Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Currin

Page 6.1070.3field makes determination of what is or is not appropriate at the undergraduate level difficult atbest. The old curriculum model used at many colleges and universities provides one ‘overview’course in transportation in which the instructor is expected to generate interest in the field andprovide a synopsis of this vast new body of knowledge known as transportation engineering.This task often falls to an instructor whose specialty area is something other than transportationengineering. Little interest or knowledge other than what is in the chosen text is brought to theclassroom. Students, in turn, receive the message loud and clear whether intentionally orunintentionally that transportation engineering is neither interesting nor a

Conference Session

Problem- and project-based learning in environmental engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Youngwoo Seo, University of Toledo; Kimberly Mary Coburn, University of Toledo; Donald V. Chase, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

. Page 23.799.2However, current curriculums and texts have not emphasized systematic approaches to educatestudents in understanding this dynamic system. In many ABET accredited civil orenvironmental engineering curriculums, water treatment and hydraulics (water resourcesengineering) courses are taught to undergraduate students with some lab experiments. Watertreatment labs focus on monitoring and controlling drinking water quality (ex. jar tests,adsorption, hardness, softening, and chlorine tests), while fluid mechanics courses (ex. fluidmechanics, hydraulics, and water resources engineering) focus on theoretical concepts of fluiddynamics (ex. energy equation, friction loss, fluid in closed conduits, and open channel systems).Increased public

Conference Session

Enhancing Student Success in Two-Year Colleges

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas P Langhoff, Skyline College; Eva Schiorring; Erik N Dunmire, College of Marin; Thomas Rebold, Monterey Peninsula College; Tracy Huang, Canada College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

, metacognitive conversation is centered around bringing awareness to how we thinkwhen engaged in reading a book, listening to a professor lecture, discussing lab data witha peer, or sitting down to approach a brand new problem. The goal is toward ultimatelycultivating techniques to be in greater control of one’s thought process and become amore self-regulated learner. In the Introduction to Engineering curriculum, students areexposed to the metacognitive conversation and given opportunities to practice it in variedscenarios.The second RA technique utilized in the course is the think-aloud paired problem solving(TAPPS) strategy. The TAPPS activity focuses on metacognitive conversation andforming an internal dialogue applied to problem solving. In this

Conference Session

NSF Grantees: RED 2 / Civil Eng

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Tiago R. Forin, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Kauser Jahan P.E., Rowan University; Stephanie Lezotte, Rowan University; Beena Sukumaran, Rowan University; Harriet Hartman, Rowan University; Ralph Alan Dusseau P.E., Rowan University; Theresa F.S. Bruckerhoff, Curriculum Research & Evaluation, Inc.; Sarah K. Bauer, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Rowan University in Glass- boro, New Jersey. Dr. Dusseau is also serving as the Associate Chair of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and is Coordinator of the Engineering Management Programs at Rowan Uni- versity. Dr. Dusseau was an Assistant and Associate Professor at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan from 1985 to 1995. Dr. Dusseau was the Founding Chair of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Rowan University from 1995 to 2008.Theresa FS Bruckerhoff, Curriculum Research & Evaluation, Inc. Theresa Bruckerhoff is the Principal Research Associate and Operations Manager at CRE., with nearly twenty-five years of

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

William E Maddox; Theodore D. Thiede; Stephen H. Cobb; Scott R Hickman; John Crofton

advances and is replaced with an empty carton. Thus the focus of the project is on the design of practical systems for use in Page 5.195.5 industry and the applications are easily transferable to a multitude of realistic scenarios.I. Introduction to Principles of Design (PHY 398) This course is the first in the curriculum devoted entirely to the engineering design process. Taken by students in the first semester of their junior year, it covers the formulation of the design problem, creative approaches to the solution of design problems, material selection and economic analysis, and design considerations from

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Stewart Prince; Robert Ryan

Development of Engineering Case Studies for Integrating Finite Element Analysis into a Mechanical Engineering Curriculum Dr. Robert G. Ryan, Dr. Stewart P. Prince California State University, NorthridgeAbstractThe Mechanical Engineering Department at California State University, Northridge usesSolidWorks and related analysis applications such as CosmosWorks and FloWorks as thecomputational tools of choice for solid modeling (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA).Originally the use of these tools was concentrated in the senior design capstone course, but oneof the Department’s goals is to integrate the use of this

Collection

2012 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Muhammad Faysal Islam; Mohammed Nazrul Islam

Incorporating Systems Engineering and Project Management Concepts in First Year Engineering Curriculum Muhammad Faysal Islam1 and Mohammed Nazrul Islam2 1 Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 2 Department of Security Systems, State University of New York, Farmingdale, New York AbstractDuring the first and second years of undergraduate engineering programs, most students focustheir studies to build a solid foundation of mathematics, writing composition, engineeringgraphics, programming languages, economics, and other social

Collection

2012 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Muhammad Faysal Islam; Mohammed Nazrul Islam

Incorporating Systems Engineering and Project Management Concepts in First Year Engineering Curriculum Muhammad Faysal Islam1 and Mohammed Nazrul Islam2 1 Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, George Washington University, Washington, DC 2 Department of Security Systems, State University of New York, Farmingdale, New York AbstractDuring the first and second years of undergraduate engineering programs, most students focustheir studies to build a solid foundation of mathematics, writing composition, engineeringgraphics, programming languages, economics, and other social

Conference Session

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES) Technical Session 6: LEES Works in Progress

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leanne Dawson, University of Calgary; Ayah Metwali, University of Calgary

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

theindustrial shift towards digitalization and new technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) andInternet of Things (IoT), the software engineering curriculum at the University of Calgary hasundergone major updates to keep up with current trends. One change has been to add a “projectspine”, to connect the first-year design course with the fourth-year capstone project. Twoproject-based courses were added, aimed at bridging the gap between technical expertise andprofessional development. However, since technical content has been the primary focus of thesecourses, critical interpersonal skills such as teamwork, communication, and resilience oftenremain underemphasized.The need to address these gaps has been supported by industry stakeholders and

Conference Session

BME Courses & Curricular Content

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hatice Ozturk, North Carolina State University; Lianne Cartee, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

covered typical of any LinearSystems course in an Electrical and Computer Engineering discipline. The role of the LinearSystems course in the BME curriculum as a core course which also prepares thebioinstrumentation majors for senior electives such as Digital Signal Processing, Medical ImageProcessing, Control Systems and Digital Control Systems presented us a unique challenge: Tomake the Linear Systems course more relevant to all biomedical engineering majors when thereis insufficient time to add new material. Table 1. Alignment of topics in Physiology for Engineers and Linear Systems for Biomedical Engineers Page

Conference Session

Philosophical Foundations, Frameworks, and Testing in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Nalini Bhushan; Glenn Ellis; Eleanor Ory

Page 10.977.1“big picture” and can result in a better approach to problem solving. Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright À 2005, American Society for Engineering EducationThe philosophical framework has another impact: it helps students organize AI content in amore meaningful way. Previous research shows that when students understand facts and ideaswithin the context of a conceptual framework, they learn more effectively and are more capableof applying their knowledge to new domains5,10. As students increase their knowledge, thephilosophical framework helps them to meaningfully connect their new knowledge to what theyalready have learned. This

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Anstaett Metzler, The Ohio State University; Annie Abell, The Ohio State University; Russell K. Marzette Jr., The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

faculty of Ohio State University’s Department of Mechanical and AerospaceEngineering began a long-range initiative to redesign the undergraduate mechanical engineeringcurriculum. The aim was to develop a new set of goals for the program independent from thecurrent curriculum, with a focus on meeting the needs and challenges of modern students as theyenter a constantly changing professional environment.While updating and renewing a mechanical engineering curriculum is not a novel concept,performing a complete redesign of the curriculum is a major undertaking and can be completedutilizing any of many tools and approaches. There are reports in the literature from similarrecent efforts, each of which utilized specific methods and tools that were

Conference Session

Teaching Methodology & Assessment 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

George Frederick Halow, University of Michigan; Maia E. Herrington, University of Michigan; Melanie Spare, Siemens Digital Industries Software; Shannon O'Donnell, Siemens Digital Industries Software; Gilbert Morris, Retired (formerly Siemens)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Redefining Student Preparation for Engineering Leadership Using Model-Based Systems Engineering in an Undergraduate Curriculum University of Michigan George Halow, Professor, Aerospace Engineering and Principal Investigator Maia Herrington, Undergraduate, Computer Engineering and Instructional Aide, Aerospace Engineering Tony Waas, Department Chair and Professor, Aerospace Engineering Siemens Gil Morris, Strategic Project Manager (retired

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wookwon Lee, Gannon University; Fong Mak, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Management for First-Year Graduate Students in Electrical and Computer EngineeringAbstractThe electrical and computer engineering (ECE) department at the University offers a graduatecurriculum that is designed to help students develop skills for system integration and acquireeffective business and technology practices, as well as, fundamental knowledge in the ECE field.As part of the curriculum, a new course on engineering project and management has beenrecently introduced to first-year graduate students. This new course guides students through acomplete design cycle from inception to completion with a pre-defined project of a complexsystem. This paper focuses on the experience and lessons learned from offering the Capstone

Conference Session

Design in the ECE Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Kragh; Jeffrey Reed; Carl Dietrich; Donna Miller

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

other design tools, are listedon the web site maintained by the Education Working Group of the Software Defined RadioForum18.References1. U. Ramacher, “Software-Defined Radio Prospects for Multistandard Mobile Phones,” IEEE Computer Magazine, October 2007, pp. 62-69.2. J. H. Reed, Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2002.3. S. I. Erwin, “Pentagon to Invest in PC-Style Radios,” National Defense Magazine, August 2002.4. P. Tran et al, “Digital Modular Radio: An Interoperable Capability Enabler in Net-Centric Environment”, Proceedings of the Military Communications Conference (MILCOM), Orlando, Florida, October 2007.5. J. Chapin, Software Radio for

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in CET and MET

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Vernon Lewis; Paul Kauffmann

Engineering Management - Introduction to concepts andtools in probability and statistics with applications to engineering design, systems analysis,manufacturing and quality management problems. orENMA 421 Decision Techniques in Engineering - A systematic approach to the formulationof problems, the generation and evaluation of alternatives, and the selection and implementationand evaluation of courses of action.Each of these courses are three semester hours of credit, ENMA 421 is an available alternate toENMA 420. The revised curriculum for the upper division courses of Civil EngineeringTechnology is described in the Figure 1 below. Note that ENMA 302 was already part of thecurriculum and the three additional minor courses (where the remaining nine

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

Paul J. Eagle; Jonathan M. Weaver; Roger W. Pryor; Mukasa Ssemakula

The Coalition for New Manufacturing Education, also called the GreenfieldCoalition; is made up of Focus:Hope’s Center for Advanced Technologies (CAT) - aleading edge manufacturing and education facility; academic partners University ofDetroit Mercy, Lawrence Technological University, Lehigh University, University ofMichigan, and Wayne State University; as well as industrial partners Chrysler, Ford,General Motors, Detroit Diesel and Cincinnati Milacron; and the Society ofManufacturing Engineers. The goal of the Coalition is to develop a new approach to theeducation of technicians, technologists and engineers working in the manufacturing field.The CAT, where the students (referred to as ‘candidates’) are full-time employees, is theprimary

Conference Session

ECE-related Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seemein Shayesteh P.E., Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Maher E. Rizkalla, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

electrical engineering course. Toalleviate the perception, this course was designed to be project portfolio based course withsimulation and modeling attached to the course. The pedagogical methodology wasdeveloped to enable the instructor to provide new experiences for the ME students thatintegrate many of the ME elements throughout the ME curriculum. The framework of thecourse incorporates attached projects, applications, group discussions, and grouppresentation. In contrast to the traditional courses that use only a textbook approach, thiscourse delivers new modes of instructions that provide students with project experienceand attached applications. Coverage of the extensive amount of course materials wasassisted by the software simulation and

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Tang, Rowan University; Sachin Shetty, Tennessee State University; Kauser Jahan, Rowan University; S. Keith Hargrove, Tennessee State University; John P. Henry

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

AC 2012-3423: SUSTAINCITY A INTERACTIVE VIRTUAL REALITYGAME PROMOTING ENGINEERING DESIGN IN PRE-ENGINEERINGCURRICULUMDr. Ying Tang, Rowan University Ying Tang received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from the Northeastern University, P. R. China, in 1996 and 1998, respectively, and Ph.D. degree from New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, N.J., in 2001. She is currently an Associate Professor of electrical and computer engineering at Rowan University. Her research interests include virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and modeling and scheduling of computer- integrated systems. Tang has led or participated in several research and education projects funded by National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of

Conference Session

Innovations in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ning Fang, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

semester, each student team is given 20 minutes to present their project results. This also provides an additional experience for students to learn from each other.A Representative Example of Student ProjectsThe above-described PB-ACL approach was implemented in an upper-division manufacturingengineering course – Machining Theory and Applications – which was taught by the author ofthis paper. A total of 22 students who enrolled in this course were grouped into six project teamswith three or four students on each team.A representative example of student projects is provided to demonstrate how the active andcooperative learning approach worked. In this example, the project team consisted of four seniormechanical engineering undergraduate

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session: Quantitative Instrument Development

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexa Ray Ronsairo Fernando, National University, Philippines; Nurzal Effiyana binti Ghazali, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Fatin Aliah Phang FASc, Centre for Engineering Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Nor Farahwahidah Abdul Rahman, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

Paper ID #46622Validating Future Engineering Competencies: An Innovation System Approachin Competency Modeling through Delphi MethodMr. Alexa Ray Ronsairo Fernando, National University, Philippines Alexa Ray R. Fernando is the Senior Research Management and Publication Director and an Associate Professor I at the College of Engineering, National University, Philippines. Previously, he served as Dean of the College of Engineering at the same institution. As a PhD candidate in Engineering Education at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, his research focuses on competency modeling, curriculum development, competency-based learning

Conference Session

ET Curriculum and Programs I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jikai Du, SUNY College at Buffalo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, 2017.[6] D. Goleman, Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ, New York: Bantam Books, 1995[7] J. Knight, Instructional coaching: A partnership approach to improving instruction, Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2007[8] B. Trilling, and C. Fadel, 21st century skills: Learning for life in our time, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2009[9] M. G. Violante and E. Vezzetti, “Guidelines to design engineering education in the twenty-first century for supporting innovative product development,” European Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1344-1364, 2017[10] C. L. Cobb, “Enabling and characterizing twenty-first century skills in new product development teams

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curricular Design and Assessment

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward F. Crawley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Anette "Peko" Hosoi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Amitava "Babi" Mitra, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

research has made giant strides in the past twenty years or so and it isclear that “a robust research base is required to inform future engineering practice”4. Yet we seefew applications of this in creating innovative curricula and approaches to teaching and learning.University teaching is probably the only profession where novice practitioners, i.e., new facultywith fresh PhD’s are expected to start off as experts without any kind of systematic training.Rapid advances have been made in the “science of learning” and taking an evidence-basedapproach to college teaching can help create more effective teachers5. Yet faculty are rarelytrained on how to deal with changes in curricular approach and curriculum or when newpedagogy is introduced.The

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum in Engineering Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Crossman, Old Dominion University; Anthony Dean, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

and masters degree level. Currently there are five institutions offering sevenprograms at the New College Institute. A major goal of the Institute is that these programs bedelivered on-site, not in a distance learning mode. Because of the associate degree program inmotorsports technology at Patrick Henry Community College in Martinsville, Old DominionUniversity’s strong history of delivering programs at a distance and the desire for economicdevelopment in the region, the Director of the New College Institute approached ODU about thedevelopment of a baccalaureate program in motorsports technology, and the delivery of theprogram on-site at the New College Institute.Motorsports Technology Program DevelopmentGraduates of all engineering

Conference Session

Accreditation and Related Issues in ECE

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Victor Nelson

Session 2532 COMPUTING CURRICULUM - COMPUTER ENGINEERING (CCCE) A MODEL FOR COMPUTER ENGINEERING CURRICULA IN THE NEXT DECADE Victor P. Nelson1, David L. Soldan2, Andrew McGettrick3, John Impagliazzo4, Pradip Srimani5, Mitchell D. Theys6 and Joseph L. A. Hughes7 1 Auburn Univ./ 2Kansas State Univ./ 3Univ. of Strathclyde/ 4Hofstra Univ./ 5 Clemson Univ./ 6Univ. of Illinois at Chicago/ 7Georgia Inst. of TechnologyAbstract In the fall of 1998, the Computer Society of the Institute for Electrical and ElectronicEngineers (IEEE-CS) and the

Conference Session

COED Programming Education 2: Instructional Approaches

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Rajkumari Jayasekaran, University of Florida; Umer Farooq; Saira Anwar, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

Paper ID #39036Impact of Extra Credit for Practice Questions on Programming Students’Participation and PerformanceDr. Sarah Rajkumari Jayasekaran, University of Florida Sarah Jayasekaran (Dr J) is an instructional assistant professor at the University of Florida. She has a Master’s in Structural Engineering and a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from the University of Florida (UF). She is originally from the city of Chennai, India. Dr. J came to the United States to pursue her passion for teaching. Her research interest includes smart cities, smart concepts in education, student retention, and curriculum development.Umer

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division 3: Teaching and Learning in Engineering Management

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Marnie V. Jamieson, University of Alberta; Lianne M. Lefsrud P.Eng., University of Alberta; Fereshteh Sattari; John Donald, University of Guelph

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

learning to design teaching and learning, program content and structure, student assessment, and continuous course improvement techniques. She managed and was a key contributor to a two-year pilot project to introduce blended learning into the chemical engineering capstone design courses, and is the author of a number of recent journal, book, and conference contribu- tions on engineering education. Her research focusses on how to teach innovation and sustainable design practices to engineers and develop a curriculum reflective of engineering practice requirements. Recently she has taught a short course on how to design and teach process engineering courses to professors in Peru and workshops on Metacognition and

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Little, Douglas L. Jamerson Jr. Elementary School; Charles Parsons, Douglas L. Jamerson, Jr. Elementary School; Pat Van Driessche, Douglas L. Jamerson, Jr. Elementary School; Marilyn Barger, University of South Florida; Kim Parsons, Douglas L. Jamerson, Jr. Elementary School; Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida; Debbie O'Hare

. Every teacher at each grade level is expected topresent the same curriculum and the topics and order of these presentations is driven by lessonplans that are horizontally and vertically integrated. A unique aspect of the curriculum andtherefore a demand on its professional development plan is the fact that the school does not havea specific engineering instructional period but integrates the engineering content throughout thescience, language arts, mathematics and physical education standards driven component of itseducational mission. This approach forces each teacher to find ways to use these subjects tostrengthen the understanding of the engineering topics being taught which then, in turn, enrichthe student’s core “reading, writing and

Conference Session

Approaches to Assessment and Student Reflection

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Susan Bobbitt Nolen, University of Washington; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods, Ocean and Marine

developmentopportunities for faculty, new users of Concept Warehouse may receive formal or informalsupport. Other institutions may emphasize other activities (i.e., research) and provide littlesupport or encouragement for faculty to adopt new techniques.Figure 2. Screenshot of the Student Interface of an Inquiry Based Activity for Engineering Dynamics.The Ecosystem ModelFeatures of an innovation, along with is basis in research, contribute both directly to instructionalpractice and to instructor beliefs. To more fully understand propagation and impact, however, wetake an ecosystems approach as illustrated in Figure 3. Instructional decisions are made inrelation to the perceived value and feasibility of a practice within particular institutional contexts(Nolen et

Conference Session

Innovative Topics in ChE Curriculum

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Daniel Fichana; Ann Marie Flynn; Robert P. Hesketh; C. Stewart Slater; Jim Henry

concepts throughout the curriculum [ 6]. This would betteremphasize that engineers should be using green engineering and sustainability throughout thedesign process. Implementing this integrated approach, in which students see green engineeringthroughout their 4 years of engineering. This approach shows the high importance of this subjectto the students and reinforces the need to employ this subject in industry. The faculty may agreeto add this material, but its coverage becomes diluted and sporadic throughout the curriculumwhich is a drawback. Both of these methods of education should be encouraged and furtherdevelopment is needed.In 1998 a program was initiated with funds from the Environmental Protection Agency. Thisprogram initiatives in green