Conference Session

Approaches to Encouraging Student Engagement

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nicole Barclay, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Carl D. Westine, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Angie Claris, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Florence Martin, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

program evaluation of STEM education interventions.Angie Claris, University of North Carolina at Charlotte Angie Claris is a recent graduate with a Masters in Learning, Design, and Technology from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Her concentration is Training and Development with research and graduate projects including content on instructional multimedia design and the development of online instructional modules.Prof. Florence Martin, University of North Carolina Charlotte Dr. Florence Martin is a Professor in the Learning, Design and Technology program at University of North Carolina Charlotte. She received her Doctorate and Master’s degrees in Educational Technology from Arizona State University

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Innovation Through Propagation

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego; Denise Rutledge Simmons P.E., Virginia Tech; Larry J. Shuman, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #16414Innovation through Propagation: Pathways to Studying Engineering, Reten-tion and Diversifying the Learning CommunityDr. Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego Susan M. Lord received a B.S. from Cornell University and the M.S. and Ph.D. from Stanford University. She is currently Professor and Chair of Electrical Engineering at the University of San Diego. Her teach- ing and research interests include electronics, optoelectronics, materials science, first year engineering courses, feminist and liberative pedagogies, engineering student persistence, and student autonomy. Her research has been sponsored by the

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD) Technical Session 3: Instruction & Information Literacy

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seth Vuletich, Colorado School of Mines; Brianna B. Buljung, Colorado School of Mines; Joseph R. Kraus, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries Division (ELD)

Paper ID #37021Mapping Graduate Student Workshops to Career Readiness FrameworksSeth Vuletich, Colorado School of Mines Seth Vuletich is the Scholarly Communications Librarian the Colorado School of Mines. Seth provides specialized support to graduate students through all stages of the research lifecycle. Prior to entering the field of librarianship, Seth was a professional woodworker and earned a bachelor’s degree in geology from the University of Colorado, Boulder. Seth earned his Master’s in Library and Information Science from the University of Denver in 2021.Ms. Brianna B. Buljung, Colorado School of Mines

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experiences and Funding

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Audeen Fentiman

Session 2177 Supporting Graduate Students: A Catalog of Opportunities Audeen W. Fentiman The Ohio State UniversityIntroductionFinding support for graduate students in Nuclear Engineering can be a challenge. Many studentsare supported as Graduate Research Associates (GRA) on faculty projects, and some serve asGraduate Teaching Associates (GTA) helping to teach undergraduate nuclear engineeringcourses. As enrollments in Nuclear Engineering programs grow, the number of promisingstudents can exceed the number of traditional GRA and GTA positions available. There are,however, a

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Courses and Outcomes I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ken Vickers, University of Arkansas; Carol Reeves, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

AC 2011-1232: INTERDISCIPLINARY STEM-BUSINESS GRADUATE CER-TIFICATE IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROGRAMKen Vickers, University of Arkansas Ken Vickers is a Research Professor in Physics at the University of Arkansas, and has served as Director of the interdisciplinary Microelectronics-Photonics Graduate Program since its creation in April 1998. He worked for Texas Instruments from 1977 through March 1998 in integrated circuit fabrication engineering, the last seven years as Engineering Manager of the TI Sherman IC Wafer Fab. Professor Vickers’ technical accomplishments before leaving TI included chairmanship of the Sherman Site Technical Council for six years, election to Senior Member Technical Staff, chairmanship of two

Conference Session

Diffusion and Adoption of Teaching Practices

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiang (Susie) Zhao, Alabama A&M University; Fayequa Majid, Alabama A&M University; V. Trent Montgomery, Alabama A&M University; Chance M Glenn Sr., Alabama A&M University; Juarine Stewart, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, Alabama. Dr. Glenn returned to Huntsville after starting school at Alabama A&M years ago. He is now leading the college through its expansion to prepare students and researchers to meet the global needs of the 21st century. Dr. Glenn is also the President and Executive Director of the newly formed Alabama A&M Research, Innovation, Science and Engineering (AAMU-RISE) Foundation. The Foundation’s mission is to create new opportunities for the region in research and development. Prior to coming to A&M he was the Associate Dean of Graduate Studies at the Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York. He holds several patents and is internationally recognized for research in rf communications and

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

V. Gerez; G. Venkataramanan; D. Egolf; Brian K. Johnson; Jerry Hamann

students keep growing to meet technologicaladvances and research needs. Modest-sized graduate programs face the difficulty of achievingsufficient enrollments in graduate courses, further limiting course availability for graduate stu-dents. Attracting and retaining graduate students becomes challenging under such circumstances.However, graduate students form the backbone of any successful research program. The experi-ment presented in this paper was conducted to study the feasibility of forming teaching alliancesfocused in electrical engineering. These alliances allow several programs to pool their resources. I. IntroductionResources for higher education have become scarce in recent years due to decreased

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 7: Learning and Research in Makerspaces

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Torralba, University of Miami; Rob Rouse, Southern Methodist University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

each team as well as expert involvement.Table 1Additional details on the composition of each team, as well as relevant information on the SIL experts. Data Collection and Analysis During the IDC, the first author assumed the role of a non-participant observer and collected all the data used in this study. Following an ethnographic approach, he did not engage in any of the activities in which the students participated throughout the IDC and interacted with them only when observation alone did not provide data on instances he believed to be relevant to answering the overarching research question (e.g., when participants worked quietly, independently, or engaged in self-reflection). Main sources of data consisted of extensive field notes, videos

Conference Session

Faculty Attitudes and Perceptions

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Natalia Kapli, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

course effectiveness. Additional studies should examine this question againusing courses with larger enrollment.One limitation of this research is the specialized population of students in the course. The courseconsisted of graduate teaching assistants from around the College of Engineering. Some of thesestudents were independently teaching a course, lab, or recitation. Some students were notindependently teaching that semester. There could potentially be two separate populations ofstudents in the course and the results could likely be influenced by their teaching role in thegiven semester. Whether or not these findings can be generalized to other graduate courses or tothe population of undergraduate students is questionable.Another possible

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Describing the Engineering Student Learning Experience Based on CAEE Findings: Part 1

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Atman, University of Washington; Lorraine Fleming, Howard University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Karl Smith, University of Minnesota; Reed Stevens, University of Washington; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University; Christine Loucks-Jaret, University of Washington; Dennis Lund, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Ford Motor Company's Scientific Research Lab. Dr. Sheppard's graduate work was done at the University of Michigan.Lorraine Fleming, Howard University LORRAINE FLEMING is professor and former Chair of the Department of Civil Engineering at Howard University. Dr. Fleming serves as the Co-PI of a National Science Foundation HBCU Undergraduate Program grant designed to increase the number of underrepresented minorities who pursue degrees in engineering, mathematics, and science. Additionally, she is a Co-PI for the Center for the Advancement of Engineering Education. She serves as the Principal Investigator of an NSF grant designed to study the post baccalaureate decisions of high achieving

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experiences

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael Reischman; Eugene Brown

) http://www.swe.org/SWE/ProgDev/Projects/GrantProjectRep.htm 2) “The Meyerhoff Scholar Program: Producing High-Achieving Minority Students in Mathematics and Science,” Notices of the AMS, January 2001, pp. 26-28. 3) ASEE Annual Meeting Sessions sponsored by the Graduate Studies Division http://www.asee.org/conferences/default.cfmBIOGRAPHIESEugene F. BrownEugene F. Brown is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Tech and a former Chair of ASEE’sGraduate Studies Division. He teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in thermodynamics and fluid mechanicsand is the author of many papers and reports describing his research in the areas of computational fluid dynamicsand

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

James Sluss

. Theeducational market for this program has already been demonstrated and we have produced ourfirst graduates. This program has a traditional home department, the School of Electrical and Page 9.43.1 Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering EducationComputer Engineering at the OU home campus in Norman. The program is principally offeredby resident, full-time faculty in Tulsa at the OU-Tulsa Schusterman Center and extends OU’sability to meet its teaching, research and service missions. Distance learning technology

Collection

1981 North Midwest Section

Authors

David Anthony Rogers; Attilio Jose Giarola; Darlene Hicks Rogers

a sub-stantial Master's thesis. The M.S.E.E. graduates are comparable inquality to those in a developed country.l For the Ph.D. program the·student has to complete at least 48 credits in course work (includingthose accepted from his Master's program) and submit a thesis that mustcontribute to the advancement of science or technology. The work associ-ated with this thesis is considerable, and, as a result, for the com-pletion of the thesis, the student must work several years. Some students obtain scholarships to study for the Ph.D. in othercountries. Those who remain must be highly motivated since it can bevery difficult to make substantial contributions in science and tech-nology when one is located far from the centers of research in

Conference Session

Approaches to Assessment and Student Reflection

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jes Barron, U.S. Military Academy; Brad C. McCoy, U.S. Military Academy; Jakob C. Bruhl, U.S. Military Academy; John J. Case, U.S. Military Academy; John Andrew Kearby, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #29422The Napkin Sketch Pilot Study: A minute-paper reflection in pictorial formCapt. Jes Barron, U.S. Military Academy Jes Barron is an Instructor in the Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering from West Point (2009), a Master of Business Administration from Oklahoma State University (2015), and a Master of Science degree in Underground Construction and Tunnel Engineering from Colorado School of Mines (2018). He is a licensed professional engineer in the state of Texas. His research

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Jim Jones; Ed Berger; Linda Blevins; William Oakes

processes. The seminars are designed for all engineering disciplines .At Purdue the series consists of four seminars given during a two week period. The four seminars are“Graduate Study in Engineering: To Go or Not to Go, That is the Question”, “ Helping Engineers Prepare forthe General Graduate Record Exam (GRE)”, “Approach and Helpful Hints on the GRE Engineering Exam”and “Strategies for Applying to National Fellowship Programs”. An alternative format of a single seminarhighlighting all four topics is also discussed. Data from student evaluations are summarized and show thatwhile students are not initially well informed about the above topics, the seminars provide a significantincrease in their understanding.INTRODUCTION During the past

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 18: Student Learning and Problem Solving

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Angela Minichiello P.E., Utah State University; Assad Iqbal, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Engineering Problem Solving: A Preliminary Study 1. IntroductionEngineering students are trained to be effective problem solvers. Specifically, engineeringstudents are expected to become skillful at synthesizing and applying information across multipleknowledge domains to generate optimal solutions to problems of varying levels of difficulty.Unfortunately, many engineering students graduate with discernible gaps in their problemsolving skills. Research has attributed these gaps, in part, to specific cognitive processingchallenges that students face during problem solving activities [1]-[10]. For example, Hadwin [4]and Lawanto et al. [6] [7] found that students exhibited incomplete or inaccurate taskunderstanding during problem

Conference Session

Engineering Identity 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel McCord Ellestad, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #6139Bazinga! You’re an engineer. . . you’re ! A Qualitative Study on the Mediaand Perceptions of EngineersRachel McCord, Virginia Tech Rachel McCord is a second year graduate student in the Department of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. Her current research interests include motivation, conceptual understanding and student use of metacognitive practices. She received her B.S. and M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from The University of Tennessee. Her advisor is Dr. Holly Matusovich

Conference Session

Student Attitudes and Perceptions

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dazhi Yang, Purdue University; Aidsa Santiago Roman, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Ruth Streveler, Purdue Universtiy; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines; James Slotta, University of Toronto; Michelene Chi

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2010-1826: REPAIRING STUDENT MISCONCEPTIONS USING ONTOLOGYTRAINING: A STUDY WITH JUNIOR AND SENIOR UNDERGRADUATEENGINEERING STUDENTSDazhi Yang, Purdue University Dazhi Yang is a postdoctoral researcher and an instructional designer in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. She obtained both her master’s and Ph.D. degrees in Educational Technology from Purdue in 2004 and 2008, respectively. She has taught a variety of subjects at the K-12, undergraduate, and graduate levels. She also has worked on various instructional deign and technology-supported learning projects across disciplines. Dr. Yang’s research interests are instructional design and strategies

Conference Session

Designing and Evaluating Engineering Leadership Programs

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Teresa J. Didiano, University of Toronto; Annie Elisabeth Simpson, Troost Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering, University of Toronto; Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development

opportunities for graduate students [4-6], and leadership education isripe to complement highly technical disciplines. Leadership education cultivates self-awareness,clarifies personal vision, and hones interpersonal and teamwork competencies. These criticalskills enhance the experience of students in their studies and prepare students to succeed in theirfuture careers.In this paper we discuss how the Troost Institute for Leadership Education in Engineering at theUniversity of Toronto supports the leadership development of graduate students, including PhDstudents and research- and professional-based Masters students. We approach leadershipeducation for graduate students by fostering a vibrant learning ecosystem including threelearning environments: for

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shekar Viswanathan, National University; Ben D Radhakrishnan, National University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

Paper ID #11315Developing ”Critical Thinking Skills” in Graduate Engineering ProgramDr. Shekar Viswanathan, National University Dr. Viswanathan is a Professor at the Department of Applied Engineering at National University, Cali- fornia. Dr. Viswanathan is an educator, researcher and administrator with more than twenty-five years of industrial and academic experience encompassing engineering and environmental consulting, research and development, and technology development. Career experience includes teaching at the University level, conducting fundamental research, and developing continuing educational courses.Mr. Ben D

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Phillip C. Wankat; Frank S. Oreovicz

topics.2 Thus graduate students need to practice the following: oral and written communication, being a member of a technical team, design and open ended-problems, and learning how-to-learn. The course content provides the needed technical breadth to the graduate education. In research: They need to become complete researchers who can study an area, define problems, write proposals, design and conduct experiments - both real and virtual - interpret results, and communicate the results. To do this they need practice and feedback (i. e., mentoring) in all these steps. Research provides the needed technical depth. In teaching: To begin a teaching career effectively, a new assistant professor

Conference Session

Undergraduate Students' Development of Computational and Programming Skills

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Morgan M. Fong, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Seth Poulsen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #32913What’s in a Linked List? A Phenomenographic Study of Data StructureDiagramsMorgan M. Fong, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Morgan M. Fong is a Ph.D. student in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign and an NSF Graduate Research Fellow. Prior to starting her Ph.D. Morgan completed her B.A. in Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley. She is broadly interested in how people learn computer science with a focus on creating inclusive learning environments.Seth Poulsen, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Seth Poulsen is Ph.D. student in

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND) Technical Session 8

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yvette E. Pearson; Casey Harris; Charmane Caldwell, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Reginald Perry, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Melanie L Wicinski, Arkansas State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

students later in theiracademic journeys, they may not remember whether they received a Pell Grant. A betterapproach would be to use institutional data. For this study, identifying information that wouldallow us to link survey responses to institutional data on financial need was not collected.Future ResearchOur future research will track these findings longitudinally through graduation to determine ifchanges occur in intentions and influences over time. In addition, students’ actual post-graduation pursuits will be incorporated into the model as the dependent variable, using therefined analyses to determine the influence of predictor variables on the targeted outcomes.Further, we will conduct more granular analyses to better understand the

Conference Session

Classroom Engagement

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Floyd-Smith, Tuskegee University; Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Ryan Campbell, University of Washington; Rebecca Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Diane Jones, University of Washington; Donald Peter, Seattle Pacific University; Melani Plett, Seattle Pacific Univ; Elaine Scott, Seattle Pacific University; Nanette Veilleux, Simmons College

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

studied using a mixed methods approach that includes surveys,semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Qualitative methods, including ethnographic study,are used to understand the experiences of under-represented minorities at institutions wherestatistically significant sample sizes are not possible. This paper focuses on the conceptualframework that ties CTC to key outcomes and qualities of STEM education and the surveys usedto measure many of the constructs in the conceptual framework. The survey items for manyconstructs have been validated in previous research efforts in K-12 education and highereducation; however, experience has shown that use of these assessment tools in STEM educationnecessitates their modification, reliability

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

William R. Hendee; Steven R Krogull; Jay R. Goldberg

assurance, academic research, teaching, hospital technology management,patent licensing, clinical studies, FDA regulations, and healthcare delivery.Advantages of the ProgramThe Healthcare Technologies Management Program is the first graduate program in the UnitedStates to combine business, biomedical engineering, and healthcare technology management. Itoffers a practical, relevant curriculum designed to meet the unique needs of entry level engineersand healthcare technology managers. It requires less time to complete than a master of businessadministration (MBA) degree, and is flexible to accommodate the career goals of the students.For engineers who plan on moving into and/or remaining in technical management, the programbetter addresses their

Conference Session

New Trends in Graduate Education

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Preston McCrary; Chip Ferguson; Aaron Ball; Wesley Stone

methods, models and research to enhance professional and technical backgrounds andto develop technical management skills by combining qualitative approaches and quantitativetechniques in a balanced curriculum.Project management, telecommunications, and automatic data capture courses were added to thecore curriculum. Similarly, financial and managerial economics were added as an option for thesupporting management area. Students are required to conduct research in all graduate courses.Specific research methods are covered in ET 603, Applied Research and Design. For the ET 603course, students are required to complete a research study using accepted methods and statisticalanalysis. Additionally, all students have the option to take ET 648, Research

Conference Session

Professional Practice and AEC Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gouranga Banik, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

AC 2008-817: EMPLOYER'S EXPECTATIONS REGARDING PERFORMANCE OFCM GRADUATESGouranga Banik, Southern Polytechnic State University Page 13.485.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Employer's Expectations of the Performance of CM GraduatesAbstractGraduates from professional courses are often described by employers as lacking in useful andinstant fee-earning skills. This study explains the development and testing of a paired `customersatisfaction' survey used to determine the development of general skills by graduates fromprofessionally accredited construction management degree programs. This survey reveals theextent of differences in expectations and

Conference Session

ERM Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dazhi Yang, Purdue University; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Aidsa Santiago Roman

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2009-589: REPAIRING MISCONCEPTIONS: A CASE STUDY WITHADVANCED ENGINEERING STUDENTS ON THEIR USE OF SCHEMATRAINING MODULESDazhi Yang, Purdue University Dazhi Yang is a postdoctoral researcher in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. She obtained both her master’s and Ph.D. degrees in Educational Technology from Purdue in 2004 and 2008, respectively. Prior to joining the School of Engineering Education, Dr. Yang worked on a variety of interdisciplinary research projects in instructional design, distance and online learning, assessment and evaluation, technology integration, and information security and assurance in K12 schools. She is the 2009 Young

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 13: Student Learning and Contexts

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Pagano, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Leon Liebenberg MASEE, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Molly H. Goldstein, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #26082Play-in-learning: Studying the Impact of Emotion and Cognition in Under-graduate Engineering LearningMr. Alexander Pagano, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Alex Pagano is a PhD student studying a variety of research questions related to engineering technology and education. He received his B.S. in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Arizona in 2015 and his M.S. in Mechanical Science and Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign in 2018.Dr. Leon Liebenberg MASEE, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign For the past 25 years, Leon Liebenberg has been

Conference Session

Design Thinking and Creativity

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Calabro, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

 targeting troubleshooting are deployed.  We compare our findings to the framework provided by Crismond and Adams [1] and offer refinements along the troubleshooting pattern.  Our longer term expectation is that findings from our research, based on a case study approach, may inform engineering design instruction, curriculum development, and professional development efforts.  By closely examining one practice, this paper demonstrates how this may be possible.  Literature Review    Crismond [2] and Crismond and Adams [1] present descriptions of engineering design activities and teaching strategies that we draw upon in our study of engineering design teaching practices.  Crismond and Adams’ [1