Conference Session

Design as a Social Process: Teams and Organizations

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joy M. Adams, University of Michigan; Mical D. DeGraaff, University of Michigan; Gail S Hohner, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #11199Evaluating the Pre-Professional Engineer: Exploring the Peer Review Pro-cessJoy M. Adams, University of Michigan Joy Adams is the Program Manager for the Multidisciplinary Design Program at the University of Michi- gan. In this role, she focuses on Corporate Sponsored Projects, Communications and Student Performance Appraisals. She has seven years of diverse professional Human Resources experience, including prior roles in Training & Development, Campus Recruiting and Talent Management/Leadership Development at various Fortune 500 firms.Mical D. DeGraaff, University of Michigan Mical DeGraaff is a

Conference Session

DSA Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ben D Radhakrishnan, National University; James Jay Jaurez, National University; Nelson Altamirano, National University

Tagged Topics

Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA), Diversity

)UN’s 2030 SDG report recognizes societal equity and the specific topics under Equity and howsolar energy generation and access to it supports the UN’s core principles that include fairnessand justice and addressing inequalities.Social and societal impact can be a part of the curriculum when teaching sustainability toengineering management students (Forbes et al., 2022). Social touchpoints span disparities,engagement, job equity, culture, education, and shaping policies. By focusing on environmental,societal, and governmental topic areas, students can broaden the scope of impact for projectsbeyond the immediate stakeholders, organizations, and the direct community. This broad viewprovides a long-term perspective across observable impacts and

Conference Session

Developing Infrastructure Professionals

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Schmucker P.E., University of Utah; Joshua Lenart, University of Utah; Steven J. Burian P.E., University of Utah; Amir Mohaghegh Motlagh, University of Utah

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

communications for the Depart- ment of Civil & Environmental Engineering and the Department of Chemical Engineering. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Utah in Rhetoric and Writing Studies and an M.A. in English from Montana State University. His research focuses on land management policy in two discrete areas. The first relates to civil infrastructure projects and landscape-scale impacts on habitat, community resilience, and long- term land use planning; the second involves the utilization, conservation, and management of big game wildlife resources. For the past five years he has led various transdisciplinary teaching and research projects examining land and wildlife resource management conflicts vis-`a-vis

Conference Session

Manufacturing Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zareena Gani, Higher Colleges of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

as the most appropriate approach to combat the abovelisted challenges to teach CIM course, where the students are required to work on projects andare expected to manage complex problems related to real world.The assessment results shows positive impact on student learning. PBL also let the educatorcover all the CLOs while promoting in-depth practical exploration of the core concepts, betterknowledge retention of learning skills and the ability to apply these skills in the projects. It wasalso found that since PBL engages reluctant students, it can accommodate the needs of a diversepopulation, creating a learning environment that is more equitable for students with differentskill levels. Students who participated in project-based learning are

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Campbell Bego, University of Louisville; Patricia Ralston, University of Louisville; Keith Lyle

. 2If the item is too difficult (e.g., performance below 10%), it will also not be possible to detectdifferences.Research on spaced retrieval practice has indicated that the timing of retrievals can affect thedifficulty of the items, namely that spacing can impose additional difficulty [7]–[9]. If spacingaffects the difficulty of the items, it may also affect the reliability and discrimination of items.This may be of great interest to the educational research community as it works to interpret thequality of items used in these experiments.Current StudyOur current grant began with engaging course instructors (N = 8) in a series of workshops on thedevelopment of classroom assessments (e.g., question selection/development). Each

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 10: Special Topics and Innovative Methods in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zahra Pournorouz, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

-specificassignments and discussions, fostering a collaborative learning environment where students canapply theoretical concepts to real-world scenarios under the guidance of the instructor. Thisinteractive implementation structure not only promotes active engagement and critical thinkingbut also encourages collaboration and knowledge sharing among students, enriching the learningexperience and fostering a sense of community within the classroom.The week-by-week schedule is crafted to cover a wide range of topics, with a balanced mix oftheoretical concepts and practical applications across traditional and modern automotiveengineering domains. The class meets only once a week, for two and a half hours on Mondays.The schedule from last year is presented below

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria Eugenia Cabrera, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; John Raiti, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

continuing education.For higher education, online learning represented a big challenge since not only students had toadjust, but many instructors required additional technological and pedagogical support to changethe presentation of the materials and assessing students’ engagement and performance 10 . As anadditional challenge for higher education, there are more than one million international studentsat US universities, and after the outbreak, some of them were unable to return to the US tocontinue their studies 11 . This compounds the problem of pivoting to online learning by includingaspects associated with latencies in communications and choosing times for synchronousinteractions that are appropriate for multiple time zones at once.Online

Conference Session

Computer ET Innovation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Schneider, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

computerload application that automatically spawns a user specified number of threads for a user specifiedamount of time. They are responsible for determining the actual number of threads running forthis application and its impact on the system performance using the previously investigatedutilities. Familiarity with these tools will also be used extensively throughout the semester to aidthe students in analyzing the programs they develop.Since most of the students have had little to no exposure to Linux, the next two projects allowthe students to gain familiarity with installing and working within it. Linux was selected forinclusion to this course because of its growing importance in the computing community and itprovides the students with an open

Conference Session

Engineering Leadership Development Division (LEAD) Technical Session: Innovative Approaches to Teaching & Developing Engineering Leadership

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kim Graves Wolfinbarger, University of Oklahoma; Javeed Kittur, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division (LEAD)

is scheduled to commencelater in 2024.Implications. The Experiential Leadership course demonstrates one way of converting therequirements of a co-curricular program into a curricular offering. For students, the course mayfoster both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for pursuing leadership development goals. The linkto intrinsic motivation is described above. The modest extrinsic motivators—enrollment in aone-credit course and fulfillment of an academic certificate requirement—provide impetus forpursuing the associated activities. Program directors and staff may benefit from improvedattendance, engagement, and retention rates. Although engineering educators might hope tocreate thriving programs on the basis of intrinsic motivation alone

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Technical Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victoria Townsend, University of Windsor; (Ruth) Jill Urbanic P.Eng., University of Windsor

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

group member to share their group’s experience withthe questions and themes on their card. In cases where students are engaged more deeply in thelearning, the questions and themes change the students’ behaviours in the activity (e.g. in somecases, students have questioned if resources are a constraint by bartering their resources withanother group, realizing that the initial state of resources is not a fixed state and that theconstraint is only perceived).Students are encouraged to ask questions about the charter and project. Many students “get towork” very quickly focusing on outputs; in the planning and design stages, students typically askvery few questions. The value of questioning unfolds, however, when students reconvene as aclass to fly

Conference Session

Innovative Techniques in Graphics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Sherwood, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Peter Avitabile, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

participation grade is based on the instructor’s impression how often a student participatesin the classroom discussions and how well a student answers questions that are asked during thecourse of the semester. Every 5 to 10 minutes, the instructor will engage the class by asking aquestion to one or more students. Students who appear to attend class regularly and who makean honest effort to answer a question in class and to contribute to the class discussions aretypically assigned a full 10% for class participation.Course OutcomesAfter the students finish the final exam, they are asked to do an assessment of the courseoutcomes. The reason for administering the assessment on the day of the final is because this isthe time when the students have their

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division - Changing How We Teach: Flipping, Project-Based Learning, and More!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Harvey, University of Oklahoma; Chase Hibbard, University of Oklahoma

the most positive impact on your engagement and/orlearning?10. Which elements of 3D3 Challenge could be improved to have a more positive impact on yourengagement and/or learning?B Responses to Questions 9 and 10The students’ responses to Question 9 are as follows: A. The flexibility for us to critically think about our designs before getting feedback from [the instructor] was helpful because I was able to take charge of my project more. I had to be able to effectively communicate my thoughts in order to get the feedback that I needed. My design skills greatly improved both in thought process and using the CAD software. B. I loved learning more about Fusion 360 and 3D printing. Especially with our modern age, I

Conference Session

Games & Competitions for Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Battistini, Angelo State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering Division (CIVIL)

engineering.In light of the previous discussion on creativity and innovation, it is fair to address the typicalengineering classroom. Engineering educators need to embrace and to demonstrate these conceptsof creativity and innovation in their undergraduate engineering teaching, yet too often instructorsfollow the standard delivery of information and problem solving using non-engaging techniques.Instructors frequently rely on traditional textbooks to present theory and additional practice forproblem-solving. Lectures often cover information in a one-way dynamic, with the instructorpresenting information to students and/or demonstrating problem solutions without providingpractice for students to obtain the “mentored experience” suggested by CEBOK3. Even

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development using Robotics Activities

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hye Sun You, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Sonia Mary Chacko, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Sheila Borges Rajguru, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; Vikram Kapila, NYU Tandon School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

students and initiate their learning. Inthe second phase, i.e., exploration, teachers encourage students to engage in creative thinking forexamining scientific questions, testing hypotheses, predicting the outcome of a situation, andtrying alternative approaches to solve a problem. Following the exploration phase comes theexplanation phase. For this phase to succeed, teachers need to introduce students to a hands-onactivity in which they are able to construct and explain science concepts based on their experience.In the elaboration phase, which aligns with the concept application phase of the learning cycle,teachers provide an opportunity for students to draw upon prior information to make connectionsand apply their newly acquired knowledge and

Conference Session

Teaching Design

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rashmi Jain, Stevens Institute of Technology; Anithashree Chandrasekaran, Stevens Institute of Technology; Bernard Gallois, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

were not adequately prepared toengage in engineering practice upon graduation. Particular efforts were devoted to theintroduction of first-semester design courses in order to engage students’ enthusiasm forengineering from the very beginning of the program1-7. Pre- and post-changes data havesupported the impact of introducing innovative design processes in the Freshman Year6, 7. The“design spine,” a series of eight courses with one given each semester, was introduced in theengineering curriculum at Stevens in 19978. Under the current curriculum, which was revised in2004, the first and second courses of the design spine do not have a disciplinary focus whereasthe succeeding courses are associated with engineering science courses (Design III to

Conference Session

Changing How We Pursue Change

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jacqueline Handley, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education, Equity

bridge forMariabella to connect to engineering. In contrast, Mariabella discussed the value of working inthe more open design context, where the group took up her idea as a meaningful experience. Mariabella’s experiences offer insight into what it might take to engage more youth frommarginalized backgrounds in engineering. Designing and developing ways for youths’knowledge and experiences to not only be elicited, but also have an impact is one direction thatmay support more youth connecting with engineering. Borrowing from science education: …lesson planning for agency requires teachers not only to allow space for students to exercise control over their own commitments to knowledge, but also to imagine students as

Conference Session

Electrical/Electronic ET Issues

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joe Delvicario, University of Hartford; Dominick Gerard Lauria, University of Hartford; Patricia Mellodge, University of Hartford; Ying Yu, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

introduced earlier so that the due date for the prelab reports can also be pushed earlier which allows the lab instructors time to review them before the actual troubleshooting sessions. This will give instructors more insight into students’ thinking and better facilitate their learning. Prelab quizzes might also be a good idea to encourage students to spend more efforts on their prelab work.  One of the lab instructors also taught the same labs last fall semester. He observes that this cohort of students seem to be better students compared to those of the past several years: more enthusiastic, more engaged, and more communicative. This difference might be a positive impact due to the introduction

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Eduardo Santillan-Jimenez, University of Kentucky; Julia E. Parker, University of Kentucky ; Keren Mabisi, University of Cincinnati; Carissa B. Schutzman, University of Cincinnati; Mark Crocker, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

void – of reports specificallyfocused on onboarding and orientation events in the context of a research traineeship. Thishighlights the novelty of this contribution as well as its value to the community, particularlysince research traineeships are attracting interest as an alternative graduate education model withthe potential to address several of the challenges facing graduate education [7].2.2. Career exploration interventionsUnsurprisingly, the literature on the topic of career exploration is as extensive as it is diffuse.This follows from the wide variance regarding the target population (e.g., K-12 [8-10],undergraduate [11-13], and graduate students [14, 15]), the nature of the intervention (e.g.,summer camps [9], courses [11-13, 15

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meeko Oishi, University of New Mexico; Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Victor Law, University of New Mexico

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

pedagogical approaches. As engineering professors seek to improveteaching practices and student learning outcomes, they have focused on more student-centeredand context-rich learning experiences, and using assessment to better understand both what theirstudents know and how their instructional innovations impact student learning. One of the majoron-going shifts in engineering education is the incorporation of more research-based strategies,including inquiry-based and student-centered approaches, providing more real-world context inproblems, and providing increased opportunities for collaborative learning and teamwork [2].A major component to understanding what students know and whether an instructionalinnovation was successful is assessment [3], and

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Molly Y. Mollica, University of Washington; Heather A. Feldner, University of Washington; Anat Caspi P.E., University of Washington ; Katherine M. Steele, University of Washington; Dianne Grayce Hendricks, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

powerful educational method for delivering engineering curricula [1, 2]while benefiting student retention, personal development, and community connections [3, 4].Furthermore, positive societal impact is especially important to underrepresented students incareer selection [5, 6] and classes or projects with clear engineering-service componentscommonly attract a higher percentage of students from underrepresented groups [7, 8]. In thiswork-in-progress, we examine our initial efforts in implementing toy adaptation to enhanceengineering education and to serve our broader community.What is an adapted toy?An adapted toy has modified activation, function, orother components to increase accessibility andenhance the user’s experience. Here, we use

Conference Session

Opportunities for Entrepreneurship Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Evans, University of Texas-Austin; Jennifer Parks, University of Texas-Austin; Steven Nichols, University of Texas-Austin

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

to the community at large, which resonates with the desireto connect engineering practice to engineering education, and especially the area ofentrepreneurship. It can also be connected to university trends incorporating technologycommercialization into their missions. There is an opportunity within academia to addressengineering entrepreneurship, university technology commercialization and the mission ofuniversities to engage the community at large simultaneously.While several business plans have stemmed from the work of several student teams, I2P® is not abusiness plan competition. As illustrated by Figure 1, the competition focuses more on theissues associated with the ‘Imagine’ and ‘Incubate’ stages of technology commercialization

Conference Session

Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cauligi Raghavendra, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

International

Engineering Education, 2008 Summer Research Program for Meaningful International ExperienceAbstract An important aspect of engineering education in the 21st century must include thebuilding of international awareness. A practical and highly impactful way for engineeringinstitutions to foster this awareness is to provide international research programs andencourage students to take part in them, for experiences that are meaningful bothacademically and socially, and that will prove to be invaluable to them as workingprofessionals. With the “flattening” of the world – or the increased competition in theglobal marketplace due to advancements in web technology – it is of great value forengineering students to learn about other cultures

Conference Session

Design Methodologies 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kathryn Elizabeth Shroyer, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

more important.6: Information Seeking StrategiesThe student’s in this study are engaging in self-directed project work in a domain where they arenovices. As such, where and how they get information can have a profound impact on theirability to make decisions. In using the DSA framework to make visible students’ designdecisions, we found their information seeking behavior to be relevant to investigation of theframework as a potential bridging language. We point out 4 information seeking strategiesidentified in students’ material and tool decisions and how these strategies support differentelements of the design rationale framework.Asking Experts: One information seeking strategy that many students describe using is askingexperts. This includes

Conference Session

Interrogating Race, Caste, and Power (Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division ECSJ Technical Session 4)

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nivedita Kumar, Florida International University; Stephen Secules, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

thetranscripts for clarity. The interviews were semi-structured, in-depth interviews. The interviewwas designed to elicit the participants’ perceptions and experiences regarding caste in both Indianand U.S. contexts, with specific attention to their views on engineering educational and careeropportunities.For the purposes of this research paper, we are focusing on one participant, Rahul (pseudonym).Rahul is an Indian graduate student pursuing his master’s in Cybersecurity at a Southern PublicUniversity in the U.S. He identifies as “OC” (Open Category), the governmental classificationfor the savarna communities for affirmative action, i.e., the Reservation Quota for governmentaljobs and higher education admissions in India. We are using Rahul’s interview

Conference Session

EDC Business Meeting

Collection

2016 EDI

Authors

Darryll J Pines, University of Maryland

. of Alabama-Huntsville) • Ronald Welch (Citadel)• Louis Martin-Vega (North Carolina State University) LinkEngineering.org• The National Academy of Engineering has launched LinkEngineering, a new website to support implementation of preK–12 engineering education in the United States. LinkEngineering aims to provide high-quality resources and build a professional community for three groups: educators working in preK–12 classrooms and out of school settings; those engaged in preservice teacher education and professional development; and school, district, and state administrators. The website responds to recent efforts, including the Next Generation Science Standards, to introduce preK–12 students to engineering

Conference Session

Track 4: Technical Session 7: Siloed Efforts and Collaboration Among STEM Equity Initiatives: An Organizational Network Analysis

Collection

2024 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Daniel Mackin Freeman, University of Washington; Emily Knaphus-Soran, University of Washington; Pauline Charlotte Dott, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

this is the case,this line of questioning gave rise to broader questions about the structures of EDI efforts acrosscollege campuses and factors contributing to or reducing the siloing of mutually aligned efforts.Moreover, understanding the organizational dynamics of EDI efforts provides valuable insightsfor policymakers, administrators, and practitioners seeking to strategically allocate resources andsupport to better meet their equity and social justice goals. While much of the literature on stratification in STEM education focuses on the impact ofEDI interventions on students, there remains a crucial gap in our understanding of how theseinitiatives are organized within broader institutional contexts. This study aims to provide

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 13

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Ruzycki, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

Paper ID #39928Embedding Sustainable Design into a Sophomore Materials Science andEngineering Labs: Use of Materials Selection and Screening and LifeCycle AnalysisDr. Nancy Ruzycki, University of Florida Dr. Nancy Ruzycki, is an Associate Instructional Professor within the Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Florida. Her focus is on design of engaging student centered curriculum in engineering. Her research work is in professional development of teachers for complex topics including artificial intelligence and computing within K12 classrooms using

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brett Doudican, University of Dayton; Margaret Pinnell, University of Dayton; Brian Lawrence LaDuca, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

teaching in 2000. Her research interests include community engaged learning and pedagogy, K-12 outreach, biomaterials and materials testing and analysis.Mr. Brian Lawrence LaDuca, University of Dayton Brian LaDuca is the creator of the IDA (Ideation-Disruption-AHa!) pedagogy for Applied Creative learn- ing, which is the study of critical theory as creative practice into innovative application across the disci- plines of study. As the director of the IACT his mission is focused on empowering a forward-thinking 21st century student with the ability to confidently develop the imaginative and creative skills necessary to excel and impact today’s innovative and global workforce regardless of degree focus. He also serves as

Conference Session

Reimagining Engineering Ethics

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jessica Koehler, Wake Forest University; Olga Pierrakos, Wake Forest University ; Michael Lamb, Wake Forest University; Alana Demaske, Wake Forest University; Carlos Santos, Wake Forest University; Michael D. Gross, Wake Forest University; Dylan Franklin Brown, Wake Forest University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

creative arts interventions (e.g.creative writing and drama), patient interviews, communication and interpersonal skills training,and experiential learning, with the latter three having the most pronounced impact on empathydevelopment [60], [61]. Integrating peer-support, structured self-reflection, and course-basedcommunity service has also been shown to prevent the empathy decline that typically occursduring medical training [62].An example of service-learning as a tool for teaching empathy is “Project for Sharing” whereinstudents work with stakeholders to create devices for underserved community members [56].Student projects included building an infant/child location detector for blind parents and asimple-to-use communication device for deaf

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nora Siewiorek, University of Pittsburgh; Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Kara Santelli, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Students are asked to recommend to facilities management a lighting proposalthat would not only work for this particular part of campus, but other parts of campus as well. Afew crime statistics are also given. The targeted concepts include cost estimation, time value ofmoney, and comparing alternative investments. As an ethical issue, students are asked to thinkabout how the lighting on the campus impacts the campus’ community, but in light of the cost.Trees and Road Safety or “Trees”. This MEA has two parts and is based on an engineeringethics case originally developed by Harris, Pritchard and Rabins9. It concerns possible removalof old growth trees along a road through a public forest in order to reduce traffic accidents.Specifically, there has