Conference Session

Teaching and Learning Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathalie Duval-Couetil, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

addressed? 5. To what extent do programs focus on experiential learning?The impetus for this research is a desire to examine how a College of Technology at a majorresearch-intensive university might integrate more innovative and innovation-related curriculumand experiences into its degree programs in a way that complements existing programs inentrepreneurship, business, and engineering. It also reflects a need to develop a body ofknowledge in this area which addresses a desire of the administration to “move beyond thenarrow definition of Technology as artifacts, systems, and processes to a much broader meaningthat includes leadership, innovation, commercialization, emerging technologies,entrepreneurship, applied and use-inspired research

Conference Session

Technical Session 4: Modulus Topics 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alessio Gaspar, University of South Florida; Dmytro Vitel, University of South Florida; A.T.M. Golam Bari, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

separate NetworkPolicy interface would alsoenable the system to handle specialized user interfaces; e.g., administrator, instructor. The latterwould be particularly relevant to provide real time statistics on the system to instructors andpotentially empower them to affect the system while it is running.4 System configurationSystem initialization is done through a set of configuration files, among which there should beone root file. This root file is provided as file://, http(s):// or ftp:// URL to the EvoParsons jar. Thisjar represents the server-side component of our project. A few scripts are meant to facilitate Table 1: Components of EvoParsons system and their purpose Interface/class Meaning

Conference Session

Engaging Faculty Across Disciplines, Colleges, and Institutions

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Cecilia Santa Cruz, PUCP; Graciela del Carmen Fernández de Córdova, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú; Marta Vilela Vilela, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

problem situation and a carrying out a casestudy including desktop and field work. (3) Identifying an intermediate city on the Northerncoast of Peru affected negatively by climate change as case study, aiming for the students todevelop risk management plans and public space design.The course’s theoretical, methodological and procedural contents are aimed at conducting arisk diagnosis and delivering solution schemes. These contents include participatory andsocial responsibility academic methodologies that combine local knowledge and technicalknow-how in order to generate new knowledge.Innovation is applied to the production of information through two participatory workshops:the first one for risk diagnosis and solution guidelines, and the second

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry J. Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Mary E. Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Tuba Pinar Yildirim, University of Pittsburgh; Karen M. Bursic, University of Pittsburgh; Natasa Vidic, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

certain engineering topics. Specifi-cally, we have pursued two main research avenues: MEAs as teaching tools and MEAs as learn-ing assessment tools. This paper summarizes our results for these two research thrusts as we en-ter our fourth project year. Particular emphasis is placed on our mixed measurements for studentlearning and achievement, and an examination of the relative conceptual gain for a series ofMEA experiments, including those where a comparison group was available.Introduction“Collaborative Research: Improving Engineering Students' Learning Strategies Through Modelsand Modeling” is a CCLI Type 3 project involving seven university partners: California Poly-technic State University, Colorado School of Mines, Purdue University, United

Conference Session

Influencing the Next (Third!) Edition of the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge for the 21st Century

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth J. Fridley, University of Alabama; W. Edward Back, University of Alabama; Derek G. Williamson, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

interesting to note that one topic where the ABET criteria might go beyond theexpectations of the BOK outcomes is an explicit reference to professional licensure. However,since (1) the BOK defines the knowledge, skills and attitudes expected of an individual “enteringthe practice of civil engineering at the professional level” (to be a licensed professional engineer)and (2) pre-licensure education and experience are central themes of the BOK, the fact thatlicensure is not explicitly included in any of the 24 outcomes is perhaps not overly surprising.Nevertheless, awareness of the importance of licensure and, specifically, knowledge of thelicensure process, content and expectations for passing the FE and PE exams, and theexpectations and requirements

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Kee; Jean-Pierre Delplanque

+ ∇·(ρV) = 0, (1) ∂tMomentum (Navier-Stokes): DV ρ = −∇p + f − ∇× [µ(∇×V)] + ∇ [(λ + 2µ)∇·V] . (2) DtThermal energy: DT Dp ρcp = + ∇·(k∇T ). (3) Dt DtIn these equations, the variables take their usual meanings: t time, ρ the mass density, Vthe velocity vector, p the pressure, f a volumetric body force, µ the dynamic viscosity, λthe bulk viscosity, cp the specific heat at constant pressure, T the temperature, and k thethermal conductivity. The

Conference Session

Socio-Technical Issues in Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park; Andrew Elby, University of Maryland, College Park; Chandra Anne Turpen, University of Maryland, College Park; Thomas M. Philip, University of California, Los Angeles

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

epistemologies.Dr. Chandra Anne Turpen, University of Maryland, College Park Chandra Turpen is a Research Associate at the University of Maryland, College Park with the Physics Education Research Group. She completed her PhD in Physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder specializing in Physics Education Research. Chandra’s work involves designing and researching contexts for learning within higher education. In her research, Chandra draws from the perspectives of anthropol- ogy, cultural psychology, and the learning sciences. Through in-situ studies of classroom and institutional practice, Chandra focuses on the role of culture in science learning and educational change. Chandra pur- sues projects that have high potential

Conference Session

PCEE Technical Session 5: STEM Teacher Instructional Moves

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela Lottero-Perdue, Towson University; Jamie Mikeska

learning experiences. She has authored numerous engineering-focused teacher practitioner articles, chapters, and research articles, and presents her research regularly through the ASEE Pre- College Engineering Education Division, a division she has chaired. Her current research includes investigating how K-5 students plan, fail, and productively persist, and how simulated classroom environments can be used to help pre-service and in-service teachers practice facilitating discussions in science and engineering.Jamie Mikeska © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Simulated Engineering Teaching Experiences

Conference Session

Division for Experimentation & Lab-oriented Studies Technical Session 5

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bridget M. Smyser, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

is whether or not it helpsthem learn the material. Labs that are disconnected from the course topics or that are seen asbusywork are not well received by the students. For all the labs studied except for theTemperature lab, the results indicate that labs helped them learn when the experiment was seenas supported by lecture and interesting and engaging. Labs that help students learn are also seenas having information that is applicable to other problems. This is a particularly valuableoutcome for making connections across the curriculum. If students can imagine having to useparticular techniques or sensors in other situations, there is a better chance that they will retainthat information beyond the course.Small amounts of frustration can be

Conference Session

TAC/ABET-related Outcome-based Assessment Methods and Models

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kathryne Newton, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

principles of mathematics and science shall be engineering technology solutions in a Core Component 4a The organization evident in technical and management course societal and global context; and demonstrates, through the actions of its work. k. a commitment to quality, timeliness, board, administrators, students, faculty, and continuous improvement. and staff, that it values a life of learning. 6.3.8 Computer Applications: The program of

Conference Session

Innovative Pedagogy in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven J. Burian, University of Utah; Jeffery S Horsburgh, Utah State University; David E Rosenberg, Utah State University; Daniel P. Ames, Brigham Young University; Laura G Hunter, Utah Education Network; Courtenay Strong, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

. Page 23.1321.3Like its predecessor, instructional television, IVC has typically been used to distribute instructionfrom one instructor to multiple sites. This breadth approach has been lauded as a cost-efficientway to distribute traditional lectures and increase access for students at remote locations3. In thecase of the hydroinformatics course described in this paper, we took the approach of involvingmultiple instructors through synchronous team teaching. Rather than one-to-many, we adopted amany-to-many approach where course sessions were divided among several instructors and eachinstructor took a lead teaching role at various times according to the objectives for that sessionand the expertise of the instructor. All instructors were also

Conference Session

Classes in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

about the redesign of Principles is to investigate how through a better designed courseyou can potentially influence more students, particularly engineers, toward developing orenhancing their entrepreneurial mindset and becoming more entrepreneurial in whatever theychose to do. Better design is assumed to mean a course more aligned with curriculum designmodels known to produce superior learning results in undergraduate students. Entrepreneurialmindset is assumed to be a set of individual factors related to the knowledge, skills and attributesthat research has shown lead to a higher probability of entrepreneurial success 10-14. This paper also introduces the learning outcomes model of Wiggins and McTighe15, theassessment triangle model of

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angeles Dominguez, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico, and Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Genaro Zavala, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico, and Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Maria Elena Truyol, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Mathematics’ coordinator is toassure the equity of the evaluation methods through the semesters. Since the coordinators havebeen in that position for at least two years and have been math instructors at this university forseveral years, we are confident that they know the material as well as the structures of the exams.Therefore, for this study we consider comparable the final grades of a course to those of the samecourse a year before.The same kind of tests were conducted in all courses and semesters compared. There were threetests during the semester. All sections of a course took the tests on the same day. The tests hadthe following structure: • 25% of the evaluation: Conceptual questions. • 25% of the evaluation: Multiple choice questions, in

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Metacognition, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation #2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Woo J. Kim, Miami University; Brielle Nikole Johnson, Miami University; Jennifer Blue, Miami University; Amy Summerville, Miami University; Brian P. Kirkmeyer, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Psy- chology and Sociology. Her research interests include issues related to social class and areas of existential psychology and counterfactual thinking.Dr. Jennifer Blue, Miami University Jennifer Blue is a Professor of Physics at Miami University. She works to give more people access to physics. Sometimes that’s reforming the curriculum for introductory classes, sometimes it’s working with K-12 science teachers, and sometimes it’s advocating for traditionally excluded populations, including women in STEM. Her website can be found here: http://www.users.miamioh.edu/bluejm/.Dr. Amy Summerville, Miami University Dr. Summerville is a Senior Research Scientist at Kairos research. She was previously an Associate

Conference Session

Software Engineering Constituent Committee Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Koufakou, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

LeBlanc, J., “Improving software practice through education: Challenges and future trends”, 2007.6. Callele, D., and Makaroff, D., “Teaching requirements engineering to an unsuspecting audience”, ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 38(1), 2006, pp. 433-437.7. Zowghi, D., and Paryani, S., “Teaching requirement engineering through role playing: Lessons learnt,” International Conference Requirements Engineering, 2003, pp. 233–245.8. Al-Ani, B., and Yusop, N., “Role-playing, group work and other ambitious teaching methods in a large requirement engineering course,” IEEE International Conference Workshop Eng. Computer- Based Systems, 2004, pp. 299–306.9. Mohan, S., and Chenoweth, S., “Teaching requirements engineering to undergraduate students

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Outside the Classroom

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Traci Nathans-Kelly, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Kevin Anderson, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Christine Nicometo, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Thomas McGlamery, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

options: ≠ On the job Page 15.709.3 ≠ On the job-professional development ≠ Grad school ≠ Co-op or internship ≠ Undergrad lecture ≠ Undergrad project/lab ≠ K-12 ≠ Other ≠ N/ALater in the survey, respondents were asked to describe a notable work event that gives a gooddescription of what it means to be an engineer. As a follow-up to their narrative answer, theywere asked to identify the skills/attributes most important to that notable work event.Second, practicing engineers were interviewed by trained student research assistants who hadbeen prepared with human-subjects training and instructed on good interviewing

Collection

2024 ASEE St. Lawrence Section Annual Conference

Authors

Juliette Sweeney

school tending toward meritocracy with stringent admission criteria.The other case study tended toward diversity principles with relatively open admission criteria.The pseudonym used for the university tending toward meritocracy was Donnybrook and thepseudonym used for the university tending toward diversity was Benmiller. Pseudonyms wereused for universities and individuals to ensure anonymity and protect their identities.Five faculty members were interviewed at each graduate engineering schools for a total of 10faculty interviews. Faculty were recruited through direct emails to institutional emails availableon institutional websites. 10 students were interviewed at each school for a total of 20 studentinterviews. An equal numbers of

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 7

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kiana Alexa Ramos; Julia Gardow; Emanuel Joseph Louime; Eunice Yujin Kang; Avneet Hira, Boston College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

also offers authentic real-world applications to engineering problems that may create amore human-centered approach to addressing problems within communities.Background and Rationale Research Context Makerspaces are often looked at as panaceas for inclusion, but in practice are often not[1], [2]. Makerspaces have the goal of encouraging underserved youth to express their creativityand learn through a hands-on technology-rich environment [3],[4]. However, there has been littleevidence that these makerspaces provide underserved youth with a sense of ownership andbelonging. Additionally, the engineering field has historically lacked the acknowledgment thatsome engineered projects and designs are harmful to society and have

Conference Session

Standards For Future Engineering Practitioners

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charlotte Erdmann, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

gets into a description of individualordering through document delivery services, standing order services, and maintaining thecollection.Bonnie A. Osif5 (2006) edited an up-to-date guide to Using the Engineering Literature thatreviewed engineering disciplines and gave guidance on all forms of engineering information.The book also contains chapters for each engineering discipline that are written by engineeringlibrarians. Piety and Piety6 (2006) wrote an excellent description of standards for all fields ofengineering in the chapter on General Engineering. Most chapters also include standardsresources and descriptions of organizations that create standards for that subject area. Standardsand specifications are created by “companies, technical

Conference Session

Continuing Professional Development Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-peng Wu, University of Wisconsin at Madison

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

design principles go beyond accessibility requirements and advocate thatdesigning online education for a diversity of user needs and circumstances enhanceslearning for everyone. In this paper, we explore key accessibility, usability, and universaldesign issues to see how user experiences in distance education have been optimized tobenefit all users. We discuss current trends and potential best practices of effectivedistance teaching and learning in continuing education under recommended frameworksfrom Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0. We will share practical tipsand lessons learned from our experiences developing online Engineering Master DegreeProgramsKeywordsAccessibility, Instructional Design, Universal Design, Online

Conference Session

Course and Program Assessment

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Abi Aghayere

Session 3649 Assessing the Impact of the Concrete Canoe and Steel Bridge Competitions on Civil Engineering Technology Students Valerie L. Sirianni, Kerin E. Lee, Matt D. LeFevre, James W. Lindholm Abi Aghayere, Maureen Valentine Rochester Institute of TechnologyAbstractThe new accreditation criteria (TC2K) of the Technology Accreditation Commission of ABETrequire an assessment of Program Intended Learning Outcomes. Some of the learning outcomesrequired by the “a” through “k” and the Civil criteria of TC2K include leadership skills,teamwork skills, project

Conference Session

Undergraduate Research & New Directions

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

James Sluss

Session # 1332 The Telecommunications Interoperability Laboratory J. J. Sluss, Jr., S. V. Kartalopoulos, H. H. Refai, M.J. Riley and P. K. Verma Telecommunications Systems, College of Engineering The University of Oklahoma - TulsaAbstract The University of Oklahoma has developed a Telecommunications Interoperability Laboratory to enhance the educational and research experience of students in the Telecommunications Systems program. The Interoperability Lab is a collection of five interconnected technology islands: the Internet

Conference Session

CPD Technical Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Soma Chakrabarti, University of Kansas; Kevin Curry, University of Kansas; Zachary Gredlics, University of Kansas

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

edge through innovation and help achieve thestrategic goals drive the learning needs. Today’s learning directors are asked to either develop in-house training or buy standard or customized training from university or other external providersto help succeed in critical projects that will either fulfill a contract requirement or develop aproduct or service. On the surface, the above is true for most organizations. However, in ourobservation as a university training provider to large engineering organizations, we have foundthat the learning models in each company differ from the others. In this paper, we report suchobservations with three different organizations.The University of Kansas has been providing technical training to large aerospace

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Paul Benjamin Crilly, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics

, because air has a index of refraction slightly greater than unity, there issome refractive bending, and thus, the signal may travel slightly beyond the horizon. (b) Thesurface wave, which is also called the Norton surface wave. Norton surface waves are waves thattravel along the earth’s surface in the same way a electromagnetic wave would travel along atransmission line[1]. The losses are dictated by the frequency, the higher the frequency, thegreater the signal attenuation. The Norton surface wave permits reasonable propagation ofsignals below the medium frequency (MF) bands and therefore, depending on the transmitterpower, AM broadcast signals can propagate up to a maximum of hundred or miles or so duringthe day via the surface wave. At

Conference Session

CoNECD Session : Day 3 Slot 3 Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 CoNECD

Authors

Justin Charles Major, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Allison Godwin, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Adam Kirn, University of Nevada, Reno

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

. Through his in- volvement in the UNR PRiDE Research Lab and engagement with the UNR and Northern Nevada STEM Education communities, he studied student motivation, active learning, and diversity; developed K-12 engineering education curriculum; and advocated for socioeconomically just access to STEM education. As a Ph.D. Candidate with the STRiDE Research Lab at Purdue University, Justin’s dissertation research focuses on the study of Intersectionality Theory and the intersectionality of socioeconomic inequality in engineering education, use of critical quantitative methodology and narrative inquiry to understand the complex stories of engineering students from traditionally minoritized backgrounds, and the pursuit of a

Conference Session

Metrology Laboratories

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Georgia Harris, National Institute of Standards & Technology; Christopher Grachanen, Hewlett Packard Company

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

“Best Measurement” Award j. Outreach to alternative education venues frequented by target groups such as regional science centers, libraries, and museums k. Target science and math magnet schools or other career academy programs l. Measurement Bus- traveling interactive laboratory; learn by doing m. Focus efforts by region; follow cohort of students through consecutive school years to reinforce exposureC. Outreach to Vo-tech, Community Colleges & Universities a. Promotion of metrology programs b. Sharing of curriculum content, texts, and resources among metrology programs; identify best practices and text books; benchmark program content (assessment and

Conference Session

Computers in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Harry Hess

course relies heavily on involving the students in hands-on learning activities, itassists them to better understand theoretical concepts. The hands-on approach utilizes laboratoryactivities and is ideally suited for teaching the concepts of design and analysis of metallic andplastics welding fabrications and castings, lathe turnings, as well as the set-up and analysis ofplastics molding (injection, compression, thermoforming and extrusion blow) investigations.The laboratory environment, a custom facility containing laboratory size equipment, encouragesstudents to develop and present solutions to manufacturing processes, organizational andproduction systems problems through the use of solid modeling software, solid object processingplus metallic

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 4

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rania Al-Hammoud, University of Waterloo; Ona Egbue, University of South Carolina, Upstate

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

] P. &. W. D. Black, "Developing the theory of formative assessment," Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 5-31, 2009.[7] D. &. M.-D. D. Nicol, "Rethinking formative assessment in higher education: A theoretical model and seven principles of good feedback practice," in C. Juwah, D. Macfarlane-Dick, B. Matthew, D. Nicol, D. Ross, & B. Smith (Eds.) Enhancing Student Learning through Effective Formative Feedback, Generic Center, The Higher Education Academy, 2005, pp. 3-14.[8] D. H. &. F. C. M. Ziegenfuss, "Flipping the feedback formative assessment in a flipped freshman circuits class," Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 8, 2021.[9] S. M. J. J. K

Conference Session

Approaches to Assessment and Student Reflection

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Susan Bobbitt Nolen, University of Washington; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods, Ocean and Marine

propagation, use, and impact of the Concept Warehouse.What we learn will inform future efforts to spread evidence-based practices to a greater range ofcontexts, instructors, and students. It will also inform further development of those practices andtheir evidentiary base through the documentation of instructor modification and implementationof the Concept Warehouse. The intent for this paper is to provide an opportunity for communitydiscussion so we have opportunity to revise the model before intensive analysis is conducted.The Technology ToolThe Concept Warehouse is a web-based instructional tool that was originally developed forChemical Engineering faculty (Koretsky et al. 2014). It is designed to provide instructors andtheir students with a cyber

Collection

2004 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Judy Collins; Beverlee Kissick; Jung Oh; Alysia Starkey

preference, the library developed a series of online tutorial modules. The modulesprovide faculty and students with library assistance anytime, anywhere and allows them to learnskills at their own pace. K-State Online (http://Online.ksu.edu), an Internet based coursedelivery program, was selected as the means for tutorial delivery. The platform was selectedover traditional web delivery because of its ability to track student usage and monitor theirprogress through the use of quizzes placed at the end of each module. To date, five modulesincorporating fifteen lessons have been developed focusing on general library services,navigating the library’s website, searching the card catalog, library database usage, topicselection, evaluating web sites, and