Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 15

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Camila Andrea Olivero-Araya, The Ohio State University; Monique S. Ross, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

Paper ID #41991Navigating Real-World Complexity: A Guide to Multiple Case Studies inEngineering Education ResearchCamila Andrea Olivero-Araya, The Ohio State University Camila Olivero-Araya is a Ph.D. candidate in Engineering Education and a recipient of the Fulbright award. Prior to beginning her doctoral education, Camila served as a lecturer in Industrial Engineering at Universidad Cat´olica de la Sant´ısima Concepci´on, Chile, where she taught a variety of classes within the field of Industrial Engineering. She holds Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in Industrial Engineering, both earned from Universidad Cat´olica de la

Conference Session

Female Faculty, Learning, NSF, and ABET Issues at Two-Year Colleges

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Massa, Springfield Technical Community College; Michele Dischino, Central Connecticut State University; Judith F. Donnelly, Three Rivers Community-Technical College; Fenna D. Hanes, New England Board of Higher Education

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

AC 2011-1769: CREATING REAL-WORLD PROBLEM-BASED LEARN-ING CHALLENGES IN SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES TO INCREASETHE STEM PIPELINENicholas Massa, Springfield Technical Community College Nicholas Massa is a full professor in the Laser Electro-Optics Technology Department at Springfield Technical Community College in Springfield, MA. He holds BS and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering from Western New England College and a Ph.D. in Educational Leadership/Adult Learning from the University of Connecticut. Dr. Massa is currently Co-Principal Investigator on the NSF-ATE STEM PBL Project of the New England Board of Higher Education.Michele Dischino, Central Connecticut State University Michele Dischino is an assistant

Collection

2024 ASEE-GSW

Authors

Xiaoyi Zhang; Ana Aviles Vargas, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Gongchen Sun, The University of Texas at San Antonio

AbstractThis paper explores an innovative cross-disciplinary project conducted at the University of Texas atSan Antonio, which integrated students from Engineering core class "Introduction to MaterialsScience and Engineering" and English core class "Shakespeare: The Later Plays" into a collaborativelearning experience. The project aimed to bridge the gap between classroom knowledge and real-world application by pairing Engineering and English students to design and learn 3D printing tofabricate stage props and models based on Shakespearean plays. This hands-on project requiredstudents to transcend their disciplinary boundaries and engage in a real-world "designer/client –technical provider" interaction. This paper evaluates the impact of this

Collection

2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Mary E. Johnson Ph.D., Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Gustavo Adolfo Sanchez, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Paper ID #44595Implementation of a Semester-long, Real-World Problem Project in aCritical Systems Thinking CourseProf. Mary E. Johnson Ph.D., Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI) Mary E. Johnson is a Professor and Associate Head for Graduate Studies and Research in the School of Aviation and Transportation Technology (SATT) at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. She earned her BS, MS and PhD in Industrial Engineering from UTArlingtonMr. Gustavo Adolfo Sanchez, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI) Gustavo is a Ph.D. student in the School of Aviation and Transportation Technology at Purdue University. He

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Capstone Design Practices

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kris Jaeger-Helton, Northeastern University; Bridget M. Smyser, Northeastern University; Hugh L. McManus, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

engineer’s undergraduateacademic career. The goals in capstone aim to integrate previous undergraduate coursework, encourageintellectual growth through the acquisition of new and relevant competencies, and provide a taste of real-world problem-based learning and its application. Capstone courses are ubiquitous in engineeringprograms. The authors in [5] received data from 444 programs and identified a potential 1724 programsnationally. Capstone courses are de-facto required by ABET, as General Criterion 5 requires “aculminating major engineering design experience that 1) incorporates appropriate engineering standardsand multiple constraints, and 2) is based on the knowledge and skills acquired in earlier course work” [6].The above goals map directly

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard Schultz; Arnold Johnson

Practicing Real World Design, Teamwork, and Communications through Multidisciplinary Systems Engineering Projects Richard R. Schultz and Arnold F. Johnson University of North Dakota Department of Electrical EngineeringAbstractStudents enrolled in the B.S.E.E. with an Aerospace Focus program at the University of NorthDakota (UND) receive a traditional electrical engineering degree, along with aviationcoursework and a private pilot’s license. Cross-campus collaborations with UND’s world-renowned aerospace program provide the students with many experiential learning opportunitiesthat satisfy EAC/ABET EC2000 design, multidisciplinary

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huan Gu, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

apply PSS in identifying, formulating, and solving complex engineering110 problems by utilizing engineering, science, and mathematics principles. Furthermore, it aimed to 5111 facilitate the application of engineering design to generate solutions that meet specific needs while112 considering economic factors, aligning with student outcomes 1 and 2 as defined by ABET113 accreditation. The specific objectives of PSS for this project are outlined in Table 5, highlighting114 the project’s alignment with the course’s educational goals and ABET criteria.115 Table 4. Timeline of the real-world project. Time Activity PSS

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

Paper ID #11446On the Role of Adjuncts in Engineering Education: Developing PracticalCourses and Solving Real World ProblemsDr. Waddah Akili, Iowa State University Waddah Akili has been in the academic arena for over 37 years. He has held academic positions at Drexel University, Philadelphia, Penna (66-69), at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia (69-87), and at the University of Qatar, Doha, Qatar (87-00). Professor Akili’s major field is geotechnical engineering and materials. His research work & experience include: characterization of arid and semi arid soils, piled foundations

Conference Session

Engineering in the Elementary School

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mercedes McKay, Stevens Institute of Technology; Augusto Macalalag, Stevens Institute of Technology; Carol Shields, Stevens Institute of Technology; Debra Brockway, Stevens Institute of Technology; Beth McGrath, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

(EiE) curricula was used as the vehicle to help teachersapply their learning to a real-world problem and to introduce teachers to the engineering designprocess. The EiE curricula integrate engineering and technology concepts and skills withelementary science lessons. EiE materials engage students in hands-on, real world engineeringexperiences that can enliven science lessons and motivate students to learn concepts byillustrating relevant applications. Students use the Engineering Design Process to complete adesign challenge presented at the end of each module. In an earlier pilot study conducted in NewJersey using the EiE curricula, it was found that teachers’ confidence and understanding ofengineering improved as a result of engaging in

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Division Poster Sessions

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Rufe, Eastern Michigan University; Gary Rodak, Eastern Michigan University; Scott Pollock, Eastern Michigan University; Mary Finkel, Eastern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

2006-129: BRINGING "REAL WORLD BUSINESS" INTO THE CLASSROOM:INTRODUCING ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO ENGINEERING ANDTECHNOLOGY STUDENTSPhilip Rufe, Eastern Michigan University Mr. Philip Rufe is an Instructor of Manufacturing Engineering Technology at Eastern Michigan University. He is a certified Manufacturing Engineer and a registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office as a patent agent. He is the program coordinator of the Manufacturing Technology and Manufacturing Engineering Technology programs. He is also heavily involved with the Center for Product Reseach and Development at Eastern Michigan University.Gary Rodak, Eastern Michigan University Gary Rodak, President of

Conference Session

IP and Supporting Student Startups

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Moore, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; David Shepard, Engenius Solutions

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

2006-2446: SUCCESS, FAILURES AND NEXT STEPS FOR ENGENIUSSOLUTIONS: REAL WORLD IDEA LAB FOR ENGINEERSDan Moore, Rose-Hulman Institute of TechnologyDavid Shepard, Engenius Solutions Page 11.1174.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Success, Failures and Next Steps for Engenius Solutions: Real World Idea Lab for Engineers Michael Shepard and Dr. Moore1 Rose-Hulman Institute of TechnologyThe process of producing new products is difficult and filled with challenges not typically taughtin an engineering curriculum. While many students are exposed to product development, due totime

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shashank Shekhar, Vanderbilt University; Faruk Caglar, Vanderbilt University; Anton Dukeman, Vanderbilt University; Liyan Hou; Aniruddha Gokhale, Vanderbilt University; John S. Kinnebrew, Vanderbilt University; Gautam Biswas, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the Secretary/Treasurer for ACMSigart. He is a senior member of the IEEE Computer Society, ACM, AAAI, and the Sigma Xi ResearchSociety. Page 24.28.2 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 A Collaborative K-12 STEM Education Framework Using Traffic Flow as a Real-world Challenge ProblemAbstractEffective science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education can be bettersupported by teaching tools that promote critical thinking and modalities that situate learning inthe context of real-world problems. This is emphasized in the next generation science standards

Conference Session

Teaching and Assessment Methodologies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Song, Alamo College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

, 2014A New Educational Paradigm to Train Skilled Workers with Real World PracticeJuan Song1, Maurice Salazar2, Mary Batch2, Colin Nichols1 and Federico Zaragoza11. Corporate College, Alamo Community College, San Antonio TX 782112. Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Texas, Inc. San Antonio TX 78264AbstractSkilled labor is at crisis-level shortages both at home and abroad, with over 10 million skilledlabor jobs remaining vacant worldwide. This shortage is not likely to abate in the near term, butrather get significantly worse. A global study by McKinsey & Company predicts a need for 95million skilled workers by 2020. Currently, studies showed that more than 80% of manufacturersin the U.S. struggle to find qualified multi-skilled workers. Due to rapid

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Wesley P. Lipschultz; Jean Landa Pytel; Jayne Klenner-Moore

project since each of the stories usedcame directly from real-life situations, as told by the people who lived them. This partnershipwith practicing engineers provided the program with a "real world" context. Experts provide aconnection between course-work and applications. The stories provided by the experts and thelink to the majors that they had selected as undergraduates helped to validate student choices inengineering. By carefully integrating the various sources of information in one program, oneresource became available to students to answer questions about major selection. In addition,working with information provided by practitioners provided realistic structure for theapplication of learning theory.Bibliography1. Jonassen, D.H. In

Conference Session

Innovative Techniques in Graphics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Sherwood, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Peter Avitabile, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

material is discussed in the lecture portion of the class. The application of theconcepts as they may be used in the "real world" is then related to the semester-long project. Thestudents are given weekly “lab” assignments for applying the concepts to their semester designproject. Each weekly design task builds upon the previous tasks, so the students can experiencedirectly how each of the topics discussed in the lectures and applied in the project are connectedto one another. The hands-on labs have been developed around the textbook8 used in the class.By the end of the semester, the students have developed multiple "paper designs", selected the“best” design using a decision matrix, used computer tools to analyze the design, made a set ofmachine

Conference Session

High-School Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jan DeWaters, Clarkson University; Susan Powers, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2009-231: USING A REAL-WORLD, PROJECT-BASED ENERGY MODULETO IMPROVE ENERGY LITERACY AMONG HIGH-SCHOOL YOUTHJan DeWaters, Clarkson University Jan DeWaters, PE is currently pursuing a PhD degree in Environmental Science and Engineering at Clarkson University, with a focus on energy and environmental education. She has several years of experience as the curriculum coordinator for Clarkson's Project-Based Learning Partnership Program and directed the Partners in Engineering Program that provides mentoring and engineering activities for eighth grade girls.Susan Powers, Clarkson University Susan E. Powers, PhD, PE is a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Associate Dean in

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - Best Paper

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mayank Kejriwal, University of Southern California

Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com A Pedagogical Framework for Understanding the Alignment Between Classroom Project Evaluations and Real-World Industry RequirementsAbstractRecently, there has been an explosion in incorporating (typically, group-level) projects as animportant component of individual course-level curricula in many engineering departments. Amotivation that is often cited for using projects to evaluate students in groups is ensuring thatstudents are well equipped to collaborate on, and negotiate, real-world projects. Unfortunately, itis not always evident that the actual design and evaluation of such projects by instructors

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kruse Michael Ranly, Ohio Northern University; Feng Jao, Ohio Northern University; Kiana Lynn Curtiss

Tagged Divisions

Student

courses in the area of Computer Applications and Information Technology. Her areas of inter- ests include 3D CAD sketch, 3D printing, Hybrid Learning Instructional Design, Digital Media, Interac- tive Media, Instructional Technology Integration and network design. In addition, Dr. Jao is a certified Microsoft Office Master Instructor, and Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA).Ms. Kiana Lynn Curtiss c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Project-based Learning: An Integration of Real-World Project in a 3D Design ClassAbstract With the explosion of new practices in teaching pedagogies to prepare students to bebetter skilled in technical fields, it

Conference Session

Educational Software

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith Curtis, Microchip Technology Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

of real-time control. The world operates in real time, and if the code has to deal with the real world, then it must produce controls with predictable, repeatable timing. Page 13.481.2 3. The methodology must produce extensible code. Changes and additions, both at the time of the design and later, in the form of upgrades and bug fixes, must be easy to implement. To accomplish this, the design must be well documented and modular, with a clear, top-down design. Without these capabilities, the affects of code changes cannot be predicted or even limited to one module or group of modules. This leaves the

Conference Session

Design Based Energy Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oxana S Pantchenko, University of California at Santa Cruz; Tiffany Wise-West P.E., University of California Santa Cruz; Michael S. Isaacson, University of California, Santa Cruz; Ali Shakouri Shakouri, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Paper ID #5673Enhancing Student Learning Through a Real-World Project in a RenewableEnergy Courses CourseDr. Oxana S Pantchenko, University of California at Santa CruzMs. Tiffany Wise-West P.E., University of California Santa Cruz My civil engineering background is in utility infrastructure planning, design and project management, specializing in urban water and energy systems. Broadly, I am interested in the sociocultural and political economic dimensions of community-based natural resource management. My current research work is focused on sustainable municipal infrastructure projects, ranging from renewable energy to

Conference Session

Problem- and project-based learning in environmental engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Ross Pfluger, P.E., United States Military Academy; Matthew P. Baideme, United States Military Academy; Katie E Matthew, United States Army; Stephen A. Lewandowski, United States Military Academy; Jeffrey A. Starke P.E., United States Military Academy; Michael A. Butkus P.E., U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Paper ID #6254Interdisciplinary, real-world, client-based term projects in an introductoryenvironmental engineering and science courseMajor Andrew Ross Pfluger, P.E., United States Military Academy Major Andrew Pfluger is an officer in the United States Army and an Assistant Professor at the United States Military Academy (USMA) in the Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering. He holds two graduate degrees from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University and is a Professional Engineer in the State of Delaware. He current teaches Environmental Science, Environmental

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel; William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel; Timothy W. Mays, The Citadel; Rebekah Burke P.E., The Citadel; Kweku Tekyi Brown P.E., The Citadel; John C. Ryan, The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Paper ID #34629Engagement in Practice: Capstone Design of a Real-world TransportationInterchange ProjectDr. Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel Dr. Simon Ghanat is an Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at The Citadel (Charleston, S.C.). He received his Ph.D., M.S., and B.S. degrees in Civil and Environmental Engineering from Arizona State University. His research interests are in Engineering Education and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. He previously taught at Bucknell University and Arizona State University.Dr. William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel William J. Davis is Dept. Head, D. Graham

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design in the Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Brakora, University of Michigan; Brian Gilchrist, University of Michigan; James Holloway, University of Michigan; Nilton Renno, University of Michigan; Steven Skerlos, University of Michigan; Toby Teory, University of Michigan; Peter Washabaugh, University of Michigan; Daryl Weinert, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2009-2282: INTEGRATING REAL-WORLD EXPERIENCE INTO A COLLEGECURRICULUM USING A MULTIDISCIPLINARY DESIGN MINORJessica Brakora, University of MichiganBrian Gilchrist, University of MichiganJames Holloway, University of MichiganNilton Renno, University of MichiganSteven Skerlos, University of MichiganToby Teory, University of MichiganPeter Washabaugh, University of MichiganDaryl Weinert, University of Michigan Page 14.766.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Integrating Real-World Experience in to a College Curriculum Using a Multidisciplinary Design MinorAbstractThe real world offers tremendous challenges and numerous opportunities

Conference Session

Capstone/ET Projects II - General

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Austin B. Asgill P.E., Kennesaw State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #30424Leveraging the Capstone Design Project to Foster Entrepreneurship andAddress Real-World ProblemsDr. Austin B. Asgill P.E., Kennesaw State University Dr Austin B. Asgill received his B.Eng.(hons) (E.E.) degree from Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone, his M.Sc. (E.E.) degree from the University of Aston in Birmingham, and his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of South Florida. He is currently a Professor of Engineering Technology (Electrical) at Kennesaw State University (KSU). Prior to joining the faculty at KSU (formerly SPSU), he was an Associate Professor of Electronic

Conference Session

ABET Criterion 4 and Liberal Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Dana Elzey; Dan Bauer; Paxton Marshall; Kathryn Neeley

real world engineering, and which are so critical to the responsible and ethicaldirection of technological progress, are omitted. Students also have little or no connection to realapplications and the impact their decisions might have on others at the community, social, andcultural levels.EIC problems are those that combine engineering design and decision-making with real worldcontext. The context may be based on historical fact, as for traditional case studies, or may beartificially created or virtual. The application of analytical skills, disciplinary knowledge andteam and project management are emphasized in a cultural, organizational, and technologicalcontext. Design decisions are evaluated not only for their contribution to technical

Conference Session

Partnerships in IE Education

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Ratna Babu Chinnam; Joe Nguyen; Jenny Wang-Chavez; Hemalatha Sathya

applicationsThe OM course emphasized real world practice and applications. Not only was the contentverified by the industry partners, but several examples and cases were taken from real worldsettings. In addition, several interactive games were also provided to represent the real worldproblems and issues.Real world examples and casesIn introducing the field of Operations Management, the course provided several video clips ofinterviews with operations managers in the field. Students, then, could not only hear and see whatoperations managers do, but also are exposed to different perspectives in various aspects of thefield. Page 8.740.7

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Walter J., III Gomes; Cameron Wright; Michael Morrow; Thad Welch

Session 1320 Teaching Real-World DSP Using MATLAB and the TMS320C31 DSK Cameron H. G. Wright Department of Electrical Engineering U.S. Air Force Academy, CO Thad B. Welch, Michael G. Morrow Department of Electrical Engineering U.S. Naval Academy, MD Walter J. Gomes III Naval Undersea Warfare Center Newport

Conference Session

Laboratory Experiences in Electronics and Circuits

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tooran Emami Ph. D., U.S. Coast Guard Academy ; Richard J. Hartnett P.E., U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

frequency by 15% or more. This creates ateachable moment, as students reflect on their success in one design, and their failure to meetspecifications in another design. In this paper a graphical technique is introduced that helpsstudents to predict the impact of Gain-Bandwidth Product limitation of a µA741op-amp.Recognizing that the real world op-amp itself can be modeled as a first order transfer function,this paper presents graphical techniques that can be used early in the design process to “pre-compensate” for gain-bandwidth product limitations. Using these techniques, students are thenable to meet specifications with their µA741 op-amps. Finally, using a more expensive (LM318)op-amp, with 15MHz gain-bandwidth product illustrate that minimal

Conference Session

Leadership Perspectives in Engineering Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Richter, Eastern Washington University; William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

experience. Students given the opportunity to solve actual engineering problemsin simulated industrial conditions gain exposure to what will be expected of them after theygraduate. It is this experience that prepares them for their industrial careers and gives them ahead start over other graduates on their first job. This is where the value of industrial experiencereflected in the professor’s direction and guidance leads.Integrating Real World Experience into the ClassroomIntegrating this industrial knowledge into the classroom experience is really a multi-faceted task.Almost every aspect of the course can include some level of exposure. It is easy to see wherelaboratory experiments and projects could address industrial applications. However

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Tomoki Abe; Richard Thurlkill; Krishna Kurpad; Jay Porter; Anthony Vaughan; Joseph Morgan

Session 1347 Protein Titration Control and Monitoring System: A Collaborative, Real-world Course Project Anthony Vaughan, Tomoki Abe, Krishna Kurpad, Richard Thurlkill, Jay Porter, Joseph Morgan Texas A&M UniversityAbstractCurrently, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine usesa manually-operated system for the pH titration of histidine penta-peptides, model compoundsand proteins. The data collected from this system will be used to determine the pKa of thehistidine side-chain in these different compounds