Conference Session

Thermal Systems

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Pamela J. Théroux; Gary Gabriele; Brad Lister; Deborah Kaminski

@nsf.govIntroductionThe research reported in this study describes associations related to teaching and learning in theundergraduate engineering education environment where, traditionally, certain types of learnersand instructors have dominated the teaching-learning landscape, leaving learners with non-dominant learning styles at a disadvantage. This exploratory study conducted over several yearsexamined the complex relationship of student learning style, as measured through the KolbLearning Style Instrument, and student academic achievement, as measured through coursegrades. Thermal and Fluids Engineering I, a traditional, analysis-based, multidisciplinary course,was selected as a vehicle for the study. Six different instructors and over 400 studentsparticipated

Conference Session

Student Attitudes and Perceptions

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tuba Yildirim, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

physical or psychologicalcharacteristics. It is important to focus on specific tasks and to assess efficacy perceptions andperformance over a range of increasing task difficulty [2]. Self-efficacy arises from the gradualacquisition of complex cognitive, social, linguistic, and/or physical skills through experience [3].One’s self-efficacy beliefs are multidimensional and can vary based on the task that is assumed.Self-efficacy has three dimensions [4]: magnitude (level of task difficulty that a person believeshe or she can attain); strength (whether the conviction regarding magnitude is strong or weak)and generality (the degree to which the expectation is generalized across situations). All threedimensions can influence the modeling abilities of

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 3

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Sonnenberg-Klein, Georgia Institute of Technology; Edward J. Coyle, Georgia Institute of Technology; Kartik Saigal

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

department) and the mix of students. How is a department,program, or institution to quantify the multidisciplinarity of a class or student team? The number ofmajors is a simple metric, but it does not capture cognitive distance between majors. Beyond the numberof majors and cognitive distance, a measure should also account for the proportion of students in eachdiscipline. To describe the multidisciplinarity of educational programs, we propose the use of the Rao-Stirling diversity index, which has been used to quantify the multidisciplinarity of research papers,authors, research centers, departments, and institutions. The index requires a measure of distancesbetween categories, in this case students’ majors. In studies on university research

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Syed Hassan Tanvir, University of Florida; Gloria J Kim, University of Florida; Jing Guo, University of Florida; Philip Feng, University of Florida; Wanli Xing, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

use qubits that can represent 0,1 or both simultaneously. Hencequantum computing allows for the development of novel algorithms capable of solvingcomputational problems that are extremely challenging. Therefore, quantum computing isexpected to lead to upcoming breakthroughs and holds the potential to revolutionizeproblemsolving in various areas such as machine learning optimization, AI, chemistry,cryptography, drug design, supply chain, and IoT security maintenance [1]–[4].Technologically advanced nations have placed a distinct emphasis on advancing quantumtechnology through a comprehensive range of strategies as a means of fostering prosperity,progress, and overall well-being in the future [5]. Over the three decades, research in

Conference Session

Alternatives to Traditional Assessment

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Junaid Qadir, Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan; Abd-Elhamid M. Taha, Alfaisal University; Kok-Lim Alvin Yau, Sunway University; João Ponciano, University of Glasgow; Sajjad Hussain, University of Glasgow; Ala Al-Fuqaha, Hamad Bin Khalifa University; Muhammad Ali Imran P.E., University of Glasgow

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

potent “self-assessment” skills through which students become more aware of their learning and know what is it that they should do next (i.e., they become “self- directed”). Formative assessment is equally useful for the teaching staff—by helping them know their impact and tailor the instructional strategy and try to personalize their pedagogy to the individual needs of the students. The main contribution of our paper is that we present an easy-to-understand synthesis of the rich literature on formative assessment and effective feedback. Although there are numerous published books and plenty of research papers in this space, our paper fills the niche of providing in a single paper the main findings and insights

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session - Classroom Practices

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; David Zhao; Alexandra Danielle Kulich, Tufts University; Madeline Polmear, University of Colorado, Boulder; Nathan E. Canney, CYS Structural Engineers Inc.; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

of the fifty survey items [9]. However, a key disadvantage is thatthe ‘right answer’ in terms of social desirability is often quite evident or if students were prone toacquiescence response bias their true opinion would not be evident (i.e. only 12 of the 50 itemswere ‘reverse worded’).Therefore, the current research aimed to explore students’ views about ESI through open-endedquestions that might be less subject to bias.Research QuestionsRQ1. How do undergraduate students view their future role in society as engineers / computer scientists? Does this change across a term due to a course with ESI content or differ across settings?RQ2. What ethical issues do students think are relevant to engineers and/or computer scientists? Does

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ang Liu, University of Southern California; Stephen Y. Lu, University of Southern California; Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

International

discussions) by turning the "learning-from" pattern into a "learning-with" pattern.iPodia takes the active learning approach one step further, emphasizing the interactive learning.Therefore, the letter "i" in iPodia also stands for interactive learning.The third hypothesis is derived from the second one, because if what students learn depends onthe people with whom they learn, then it is expectable that student’s learning opportunity isincreased when they study with a diverse group of learners from different social/culturalbackgrounds. Beyond the traditional emphasis of interdisciplinary learning, iPodia focuses oninter-cultural learning by means of connecting classrooms located on campuses in differentcountries and culture regions around the world

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Jarod Max Banzon, Marshall University; Mohammed Ferdjallah, Marshall University

. Whereas coarse particles may be implicated in black lungdisease. Multiple studies have investigated the distribution of particle by size in coal fly ashreleased through the chimney of the power plant29-31. We used published data to generate the graphof the cumulative distribution of particles by size.The distribution provided reveals the composition of particles based on their size range. Itillustrates that approximately 17% of the particles fall within the size range of 0.5 to 10 microns,signifying a moderate proportion within this specific range. On the other hand, a significantportion, exceeding 40%, consists of particles larger than 100 microns, indicating a substantialpresence of larger particles within the fly ash composition. This

Conference Session

Recruiting and Retention

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Richardson, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

institute-wide program began with the 2002 freshman class and had75 freshman students in the program. CAST had two freshman students in the Honorsprogram in 2002 and six in 2004 so this program has not had a significant effect on ETfreshman retention. Larger numbers of freshman honors students enter other RIT STEMprograms. The Honors Program provides students with an enhanced honors curriculum,a cohesive and diverse community of faculty, staff, and students, and specialopportunities for research, conferences, travel, study abroad, and cooperative education.The intent of the RIT Honors Program is to enrich our academic endeavors, further ourpersonal growth through leadership, foster a sense of unity, promote service in thecommunity, and develop

Collection

2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Hamzah Mousa; Margarita O. Genes; Adam C. Lynch

)1.2.1.1 Keen EM – Introduction The Kern Engineering Educational Network (KEEN) is a network dedicated to preparingundergraduate engineering students for success, by fostering an entrepreneurial mindset in a waythat develops critical entrepreneurial skills and capabilities through experiential learning thatextends beyond business skills. A particular focus is placed on entrepreneurial mindsetdevelopment to describe the value of entrepreneurial education for all engineering students,regardless of their career paths [6] [7]. KEEN’s philosophy for an Entrepreneurial Mindset consistsof three key elements, collectively known as the 3Cs: Curiosity, Connections, and Creating Value.This study intends to show how combining the engineering skillset

Conference Session

Electrical & Computer Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Shumon Alam; Matthew Sadiku; Cajetan Akujuobi

throughputs, but because of Near End Crosstalk (NEXT) noise, thesubscriber loop is useful beyond the frequency band of HDSL [1]. That is why ADSL systemuses two different frequency bands for upstream and downstream transmissions for avoidingNEXT noise at broader bandwidth. ADSL system is very popular for the consumer broadbandservices where the downstream throughput needs to be much higher than the upstreamtransmission. The user can have telephone services and the broadband services simultaneouslyusing ADSL system. It helps the DSL market and hence service providers.Distribution cables contain 25 to 1000 pairs and they are bundled into binder groups of 25, 50 or100 pairs. In a binder group there might be T1, ISDN or HDSL disturbers and hence ADSL

Conference Session

Research and Education in Radiation and Radiologic

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell Pryor; Sheldon Landsberger

Tagged Divisions

Nuclear and Radiological

national labs will ideally motivateacademic research beyond system design. Thus academic supervisors at the university must findthe correct balance between relevance to a short term national lab need and its own highstandards of research. Conversely, students and mentors must work together to successfullytransfer promising research into the lab via detailed design, testing and certification during theircollaborative periods.Students (more importantly, future researchers) become the conduit of knowledge andexperience between the two institutions. Potential antagonism between the objectives of theuniversity and national lab are acknowledged and addressed when the application area is firstidentified. Critical to the success of the collaboration is

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

D. Joseph Mook

foreign engineering programs (note that the AmericanUniversity in Cairo, Egypt - a branch campus of the American University in Washington, DC - isABET-accredited through the home campus in the US). Thus, virtually all US engineeringstudents who participate in exchange programs involving study at a foreign campus are studyingat non-ABET-accredited schools. Nevertheless, most of these students receive credit towardsgraduation at the US home campus.ABET does offer an evaluation of "substantial equivalency" to foreign institutions. 5 Althoughnot a formal accreditation, the intent is to evaluate whether or not a foreign program issubstantially equivalent to an ABET-accredited US program. This designation could be helpfulin cases where the student

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Berdanier, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

evaluations looked at treatingthe systems as separate controlled entities in comparison with joint systems to serve communitiesand HAS. The extent of all of these discussions is beyond the scope of this paper.The system originally designed by Dr. Mellon capped a hillside seep or spring and fed by gravitydown through the small valley before starting gradually upslope over a “knob” into the Cite andfeeding the reservoir. Water then distributed by gravity throughout the Cite from the reservoir.This system had sufficient energy head to supply the three inch line to the reservoir and to feedthe Cite down gradient of the reservoir. However, over the past fifty years, additional homeswere built further up gradient from the reservoir in the Cite

Conference Session

ET Curriculum & Programs

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Panteha Alipour, Purdue University; Kathryne Newton, Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

programs through theanalysis of undergraduate curriculum offerings. The focus of this research is to identify trends inthe supply chain, technology, engineering technology, science, management, and other typical“core” course mixes in technology-related supply chain programs at different universities in theUnited States. During this investigation of different programs, it was found that changes occurringin the industry and market needs have been reflected in differing programs’ curricula. This researchis also intended to develop a better understanding of how technology-related supply chain contentis being taught in institutions of higher education and to compare the development ofundergraduate programs over time. An interesting outcome of this

Conference Session

Track: Special Topic - Identity Technical Session 13

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego; Catherine Mobley, Clemson University; Michelle M. Camacho, University of San Diego; Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Special Topic: Identity

about the Black experience, reflecting the unfairexpectation that Black students serve as experts in discussions of culture and ethnicity [20].As our study focuses on students who attended PWIs, future research should explore theexperiences of Black student veterans who attend historically black colleges and universities(HBCUs) as prior research indicates that such institutions provide a supportive environment forBlack students in general [19] and BSVs in particular [37]. Further research will also exploreother aspects of BSVE identity, such as family relationships and religion not included here.AcknowledgementThis work is supported by the National Science Foundation through Awards 1428512 and1428646. The opinions herein are solely the authors

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Tariq Khraishi, University of New Mexico

alevel of comfort reached by the students in how to approach the quizzes on a weekly basis. Thisimproved performance as students progressed through the semester, points to the importance oflearning reinforcement as a method to improve performance.In Figure 2, the x-axis shows the fourteen pre-recorded lectures in the course. The left y-axis showsthe percentage of unique (or individual) students who have accessed such lectures. It is seen fromthis curve that in none of the weeks, a lecture was seen by 100% of the students. The best rate ofaccess to such lectures was about 80% in the first week, meaning 20% still did not access the firstweek lectures! Looking beyond the first week, the picture looks dimmer as less and less number orpercentage of

Conference Session

Recruitment & Retention of Women I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Priti N. Mody-Pan, University of Washington; Suzanne G. Brainard, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Carnegie Classifications Data File, June 19, 2009.5 Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering and Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (Committees), (2007). Beyond bias and barriers: Fulfilling the potential of women in academic science and engineering. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.6 Frehill, L., Fabio, N., Hill, S., Traeger, K., & Buono, J. (2008). A review of the 2007 literature: Women in engineering. Society of Women Engineers, 54 (3). 1-30.7 Carlone & Johnson, 20078 Johnson, A. (2007). Unintended consequences: How science professors discourage women of color. Science Education, 91 (5), 805-821.9

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

designlearning.IntroductionDesign is widely considered to be the most distinguishing activity of engineering. It has also longbeen understood that engineering institutions should graduate engineers who could designeffectively to meet societal needs. Historically, engineering curricula have been based largely onan “engineering science” model, referred to as the “Grinter Model”, in which engineering istaught only after a solid basis in science and mathematics. The resulting engineering graduateswere perceived by industry and academia, at the time, as being “ill-prepared” for the practice.Despite steps taken to remedy the situation, through greater industry-academia collaboration,Both design faculty and design practitioners argue that further improvements are

Conference Session

Engineering Economy Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wolter J. Fabrycky P.E., Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

synthesis of knowledge. This has occurred not only within science, but betweenscience and technology and between science and the humanities. The forward progress ofsystemology in the study of large-scale complex systems requires a synthesis of science and thehumanities in addition to a synthesis of science and technology.When synthesizing human-made systems, unintended effects can be minimized and the naturalsystem can sometimes be improved by engineering the larger human-modified system instead ofengineering only the human-made. If system evaluation is applied beyond the human-made, thenthe boundary of the target system (meant to include both natural and human-made systems) shouldbe adopted as the boundary of the human-modified domain.Systems

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Anne M. Lucietto, Purdue University; Jennifer D. Moss, Emporia State University; Jose M. Garcia, Purdue University; John H. Lumkes, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

of dynamic systems, and mechatronics. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Exploring Young Women’s Interest in Fluid Power with Workshop ExperiencesFluid power is not an engineering topic usually presented to students in grades K-12. Howeverundergraduate students in various programs are required to learn this concept. Evidence existsthat indicates college students are more easily engaged when fluid power has been introducedearlier in their schooling. Thus, a variety of organizations are beginning work toward providingprograms to creatively present the topic to younger students. After an examination of existingliterature, we found minimal evidence of this type of

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 18: Student Learning and Problem Solving

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica E. S. Swenson, University of Michigan; Aaron W. Johnson, University of Michigan; Timothy G. Chambers, University of Michigan; Laura Hirshfield, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Beginnings of Engineering Judgment during Open-Ended Modeling Problems in an Introductory Mechanics of Materials CourseAbstractThis paper presents a study of students solving open-ended modeling problems (OEMPs) in asophomore level aerospace mechanics of materials course. OEMPs are homework problems thathave no correct answer and ask students to create a model to solve a problem in a real worldcontext. Students were asked to solve two of these problems as part of their regular homeworkassignment. Through interviews, five students in the course described their problem solvingprocess and evaluated their models. Our analysis found students exhibited the productivebeginnings of engineering judgement when creating their

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Whalin, Jackson State University; Qing Pang, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

160K 160K --- --- --- 2017 5 160K 160K 12K 20K 32K 2018 6 160K 160K 24K 40K 64K 2019 7 160K 160K 36K 60K 96K 2020 & beyond 8& beyond 160K 160K 48K 80K 128K Table 9. Proposed Student Intake and Projected Graduation (in Thousands, K) Page 22.1313.14Table 10 below documents the retention/graduation rates used for the program cost computationsdisplayed in Tables 11

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 13: Technological Advancements and Applications

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Alley, Penn State University; Robert J. Rabb P.E., Penn State University; Alyson G. Eggleston, Penn State University; Ibukun Samuel Osunbunmi, Penn State University; Siu Ling Leung, Penn State University; Stephanie Cutler, Penn State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

to communicate effectively with a range of audiences? 2. What home department (English or Engineering) provides more value to engineering students in their ability to communicate effectively with a range of audiences? Also included in this paper are preliminary results. The value of this study goes beyond one public institution’s decision of where and how toteach a technical writing course. For the many engineering programs that require a standalonetechnical writing course, the study could offer insights into what such courses do not teach, butstudents would value learning. Likewise, for engineering programs that do not require astandalone technical writing course, the study could identify what is missing from relying solelyon

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Teresa Piliouras, Technical Consulting & Research, Inc. ; Mengqian Wu, Technical Consulting Research, Inc. ; Steffi N. Crasto, Center for Advanced and Emerging Technologies (CARET); Pui Lam (Raymond) Yu, Technical Consulting & Research, Inc.; Navarun Gupta, University of Bridgeport

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)

Department of Education Office of Educational Technology, the priorities of k-12 schools are focused on basics: improved Internet connectivity, student access to betterlearning devices, development of high-quality digital learning content, and creation ofResponsible Use Policies (RUPs) [5]. Ninety-nine percent (99%) of United States schools havefiber connectivity; however, only percent (38%) of all school districts meet the FCC’s 1 Mbpsper student standard for broadband connectivity [6]. Reliable access to electricity, computers,and a high-speed Internet connection are essential prerequisites for an operational LMS-CRMcapability; however, these are not available in many schools, especially in antiquated schoolbuildings [7], [8]. Large-scale

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Thalia Anagnos; Michael W. Jennings

grouped into classroom assessment, course assessment, program assessmentand post-graduation assessment. Post-graduation assessment of the success of graduates in the workplace orgraduate school is intended to guide programs in long term development. Program assessment is used to evaluatesuccess in meeting comprehensive objectives over the duration of the program and includes components that may bedistributed through one or more courses. Program assessment is the level considered by ABET during anaccreditation evaluation and includes Criteria 2000. Course assessment examines results obtained over the durationof a course, which typically can be obtained periodically during the course and/or at the end of the course.Classroom assessment applies to

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Bruce Thompson

increasingly widespread in rating K-12 schools. This approach uses statistical tools to rate schools by their outcomes while controlling for inputs. This paper examines the US News approach through the lens of value-added analysis.Introduction College ratings based on models utilizing data have become increasingly popular in thepast twenty years. The most financially successful are those published by U.S. News and WorldReport in its annual fall college guide.1 These and similar ratings have enjoyed widespreadsuccess with parents and students, but have also received considerable criticism. During the same period, there has been a growth of “value-added” models to evaluate thesuccess of pre-college schools. While these

Conference Session

Design, Creativity and Critical Thinking in the Chemical Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathryn F. Trenshaw, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Troy J. Vogel, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

present both the actual and perceived success of allfour teams and then step through a chronological description of the MBTI type related teamdynamics of each team individually. Each team was assigned a letter identifier and all studentswere given pseudonyms. A table of students who were included in the study is provided in Table2. Verbatim quotations from the written text of documents are indicated by quotation marks.Longer quotations are set off from the rest of the text with block indentation. Page 24.909.6Table 2. Student participants by team, sex, and MBTI type. Student Team Sex MBTI Type James A

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Instructional Practices

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Biester; Ian Stewart; Laura Hirshfield, University of Michigan; Rada Mihalcea; Sara Pozzi

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

lexicon’s eight dimensions andexample sentences in Table 2. Throughout the paper, we will denote the names of the lexicondimensions in bold, while individual words from the dimension are underlined in examples.These dimensions cover a wide range of desirable and undesirable teaching behaviors, includinglecture comprehensibility, student feedback capabilities, adaptability to different needs, and socialsupport provided to students. Furthermore, we built the lexicon so that it would not be inherentlylinked to different instructor’s social groups, e.g., the lexicon does not explicitly refer to gender.We developed the lexicon through a large-scale analysis of a separate data set from the popularRate My Professors (RMP) website, containing 863,857 total

Conference Session

International Case Studies:Collaborations, Exchanges & Interactions

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Butsch Michael, FH-Konstanz, Germany

Tagged Divisions

International

Page 12.1048.13programs a more convincing option for faculty and ultimately benefit the students in creating thehighest quality study abroad programs.AcknowledgmentThe authors acknowledge the support of their colleagues in Germany (Esslingen, Ulm, Konstanzand Munich). Without their guidance and oversight, these programs simply would not have takenshape. Additionally, the first author wishes to acknowledge support provided by KetteringUniversity’s International Programs Division and the Oswald faculty grant.Bibliography 1. Nasr, K., et al., “Global Engineering Education Through Study-Abroad Experiences: Assessment and Lessons Learned”, Proceedings of the 2002 ASEE/SEFI/TUB Colloquium, Berlin, 2002. 2. Engle, J. “Creating More