ways LGB students at amajor research university in the Western US both experience and navigate the climate of theirengineering college. We find that, because of pervasive anti-gay sentiments and dualisticthinking that often conflates homosexuality with technical incompetence, these students do nothave access to the same opportunities of success as their heterosexual peers. Nevertheless,through coping strategies which require immense amounts of additional effort, LGB studentsbravely navigate this climate with tactics that include “passing” as

Conference Session

Faculty Development I: Attitudes Towards Teaching

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Quardokus Fisher, Oregon State University; Christina Smith, Oregon State University; Ann Sitomer, Oregon State University; John Ivanovitch, Oregon State University; Jana Bouwma-Gearhart, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #17035Identifying Features of Engineering Academic Units that Influence Teachingand Learning ImprovementDr. Kathleen Quardokus Fisher, Oregon State University Dr. Kathleen Quardokus Fisher is a postdoctoral scholar at Oregon State University. She is currently participating in a project that supports the use of evidence-based instructional practices in undergraduate STEM courses through developing communities of practice. Her research interests focus on understanding how organizational change occurs in higher education with respect to teaching and learning in STEM courses.Christina Smith, Oregon State University

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dominic J Dal Bello, Allan Hancock College; Jens-Uwe Kuhn, Santa Barbara City College; Jason Curtis, Cuesta College; Christine L Reed, Allan Hancock College; Eva Schiorring, STEMEVAL; Sean Marc Gottlieb, Allan Hancock College; Sarah Hulick, Cabrillo College; Francisco E Jimenez, Cabrillo College; Gabriel Cuarenta-Gallegos, Cuesta College; Leila Jewell, Monterey Peninsula College; Thomas Rebold, Monterey Peninsula College; Marcella Klein Williams, Oxnard College; Justin William Miller, Oxnard College; Franco Javier Mancini, Santa Barbara City College; Joe Selzler, Ventura College

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

in Higher Education, 50(2), 189-214, 2009, doi: 10.1007/s11162-008-9114-7.[7] M.J. Chang, J. Sharkness, S. Hurtardo, and C.B. Newman, “What Matters in College for Retaining Aspiring Scientists and Engineers from Underrepresented Racial Groups,” Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 51(5), 555-580, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.1002/tea.21146.[8] M.P. Morin, A. Dayerizadeh and K. Booth, “The Shift from the Two- to Four-Year Institute: How Research Experiences Impact Community College Students,” in 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Tampa, FL, USA, June 2019, doi: 10.18260/1-2-33424.[9] M. Danforth, C. Lam, R. Hughes, and S. Salomon, “Enhancing Research Pipelines for Underserved Students through a

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment in ME 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Andrew Roney, University of Denver; Breigh Nonte Roszelle, University of Denver; Matt Gordon P.E., University of Denver; Bradley Davidson, University of Denver

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

date. Usually, our faculty would offer a couple of short sessions toprepare the students, and then be available as students had additional questions. These sessionswere not comprehensive reviews, but mainly discussed test logistics, and went over a fewexample problems in each major category.With students continuously taking the test from January through May with no test dates in March2016, we hedged our bets that the students would be able to review as needed and approachfaculty as needed about the exam.However, through discussions with graduating seniors, who had completed the exam, it becameobvious to us that some students had issues with logistics while taking the computer-based exam.First, some did not understand the exam timing, and spent

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students, Diversity, and Assessment

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joy L. Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet; Jana Whittington, Purdue University, Calumet; Carl F. Jenks, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies, Minorities in Engineering

in fine art, graphics, multimedia, video, web design, and research methods at the graduate, undergraduate and k-12 levels. Jana has had the opportunity to play a key role in the development of a new bachelors degree in the computer graphics program, as well as the development of a game and animation option, two undergraduate certificates in web, design and post grad- uate animation certificate. Course delivery methods include online, hybrid and traditional delivery and she has been a faculty mentor for distance education. In addition to current tenure teaching assignments, Jana has created e-learning materials for parole and probation officers to be delivered internationally. Jana has an active publication and a

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

James Bartlett

Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright Ó 2002, American Society for Engineering EducationFigure 2. Spade End Nail Defect to be Sorted with Nail Drawing. Laminated Object Manufacturing of a FractalNDSU received a large NSF grant to promote the learning of science and math through involvinggraduate students and senior undergraduate students in the K-12 classroom3. Through thisactivity, the faculty learned that a high school math teacher had students spend one weekbuilding a fractal, with sheet paper and tape, as a hands-on complement to fractal theory. Tobring advanced technology into the fractal building experience, three NDSU freshman studentschose to study and propose the use of Laminated

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shweta Chopra, Iowa State University; Prashant Rajan, Iowa State University; Chad M Laux, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

. Similar to any other research, field research also requires to systematic collection ofinformation that contributes to the understanding of the challenge and to organize thoseoutcomes in a cohesive and persuasive fashion that proposes a new insight, answer or solution.Figure 1: Field Research Field Participant Interviews Document Research observation analysis Page 26.753.4III) Case Study: Research conducted by AuthorsStep 1: Researcher first contacted rice millers through formal and informal network from USAby calling rice mill owners in India. This initial group was identified since, as businesses,represented the most

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL) Technical Session - Professional Practice 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rubaya Rahat, Florida International University; Mohamed ElZomor P.E., Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

asked questions related to their socio-demographic information.Survey data was collected for the current study through convenience sampling. Participants inthis method were chosen according to their convenience and accessibility. In particular, thosewho took part in the study were registered students for the Fall semester of 2023 in the cross-listed Sustainable Approach to Construction course. This indicates that participants were selectedfrom among the students who decided to enroll in that course for that particular academic year.The Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the university reviewed the survey and deemed thesurvey exempt beyond the initial review. All students were informed that the survey wasoptional, and they could choose to

Conference Session

Software Engineering Pedagogical Approaches

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John C. Georgas, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

architectural styles is that they go beyond simple narratives of designexperiences, and capture design expertise that has been refined through careful reflection in aneffort to codify important lessons. By providing students with a solid foundation inunderstanding the applicability, key characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages ofarchitectural styles, educators can provide learners with valuable starting points for their owndesign activities as well as build expertise in identifying critical design trade-offs.The instruction of architectural styles, however, remains challenging, primarily due to afundamental disconnect between the dynamic nature of the software compositions thatarchitectural styles model and the static artifacts most commonly used

Conference Session

ECCD Technical Session 4: Energy and Analysis

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Arash Kialashaki, California State University, Chico

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

required by the occupants or work in tandem with vapor-compression or other comfortcooling system to meet needs.Currently, California Statewide Customized Offering Program offers incentive demand reductionabove and beyond baseline energy performance [15]. Peak demand reduction is evaluated usingthe Database for Energy Efficiency Resources (DEER) peak approach. The DEER peak methodis defined as “an estimated average grid level impact for a measure between 2 p.m. and 5 p.m.during a ‘heat wave’ defined by three consecutive weekdays for weather conditions that areexpected to produce a regional grid peak event.” Figure 3 shows the 1.4-million-gallon ThermalEnergy Storage Tank at the CSU Chico Central Utility Plant. Figure 3: Thermal Energy

Conference Session

Best In DEED

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Giovanna Scalone, University of Washington; Aaron Justin Joya, University of Washington; Kathryn Elizabeth Shroyer, University of Washington; Cynthia J. Atman, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

minuteslong. After learning about design processes of engineers with various levels of expertise andresponding to questions about what they found to be important information, students were asked‘Will Information from this exercise affect how you will do design in the future? How?’ Throughcoding students’ responses, we discovered that students are thinking metacognitively aboutdesign through articulating plans, efficient use of time, monitoring their steps, and evaluatingtheir design processes. While all students can articulate their design intentions, some studentsexplore a nuanced understanding of their design intentions and subsequent actionable strategiesthat could impact how they design in the future. This practical classroom activity can be used

Conference Session

Curriculum in Telecommunications Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kim Nankivell, Purdue University, Calumet; Joy Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet; Jana Whittington, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

people skills”.15 They have clear outcomes, measurable, goal ortask driven, and attained through education or on the job training. This skill perspective is quitegeneral and often dependent on the job at hand or the job position need.The second perspective of IT skills could be considered more general skills required for the ITprofessional. The perspective is not task oriented but focuses on the range of job outcomes and isa function of how to integrate a number of technologies. These core skills are more aboutorganizational skills such as communication and interpersonal than specific IT skills such asprogramming. IT leaders are more apt to require these skills and might vary from organization to

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Garen Gregorian; Francis Di Bella

ft/sec.2, for the heights to be considered in this Page 6.752.8paper (i.e. less than 3,000 ft)).“Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2001, American Society of Engineering EducationDp (psi)=14.696 x (1- exp(- h x 32.2 x 28.966/ (32.2 x 1545 x To) Eqn. 3where: To= 520- .5 x 3.6 x h/1000; To= amb. temp. R at bld.g height, h; h= ht. ofthe building (ft.);If a pressure differential (Dp) of this magnitude could be maintained then an air flow willbe induced through such a conduit. This phenomenon has not

Conference Session

Improving Teaching and Learning

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Suzanne Balik; Nachiappan Nagappan; Laurie Williams; Julie Petlick; Carol Miller; Miriam Ferzli; Eric Wiebe

students to rate theirpartners on a scale from 0 (poor) to 20 (superior) for each of five questions concerningcontribution towards completion of the lab. Each students’ lab score was multiplied by thepercentage of points received on this evaluation. Though a majority of students received a 100%on their peer evaluation, low peer evaluation scores sent a strong signal to those who were notputting forth the necessary effort. Differences in ability and desire to contribute were alsoequalized by changing partners three times during the semester. Students were randomly assignedpartners through a web-based program who they then worked with for two to three weeks. If astudent’s partner did not show up after 10 minutes, the student was assigned to another

Conference Session

Working Against Unjust Social Forces

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Anna Marie LaChance, University of Connecticut; Jennifer Pascal, University of Connecticut; Danielle Gan, University of Connecticut; Justyn James Paquette Welsh, University of Connecticut; Thomas James Pauly, University of Connecticut; Patrick Paul, University of Connecticut

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education, Equity

Paper ID #33189Teaching Environmental Justice Principles to Chemical EngineeringSeniors: An Antiracist, Collaborative ApproachMs. Anna Marie LaChance, University of Connecticut Anna Marie (she/her) is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Connecticut. Her work is related to thin-film fluid mechanics and nanosheet co- assembly for use in high-barrier polymer nanocomposites. Having completed the Graduate Certificate in College Instruction (GCCI) at UConn, she is preparing to teach at the university level upon graduation in late Spring 2021. Through her research

Conference Session

Understanding Students and Faculty

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University; Qiong Zhang, University of South Florida; James R. Mihelcic, University of South Florida; Julie Zimmerman, Yale University; Nina J. Truch, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

roughly 200 college students. Two of the threescales have strong internal reliability with Cronbach alpha reliability measures of 0.73 forconstruct 1) and 0.90 for construct 2). The third is weaker with a Cronbach alpha of 0.3, clearlycalling for a closer examination and alteration of the survey questions. Each of the scalesaccounts for 68%, 63% and 51% of the variance, respectively. We present evidence of validityfor the three scales. Construct validity is illustrated through predictable performance on thescales by contrasting groups of students, consistency in the internal structure through factoranalysis and expected correlations across scales. However, we recognize that these instrumentscan be refined and improved; we have deployed them in a

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; Anna Pereira, University of California, Berkeley; Benjamin Mitchell, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. 103. Feisel, L.D. and Rosa, A.J., (2005) The Role of the Laboratory in Undergraduate Engineering Education, J. Engineering Ed., 94(1), pp. 121-130.4. Kline, R., (1994) World War II: A Watershed in Electrical Engineering Education, IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, pp. 17-23.5. Dutson, A.J., Todd, R.H., Magleby, S.P. and Sorensen, C.D., (1997) A Review of Literature on Teaching Engineering Design Through Project-Oriented Capstone Courses, Journal of Engineering Education, 86 (1), 1997, pp. 17-28.6. Sheppard, S.D., Macatangay, K., Colby, A. and Sullivan, W.M. (2008) Educating Engineers: Designing for the Future of the Field, The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.7. NAE, (2004) The

Conference Session

Emerging Technologies in Manufacturing Education - I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Pagliari, East Carolina University; David Batts, East Carolina University; Lawrence Behr, LBA Group; Kenneth Dingle, Allvac

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

shocks and RF burns. These can resultfrom the electric currents which flow between a conducting object and a person who comes intocontact with it while they are exposed to RF fields. “Although it was known that RFR couldcause electric shock in the body or burns in tissue under certain circumstances, specific exposurelimits were not included in previous standards for human exposure to RFR…noted that sucheffects were considered in choosing the 300-kHz lower frequency limit of the present ANSI(1982) standard”15.Non-thermal effects, such as alteration of the human body’s circadian rhythms, immune systemand the nature of the electrical and chemical signals communicated through the cell membranehave been demonstrated by a few researchers10. However

Collection

2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Areej Alshehri; Christian Bach

quality of life “The provision of future topics of study in CP management. Further, the public care & support to can gain from this research since it adds on to the available established The Patient Challenges of Patient patients has a pool of information on CP management. Parents, clinic through medical Quality of CP

Conference Session

Multimedia and Product Design

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Gary Frey

. Plastic Bag Carrier – Permits arthritic persons to carry more than one plastic grocery bag 15. Vent Screen - Filters HVAC air at vent 16. Harley Davidson Tank Logo – Logo for motorcycleWhile a detailed description of each project is beyond the scope of this paper the overall successof each venture will be indicated. Some of the more extreme uses of RP that we have done are: · House Models · Trophies or Plaques · 6” Working Band saw · Jewelry · ProstheticsThese projects were often initiated with the industry person coming in to discuss the project withthe instructor. Then a meeting would be set up where the industry person would meet with adesign and prototyping class. Student volunteers would then apply for either free or

Conference Session

The Philosophy of Engineering and Technological Literacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mani Mina, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

material much faster. 3. The development of narratives through reflection and understanding of the equations and their treatments need to be monitored regularly and fast feedback provided to help them correct their conceptual aspects of the reflections narratives and keep progressing 4. Instructors need to provide the following: A set of key items, upon which to reflect, that we Page 26.226.16 would like them to know, problems that they need to be able to solve, concepts that they need to be able to talk about. This is essential. If we know what they need to accomplish, if it can come into a set of test-like

Conference Session

Pre-College: Fundamental Research in Engineering Education (2)

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue, Towson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

: including“specified criteria for success” as they go about defining problems, and planning and carryingout “fair tests in which variables are controlled and failure points are considered to identifyaspects of a model or prototype that can be improved.”6 Another principle for elementary through high school engineering education, accordingto the Committee on K12 Engineering Education, is that it promotes engineering habits of mind.Specifically, the committee referenced the following habits of mind: “systems thinking,collaboration, ethical considerations, creativity, communication and optimism.”7 Optimism“reflects a world view in which possibilities and opportunities can be found in every challengeand an understanding that every technology can