Conference Session

Student and Other Views on Engineering Leadership

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yazmin Montoya, LEAD; Aaron Eduardo Pacheco Rimada, University of Texas, El Paso; Erwin Ignacio Delgado, Univerity of Texas, El Paso ; Isaiah Nathaniel Webb; Meagan R. Kendall, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

Paper ID #11725Developing Leaders by Putting Students in the Curriculum Development DriverSeatMiss Yazmin Montoya, LEADMr. Aaron Eduardo Pacheco Rimada, University of Texas at El PasoErwin Delgado, Univerity of Texas at El PasoIsaiah Nathaniel Webb,Dr. Meagan R. Vaughan, University of Texas, El Paso Dr. Meagan R. Vaughan received her PhD from The University of Texas at Austin where her research focused on the design of a low-cost, volume adjustable prosthetic socket. Now an Assistant Professor at The University of Texas at El Paso, she is helping develop a new Engineering Leadership Program to help students to bridge the gap

Conference Session

Entrepreneurism in BME

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Wendy Newstetter; Paul Benkeser

Integrating Soft Skills in a BME Curriculum Paul Benkeser and Wendy Newstetter Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAbstractABET’s Criterion 3 requires engineering programs to demonstrate that its graduates possess anumber of “soft” skills related to the practice of engineering. These include skills related toteamwork, communications, professionalism, ethics, life-long learning, impact of engineeringsolutions, and knowledge of contemporary issues. Too often programs seek to satisfy thiscriterion through what might be called an “inoculation” approach, i.e. giving students a dose ofethics

Conference Session

Undergraduate Aerospace Design – General Topics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Biezad, California Polytechnic State University; Joon Kim, Lockheed Aircraft Co

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering EducationConclusionThe on-going “hands on” educational experience continues at Cal Poly with the developmentof laboratory course Aero 572, and knowledge is passed onto a new generation of students.The revitalization of our curriculum continues to face difficult challenges and risk associatedwith implementing an aircraft project into the existing aerospace engineering curriculum. Thepractical experience and the unique applications gained from working with homebuilt aircraftbrings a much needed “hands on” systems approach to engineering practice for the students.The many associated theoretical areas in aerospace engineering that the homebuilt aircraft canbe linked to, such as aerospace structures

Conference Session

Focus on ETAC Accreditation

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ilya Y. Grinberg, Buffalo State College, The State University of New York; Jill Singer, Buffalo State College, The State University of New York

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #32999ETAC-ABET and EvaluateUR-CURE: Findings from Combining Two As-sessmentApproaches as Indicators of Student-learning OutcomesDr. Ilya Y. Grinberg, Buffalo State College, The State University of New York llya Grinberg graduated from the Lviv Polytechnic Institute (Lviv, Ukraine) with an M.S in E.E. and earned a Ph.D. degree from the Moscow Institute of Civil Engineering (Moscow, Russia). He has over 47 years of experience in design and consulting in the field of power distribution systems and design automation as well as teaching. He has over 60 published papers. Currently he is professor of engineering

Conference Session

COED: Cybersecurity Education

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fitratullah Khan, The University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley; Ala Qubbaj, The University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley; Laura Saenz; Liyu Zhang, The University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGVLaura SaenzDr. Liyu Zhang, The University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley Liyu Zhang is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. He received his Ph. D. in Computer Science from the State University of New York at Buffalo in Septemb ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 A Bridged Cyber Security Curriculum with Embedded Stackable CredentialsAbstract— Supported by a federal grant, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV)streamlined the Bachelor of Science

Conference Session

Engineering Education in the Mid-East / Asia

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Stanton, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

International

institution. The fact that new instructors hadn’t spent yearsapplying a rigid, lecture-only classroom technique left them with an open mind to explorepedagogical approaches that promote classroom interaction. Mentors should embrace such open-mindedness and demonstrate various teaching techniques through seminars and workshops.Taking advantage of opportunities to develop the faculty must remain a priority throughout thementorship and curriculum development processes. While initial faculty limitations mayconstrain curriculum options, teaching inexperienced faculty how to teach and helping themunderstand how to build courses provides flexibility for the evolution of the curriculum in thefuture. Additionally, inspiring the faculty by continuing to

Conference Session

Projects in Ocean and Marine Engineering

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Walter Massie

Session 1478 Multi-Background Project Teams in a Masters Degree Curriculum W.W. Massie, MSc, P.E., Associate Professor and Offshore Engineering Curriculum Leader, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The NetherlandsAbstractParticipants in the Interfaculty Offshore Engineering curriculum have entered withbackgrounds in any of the following disciplines:• Civil Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Naval Architecture• Petroleum Engineeringfrom the Delft University of Technology as well as from a number of foreign institutions. Eachyear these

Conference Session

Making, Hacking, and Extracurricular Design

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victoria Bill, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering; Anne-Laure Fayard, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

space.The aim of the new makerspace was to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship by engagingstudents in both formal and informal multidisciplinary design projects. In the long term, the goalis to integrate the space into all levels of the engineering curriculum and encourage project-basedlearning. The university has a strong entrepreneurial center with ongoing programs as well asseveral incubators. The new space was designed to supplement the current innovation andentrepreneurship options available to students and student startups by providing prototypingequipment. A mixed method approach (a survey combined with ethnographic observations andinterviews) was used to analyze student use and perception of the new space. Of particularinterest was

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Sohi Rastegar; Gerard L. Coté

Session 1526 An Interdisciplinary Combined Research-Curriculum in Biomedical Optics Sohi Rastegar, Gerard L. Coté Texas A&M UniversityABSTRACTThe objective of this project sponsored by the NSF Combined Research-CurriculumDevelopment program is to develop, implement, and evaluate an interdisciplinarycurriculum in Biomedical Optics. The thrust of the new curriculum includes thedevelopment of four new courses based on research advances made within theBiomedical Engineering Program at Texas A&M University in collaboration withinternal and external medical centers

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

S. Gokhale; J. Aldrich

Session 1221 Integrating Community Service in the Construction Technology Curriculum S. Gokhale and J. Aldrich Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, IUPUI Abstract The pedagogy of service learning has been documented since the mid-1970’s (Perry, 1970), but only in recent years have colleges and universities begun to integrate curricular-based service into higher education. During the fall of 1996, the Department of Construction Technology, IUPUI; NBD Bank, Indianapolis; and the

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jaby Mohammed, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi; Sana Nawaz, Indiana Purdue Fort Wayne; Reynaldo Pablo, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

into the engineering curriculum, Center Approach and Whole Curriculumapproach. a) The Center Approach refers to as developing a multidisciplinary GREEN center to serve as a focal point towards promoting sustainable design. The Georgia Institute of Technology’s center for sustainability is an exemplary model to this approach. b) The Whole Curriculum approach refers to designing a new curriculum integrating more Sustainable Green perspective.Brown (2009) developed an elective course in Green Building Practices and LEED Certificationat California State University, for the construction management students that led to a fast pacedLEED AP training course for construction professionals. The results shaped a collaborative

Conference Session

ETD - ET Curriculum and Programs I

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashis Nandy

Paper ID #36730A Highly Integrated and Successful Approach to ProgramDevelopment and Implementation of Accreditation Strategiesfor an Engineering Technology ProgramAshis Nandy (Associate Professor) Dr. Ashis Nandy is an Associate Professor of Electromechanical Engineering Technology at the Northern New Mexico College, Espanola, New Mexico. He received his Ph. D. in Mechanical Engineering from the Pennsylvania State University in 2012. Prior to that, he earned a Master’s degree in Aerospace Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India (2006), and a Bachelor degree in Mechanical Engineering from

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Division (ETD) Technical Session 3

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg Murray, Pittsburg State University; Jeanne H. Norton; Dan Spielbusch

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

explained below. Table 2: Plastics Courses, Credit Hours, and Course Descriptions for Courses with Circularity Modules or ProjectsProposed Project Approach and Execution Plan to Improve Plastic Circularity Training inthe Undergraduate PET CurriculumImproving plastics circularity in the training in the PET undergraduate curriculum will combinemodules and learning activities within all levels of existing coursework, from freshman toseniors; new coursework focused on the incorporation of plastics circularity concepts at anadvanced level; SPE student activities that combine service activities, social interaction, andimproved awareness of the ways students can reduce plastics in waste streams and manufactureuseful

Conference Session

Methods of Teaching and Learning in Construction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arundhati Ghosh, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2012-5422: VIRTUAL CONSTRUCTION + COLLABORATION LAB:SETTING A NEW PARADIGM FOR BIM EDUCATIONMiss Arundhati Ghosh, Arizona State University Arundhati Ghosh has a master’s in architecture and construction management and is a Teaching Assistant for the Project Management/BIM lab at ASU. Ghosh’s research interests include understanding the man- agement aspect of BIM and how it can be integrated with the workflow of a company. Ghosh like to run and bike. Page 25.1459.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Virtual Construction + Collaboration Lab

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Mohammad A Aliedeh, New Mexico State University

Paper ID #49502Putting Transparent Thinking Approach Solution Factory (TTASF) into ProductionImplementation of Innovative TTA Genefic ToolsDr. Mohammad A Aliedeh, New Mexico State University Dr. Mohammad A. Aliedeh Bio Dr. Aliedeh is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Mutah University, Karak, Jordan. He is now in sabbatical leave in Chemical Engineering Department, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM. Dr. Aliedeh earned his Ph.D. from New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA, and his undergraduate and Master studies from Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST

Conference Session

Outreach: Future Women in Engineering I

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Daniel Maggio; Sandra Yost

. Yost, S. Das, M. Krishnan, “Mechatronics: A Comprehensive, Interdisciplinary Curriculum DevelopmentInitiative,” 1999 Frontiers in Education Conference Proceedings (FIE ’99), p. 13a1-1, San Juan, PR, Nov. 1999, p13a1-1[3] M. Krishnan, S. Das, S. A. Yost, “Team-Oriented, Project-Based Instruction in a New Mechatronics Course,”1999 Frontiers in Education Conference Proceedings (FIE ’99), pp. 13d4-2 to 13d4-6, San Juan, PR, Nov. 1999, p13d4-1 - 13d4-6[4] S. A. Yost, “Introducing Mechatronics in a First-Year Intro to Engineering Design Course,” ASEE 2000Conference Proceedings, St. Louis, MO, June 2000[5] S. A. Yost, A. S. Hoback, “A Team Approach to Interdisciplinary Instruction in a First-Year Engineering DesignCourse,” ASEE North Central Section

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Erdogan Sener

Session 1221 Collaborative Learning in the Construction Technology Curriculum Erdogan M. Sener Indiana University - Purdue University at Indianapolis Introduction/The Need As is the case for all disciplines, the skills that the workplace requires of engineeringkdmology graduateshave changed over the years in parallel with evolving technologies and soeio-economic requirements. TheNational Science Foundations’s task force on TQM has the following definition for contemporary engineeringeducation ‘: “Quality

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tahira N Reid, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Morgan M Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

? Journal of Engineering Education, 94(1), 41-55.[4] Law, J. (1987). Technology, closure, and heterogeneous engineering: The case of Portuguese expansion. In W. Bijker, T. Hughes & T. Pinch (Eds.), The social construction of technical systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology (pp. 111-118). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.[5] Froyd, J. E., & Ohland, M. W. (2005). Integrated engineering curricula. Journal of Engineering Education, 94(1), 147-164.[6] Kotys-Schwartz, D., Knight, D., & Pawlas, G. (2010). First-Year and Capstone Design Projects: Is the Bookend Curriculum Approach Effective for Skill Gain? Paper presented at the American Society for Engineering Education.[7] Cornwell, P

Conference Session

Computer Literacy Among Minority Students

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

N. M. Ravindra; Jr., Anthony Culpepper; Henry McCloud; Howard Kimmel

Session 3670 Developing Technology in Upward Bound Mathematics & Science Curriculum Henry Mc Cloud, Dr. N. M. Ravindra, Anthony Culpepper Center for Pre-College Programs and Department of Physics New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, New Jersey 071021. Abstract This paper will examine the incorporation of technology into the curriculum forNew Jersey Institute of Technology’s Upward Bound Mathematics & Science Program(UBMS). UBMS provides high school participants with the opportunity to spend afraction of their summer and academic

Conference Session

FPD12 -- Novel Approaches to First Year Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Rowe, Vanderbilt University; Stacy Klein-Gardner

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

active investigator in the development of new high school and undergraduate curricula through VaNTH, she is the author of the Vanderbilt Instruction in Biomedical Engineering for Secondary Science (VIBES) curriculum and runs training workshops in the Legacy Cycle and VIBES for high school teachers and college professors. Page 12.125.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 A Study of Challenge-based Learning Techniques in an Introduction to Engineering CourseAbstract.The purpose of this study was to determine if there existed a difference in student learning byusing

Conference Session

Distance and Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yacob Astatke, Morgan State University; Craig J. Scott, Morgan State University; Jumoke 'Kemi Ladeji-Osias, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Science inBioinformatics from Johns Hopkins University (JHU) is actually accredited by ABET. An evensmaller number of institutions offer a completely online Bachelor of Science (BS) engineeringdegree program. They are listed below:  University of North Dakota offers a Bachelor Science (BS) degree in the following engineering majors: Chemical, Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical.  The State University of New York (SUNY) offers a completely online Electrical Engineering BS program at the following three campuses: Binghamton, Buffalo, and Stony Brooke. The majority of the universities that offer an online engineering curriculum indicate to theirstudents that their online program is separate and different from their

Conference Session

Impact of COVID-19 on Design Education 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Victoria Bill, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering; Anne-Laure Fayard, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #34041Resilience and Innovation in Response to COVID-19: Learnings fromNortheast Academic MakerspacesProf. Victoria Bill, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering Victoria Bill is the Director of the MakerSpace Lab and an Adjunct Professor in the First-Year Engineering Program at NYU Tandon School of Engineering. She studied electrical engineering and received her B.S. from the Ohio State University and her M.S. from the University of Texas at Austin. Her previous work included co-directing and teaching the Summer STEM Program for high school students at the Cooper Union.Ms. Anne-Laure Fayard, New York

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Biomedical Engineering Education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lindsay Tolchin, The Ohio State University; Rachel C Childers, The Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

Engineering. Her teaching focus has been on hands-on BME laboratory courses. She is also interested in broadening participation and retention in BME. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Industry Mentorship Program Brings Increases in BME Internships, Co-Ops, and Career Placement for Undergraduate StudentsIntroduction:The notion that biomedical engineering (BME) students struggle to transition from undergraddirectly to industry positions still persists [1]. This problem has been looked at from a variety ofangles. There are critiques that BME programs and curriculum are too broad which maydisadvantage undergraduates looking for industry positions

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaofeng Tang, Ohio State University; Jeffrey M. Catchmark, Pennsylvania State University; Eduardo Mendieta; Thomas A. Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

the ethics curriculum will be reported in futurepublications.IntroductionIn this paper, we report the first two phases of an on-going, multi-year project that seeksto create an integrated ethics curriculum for undergraduate Biological Engineering (BE)majors at a large, public university (LPU hereafter). Drawing from literature in ethicseducation and engineering education research, two principles guide our approach to thisproject. First, we aim to create a comprehensive, progressive ethics learning experiencefollowing an ethics-across-the-curriculum model [1]. Second, recognizing the pivotal roleof faculty buy-in in effective educational and curricular innovation, we pursue thisproject as a means to explore processes for curriculum change that

Conference Session

Online Programs and Program Assessment

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann D. Christy P.E., Ohio State University; Teresa A. Johnson, Ohio State University; Jeffrey E. Froyd, Ohio State University; Deborah M. Grzybowski, Ohio State University; David A. Delaine, Ohio State University; Emily Dringenberg, Ohio State University; Krista M. Kecskemety, Ohio State University; Rachel Louis Kajfez, Ohio State University; Ana M. Casado, Ohio State University; Alan Kalish, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

-curricular elements, curricular map) as indicated by gaps in achievement and negative feedback (i) Intentionally onboard new members of the community (faculty and students), introducing them to this approach and including them in ongoing refinement of the programCase Study (Subtitle: It’s simple, but it ain’t easy)The following is a case study of the design of a doctoral program in engineering education.Big RocksThe big rocks are the decisions we made for our Ph.D. program that directed our thinking aboutthe design of the curriculum. Questions we asked ourselves included “What do we want ourPh.D. program to be known for?” and “What impact will our graduates make in thecommunity?” These brainstorming sessions ended up with a brand

Conference Session

Making, Hacking, and Extracurricular Design

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victoria Bill, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering; Anne-Laure Fayard, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Paper ID #23471Co-Creating Opportunities for Extracurricular Design Learning with Mak-erspace StudentsVictoria Bill, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering Victoria Bill is the MakerSpace Lab Manager and an adjunct professor in the First-Year Engineering Program at NYU Tandon School of Engineering. She studied electrical engineering and received her B.S. from the Ohio State University and her M.S. from the University of Texas at Austin.Anne-Laure Fayard, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering Anne-Laure Fayard is Associate Professor of Management in the Department of Technology Manage- ment and

Conference Session

Track: Learning Spaces, Pedagogy, and Curriculum - Technical Session 11

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Maxine Fontaine, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Alexander John De Rosa, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Susan Staffin Metz, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science)

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Learning Spaces, Pedagogy & Curriculum Design

drop out of engineering programs, simply because they are not given the opportunity developthese skills.Research indicates that spatial skills are malleable, not innate and can be learned by practicing [9].Sorby’s “Developing Spatial Thinking” curriculum has been implemented in over 41 engineering schoolswith the help of the NSF-funded ENGAGE Engineering initiative [10]. Data collected over the past twodecades at Michigan Technological University clearly show significant improvement in spatial skill testscores after participation in the new curriculum, from an average pre-workshop score of approximately50% to an average post-workshop score of approximately 75%. Students typically complete Sorby’sstandard ten-module curriculum over 10 weeks

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division Technical Session 2: Instructional

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rustin Deane Webster, Purdue University, New Albany

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Paper ID #17669Industry Supplied CAD Curriculum and Team Project-Based Learning: CaseStudy on Developing Design, Problem-Solving, Communication, and GroupSkillsDr. Rustin Deane Webster, Purdue University, New Albany Dr. Rustin Webster is an assistant professor at Purdue University. He teaches within the Purdue Poly- technic Institute and the department of engineering technology. He specializes in mechanical engineering and computer graphics technology. Prior to joining Purdue, Dr. Webster worked in the Department of Defense field as an engineer, project manager, and researcher. His specialization was in mechanical de- sign

Conference Session

Using Technology to Improve IE Education

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Willie Ross; Denise Jackson

Session 2439 Using Shareware Resources in the IE Curriculum Denise F. Jackson, Ph.D., P.E. and Willie Ross, III Department of Industrial Engineering, The University of TennesseeAbstractThe World Wide Web (WWW or web) and the Internet allow access to a variety of resourcesthat can be incorporated into the Industrial Engineering (IE) curriculum. The use of informationtechnologies as an integral part of a course tends to increase student enthusiasm and makescommunications and data exchanges more efficient. The web contains a plethora of

Conference Session

Works in Progress: Curricula and Pathways

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alma H. Rosales, Colorado State University; Andrea M. Leland, Colorado State University; Olivera Notaros, Colorado State University, ECE Department; Richard F. Toftness, IEEE High Plains Section; Thomas J. Siller, Colorado State University; Michael A. De Miranda Ph.D., Colorado State University; Alistair Cook, Colorado State University; Melissa D. Reese, Colorado State University; Zinta S. Byrne, Colorado State University; James Warren Weston, Colorado State University; Anthony A. Maciejewski, Colorado State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

collaboration with industry, their work is reshapingprofessional formation to ensure that ECE students develop critical skills for the 21st century.The team is implementing a new pedagogical model in the ECE department that builds on theconcept of “nanocourses”4,10 and emphasizes knowledge integration – a learning model well-grounded in education pedagogy and supported by research. 5 The approach combines rigor andflexibility to improve student understanding and efficacy through learning studio modules thatcross traditional course boundaries. While area-specific learning modules have been in existencefor years, such modules are usually supplements to the core curriculum and do not typicallycover fundamental subjects vital to comprehending abstract