Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 18

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Mario Bonilla; Miguel Santiago Valarezo; Miguel Andres Guerra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

techniques that accurately reflect the varied ways in whichstudents learn. Starting from this, new evaluation methods are being sought that better fit the wayof learning of each student, so our research will focus on finding a new form of evaluation basedon frequent unannounced evaluations to improve student learning. and contribute to academicintegrity. This new method was applied in civil engineering and architecture courses, along withactivities that develop student learning.Background/FrameworkAcademic integrity within the student environment is related to honesty, responsibility, andrespect, and implies that students must follow rules and regulations, demonstrating theircommitment to responsibility and ethics against frowned upon activities

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Timothy J. Anderson; Sarah A. Rajala; Matthew Ohland

Session 1430 SUCCEED-Sponsored Freshman Year Engineering Curriculum Improvements at NC State: A Longitudinal Study of Retention Matthew W. Ohland, Sarah A. Rajala, Timothy J. Anderson Clemson University / North Carolina State University / University of FloridaAbstractNC State’s involvement in the NSF-sponsored SUCCEED Coalition has led to a number ofchanges to the freshman year of the engineering curriculum as reported previously (e.g., ASEE1999, Porter, et al.). An explicit objective of these changes was to retain in engineering thosestudents who were qualified and interested in engineering, but were leaving

Conference Session

Track: Learning Spaces, Pedagogy, and Curriculum Design Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Elizabeth Hane, Rochester Institute of Technology; Scott Franklin, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Learning Spaces, Pedagogy & Curriculum Design

Inclusivity and Diversity in College STEM Programs throughMetacognitive Classroom PracticesElizabeth HaneAssociate Professor, Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of TechnologyScott FranklinProfessor, School of Physics & Astronomy, Rochester Institute of TechnologyKeywords: undergraduate, gender, disability, 1st generationAbstract:We report on results from RIT’s Project IMPRESS: Integrating Metacognitive Practices to EnsureStudent Success, a 5-year NSF funded program to improve retention of first-generation anddeaf/hard-of-hearing students in STEM disciplines. As part of IMPRESS, we have developed andtaught a first-year course “Metacognitive Approaches to Scientific Inquiry.” The course, whichsatisfies the Institute’s Ethical

Conference Session

Spatial Visualization

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yaomin Dong, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

, 2012 Lessons Learned in Engaging Engineering Students by Improving Their Spatial Visualization SkillsAbstractResearch has shown that students with enhanced spatial visualization skills, the ability to see andthink in 3-D, are more successful in engineering, technology, computer science, chemistry andmathematics courses. These skills can be developed with training and practice. KetteringUniversity is one of the 10 selected schools in the NSF – ENGAGE Group(http://www.engageengineering.org). The three main themes of the ENGAGE grant are FacultyInteraction, Everyday Engineering Examples, and Spatial Visualization. This paper presentslessons learned in an approach to improve students’ spatial visualization skills

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Patricia M. Yaeger; Rose M. Marra; Francesco Costanzo; Gary L. Gray

communication skills. Items measuring students’confidence and motivation to become an engineer and perceptions of their computer skills werealso included. Students completed this instrument once at the end of the semester.2.2.3 Other MeasuresAdditional information was obtained by modifying existing feedback mechanisms. Penn Statehas a program to collect Student Ratings of Teacher Effectiveness (SRTE). Items were added tothis instrument to obtain anonymous input from students on their satisfaction with the weightingof assignments toward the final grade and the mix of lecture and activities.2.3 Using the Results to Improve the ProcessThe assessment results had an impact on both our assessment plan and the course itself for thefollowing semester. We

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 5: Skill Development in Graduate Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yiqi Liang, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Qing Li, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Gül E. Kremer, University of Dayton; Nigel Forest Reuel, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Ann M Gansemer-Topf, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Shan Jiang, Iowa State University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

(GAPS) program and received funding support from the NSF IGE program as the lead investigator. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Crossing the threshold: Improving STEM graduate student education through project management skills trainingAbstractGraduates Advancing Professional Skills (GAPS), a National Science Foundation-fundedprogram, aims to bridge the professional skills gap in Science, Technology, Engineering, andMathematics (STEM) graduate education. GAPS is a one-credit course offered since the Fall of2020, and it prepared 72 graduate STEM students to implement project management (PM)techniques to enhance their research competencies and adaptation to their future

Conference Session

COED: Student Perspectives of Instructional and Advising Approaches

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahbub K. Ahmed, P.E., Southern Arkansas University; Kendra J. Ahmed, Southern Arkansas University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

aspossible.Academic advising is a crucial part of a student’s education, and technology is starting toenhance its effectiveness. Advising apps are gaining popularity in higher education institutionsbecause they help to streamline the process and improve efficiency and accuracy. Feghali et al.[5] conducted a study that highlights the use of advising apps and expert systems as a means tocomplement traditional advising, which primarily depends on one-on-one human interactionbetween students and their advisors. These programs and apps can help faculty advisors tominimize the effort and mental load it takes to find the best courses for each student to take,freeing up more time for them to build connections with their students during advisingappointments

Conference Session

ERM: Let's Talk about Tests! (Tests Part 1)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nelson Granja, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Miguel Andrés Guerra, Universidad San Francisco de Quito; Vanessa Guerra, University of Virginia

pedagogies and assessdesign. Finally, we plan to start incorporating coffee break exams across multipleinstructors in the same engineering course as well as diverse types of engineeringcourses to build guidelines that allow incorporating coffee breaks—and aligninginterventions—to improve the effectiveness of this type of exams.References[1] D. Parsons, “Is There an Alternative to Exams?Ð Examination Stress in Engineering Courses,” p. 8, 2008.[2] J. C. Cassady and R. E. Johnson, “Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance,” Contemp. Educ. Psychol., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 270–295, 2002.[3] L. F. Smith and J. K. Smith, “Relation of test-specific motivation and anxiety to test performance,” Psychol. Rep., vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 1011–1021

Conference Session

Cultivating Community, Wellness, and Character Development

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Cooper, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

Paper ID #41123Use of Top Hat Questions to Build Classroom Community and Improve theStudent-Teacher RelationshipDr. Matthew Cooper, North Carolina State University Dr. Matthew Cooper is a Teaching Professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at North Carolina State University where he teaches courses in Senior Design, Unit Operations, Transport Phenomena, Thermodynamics and Material & Energy Balances. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Use of Top Hat Questions to Build Classroom Community and Improve the Student- Teacher

Conference Session

Student Success II: Self-Regulatory, Metacognitive, and Professional Skills

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sergio Celis, Universidad de Chile; Camila Aguirre, Universidad de Chile

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

program in their first two years of school and take the same courses in thefirst semester: introductions to calculus, algebra, Newtonian physics, engineering,chemistry, and computing tools for engineering and science. In general, from the 750 first-  year students, approximately 30% fail at least one course. In the last two decades, SoEnghas implemented several strategies and actions for improving students’ retention andacademic performance. For instance, promoting active learning, improving infrastructurefor student life, and launching specialized units to support students’ academic achievementand wellbeing. Currently, first year’s retention rates are close to 95%. Despite the fact thisindicator is well above the national mean for STEM fields in

Conference Session

K-12 Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

William Jordan; Rosalind Hale; Renee Akbar; Ramona Travis; John Fulwiler

how to effectively teach those concepts to elementary and middleschool students. The remainder of this paper will discuss the history and purpose of NASA’sPre-Service Institute, provide a detailed description of the curriculum, and examine the results ofthe experience.NASA’s Pre-Service Teacher InstituteNASA recognized a need to increase the number of well-qualified teachers and engage more K-12 pre-service teachers in the improvement of mathematics and science teaching. The Pre-Service Teacher Institute (PSTI) was initiated through NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC)several years ago in collaboration with Norfolk State University (Virginia). The basic purpose ofthe program is to provide minority education majors from minority institutions

Conference Session

Graphics and Visualization

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Onyancha, University of New Hampshire; Erick Towle, University of New Hampshire; Brad Kinsey, University of New Hampshire

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

AC 2007-290: IMPROVEMENT OF SPATIAL ABILITY USING INNOVATIVETOOLS: ALTERNATIVE VIEW SCREEN AND PHYSICAL MODEL ROTATORRichard Onyancha, University of New HampshireErick Towle, University of New HampshireBrad Kinsey, University of New Hampshire Page 12.849.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Improvement of Spatial Ability Using Innovative Tools: Alternative View Screen and Physical Model RotatorAbstract Spatial ability, which is positively correlated with retention and achievement inengineering, mathematics, and science disciplines, has been shown to improve over the course ofa Computer-Aided Design course or through targeted

Conference Session

Perceived Quality of Graduate Education

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Richard Shell; Ali Houshmand

every course in the program, followed byan assessment of the program, and the college as a whole using Six Sigma methodology.However, it is important to note that application of Six Sigma in academia does not meanachievement of six sigma level of quality of virtually defect free operation. It is rather amethodology of using extremely rigorous data-gathering and statistical analysis to identifysources of errors and ways of eliminating them. The DMAIC continuous improvement cycledescribed below is adapted to the specific environment of an engineering program. The results ofassessment for each DMAIC cycle of an engineering program are documented in order to insurecontinuous improvement.The Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Program (IME) in

Conference Session

Digital Circuits, Architecture, Embedded Systems

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ben Arie Tanay, Purdue Engineering Education; Renee M. Clark, University of Pittsburgh; Gaoxiang Zhou; Samuel J. Dickerson, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

problem at hand. Thus, in problem-solving scenarios where complex mathand extended analyses are often required, students can rapidly explore alternative designs andevaluate the results of parameter changes with minimal effort. This tool can lower the barrier forreflection, as students can be encouraged to reflect on easily generated simulation results. Thistechnique was initially developed in the context of a sophomore-level electrical engineeringcourse on microelectronics and shown to be an effective technique to drive metacognitivethinking.While simulation-guided reflections were originally developed for improving studentunderstanding of nonlinear, analog circuit devices (e.g. transistors), it was later extended to thedomain of digital logic

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharon A. Jones P.E., University of Portland; Caitlin Cairncross, University of Portland; Tammy VanDeGrift, University of Portland

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Education, 2017 Using Assessment to Continuously Improve the Retention & Persistence of At-risk Engineering StudentsObjectiveAt the University of Portland, studies show that students who are behind in their degree progressare not retained at similar rates as their on-track cohort and can be considered “at-risk”. For thepast three years, with NSF support, we developed a voluntary retention program to supportstudents who are considered “at-risk” of leaving the Shiley School of Engineering. “At-risk”students start behind or fall behind in their STEM courses, although they are in good standingacademically i.e., they are not on academic probation. The Program includes multipleinterventions targeted at increasing the

Conference Session

ERM: Mentoring for Everyone! And Let's talk about Graduate Students

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brayan Díaz, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Cesar Delgado, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC; Kevin Han, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Collin Lynch, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

environments for the teaching and learning of scale (co-PI), and an NSF IGE grant analyzing and improving graduate engineering and computer science courses (co-PI). He teaches courses on technological tools for teaching, the learning sciences, learning theories, equity and diversity, and methods for teaching. He wrote the supporting materials for a course on project-based learning that is being enacted in 44 universities in 21 states and the District of Columbia.Kevin Han (Assistant Professor) Assistant professor, Dept of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering at NC State University. PI of NSF IGE and IUSE projects. Interested in creating and validating new ways to teach by developing tools and applying

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Nebojsa Jaksic

the next section.Survey and ResultsA survey assessing students’ improvement in self-efficacy is presented in Figure 2. It accountsfor lecture as well as laboratory experience. Questions 1 through 7 are quantitative and question8 is qualitative. While questions 1 through 4 and 7 can be directly related to students’ self-efficacy, questions 5 and 6 are based on the notion that students’ appreciation and positiveattitude towards a subject of study are indirectly correlated to students’ self-efficacy.The results of the survey for 15 students (Fall 2001) are summarized in Table 1. On average,students have found the classroom/laboratory approach described effective in improving theirself-efficacy. Question 7 results require additional clarification

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Technical Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Summer Dann Johnson, Louisiana State University; Paige Davis, Louisiana State University; Ashley Elisabeth Thibodeaux, Louisiana State University; Laura H. Ikuma, Louisiana State University; Kelly A. Rusch P.E., Louisiana State University; Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

development with effective learning and teaching pedagogies. Page 22.1147.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Peer Mentoring, A Transition Program to Improve Retention in the College of EngineeringIntroduction The Louisiana State University (LSU) College of Engineering’s Peer Mentoring Programis an interdisciplinary program that utilizes upperclassmen to introduce and assist freshmen withtheir transition into the university environment. The mentoring program was initiated with fiveengineering “team leaders” working with 45 freshmen in the inaugural

Collection

2011 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Orla Smyth LoPiccolo

Implementing Guided Note Taking to Improve Student Learning of Energy Saving Construction Techniques Orla Smyth LoPiccolo, Farmingdale State College, SUNYAbstractUnderstanding energy saving construction techniques is a critical component of ConstructionDesign —a technology -based, sophomore level course in which students prepare constructiondrawings for an individually prepared residential project and a team-prepared commercialproject. This course is a requirement for one of the two programs in our department,Architectural Engineering Technology, and an elective for the second program, ConstructionManagement Engineering Technology. Construction Design, like many other lecture laboratorycourses, is

Conference Session

Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sarah Hug, Colorado Evaluation & Research Consulting; Christina Convertino; Heather Thiry

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

faculty andstaff role expectations and the additional workload that develops with a strong student supportinfrastructure (Argryis & Schon, 1978; Kezar 2008; O’Day, 2002) and can maximize thelikelihood of organizational improvement by emphasizing multiple types of rewards, e.g.,monetary, emotional/ psychological, and recognition-oriented (Doten-Snitker et al 2020).Implementing equity-oriented policies and programs. Departmental policies about curriculum,instruction, and co-curricular engagement can serve as mechanisms for promoting equitablestudent outcomes and have a particularly powerful effect on URM success in STEM andcomputing (Hrabowski, 2019). A central premise of the overall RED initiative is thatinstitutional practices and policies

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy J. Jacobs, Texas A&M University; Andrea Strzelec, Texas A&M University; Jeffrey E. Froyd, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

thermodynamics. Realizing the possible deficiency in students’ conceptualunderstanding of second law, and the perceived importance of having conceptual understandingof second law, an effort was undertaken to redesign the first thermodynamics course (FTC) toimprove student understanding and retention of second law concepts. The results of this effortare reported elsewhere. The present follow-on study describes the possible improved retention ofsecond law concepts among students who had the redesigned FTC by assessing their second lawconceptual understanding in an important follow-on course, the second thermodynamics course(STC). This paper describes the redesigned FTC, relative to the conventional FTC, the STC, andthe approach taken to assess possible

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Bobby Tang Dan, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Shouling He, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

used to effectively test this new STEM course. The three Overclock teamsconsisted of a wide range of students from minimal knowledge in VEX robotics to students whohad two years of VEX experience. In an overall assessment, it was found that students whoparticipated in the course with minimal knowledge of robots were able to perform significantlybetter than those who had more than three years of robotics and VEX competition experience butdid not participate in the course. Students involved in the program had also shown significantimprovement in confidence while they are engaged in public speaking, presentation, hands-onwork, or robot competition. Future improvements to the course may include student exposure toadditive and subtractive

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 1: Student Success Boot Camps, Summer Bridge Programs, and Living Learning Communities

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Palm, Roger Williams University

in small universities that mightbe thought to have less need for the community development an LLC provides.IntroductionLiving-Learning Communities (LLCs), in which students live together in a dormitory or otherresidence while participating in common courses and/or co-curricular activities, have been toutedas a high-impact educational practice [1]. LLCs can be organized around particular majors suchas engineering, identity characteristics such as gender or ethnicity, or interdisciplinary themessuch as sustainability. Over one hundred universities have established Engineering-based LLCsover the past four decades [2], [3], and studies have shown that they can improve short-termmeasures of student success such as engagement, first-year academic

Collection

2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Kasey L. Moomau; Jessica Deters; Emily Fitzpatrick

students for focus groups toidentify the most impactful elements of the intervention and areas for improvement. Quantitativebefore-and-after self-evaluation data will help us to understand the impact of the interventionover a larger sample of the participants. The goal of collecting reflection and survey data fromthe undergraduate volunteers is to provide useful insight into the correlation between service-learning experience characteristics and volunteer satisfaction with the experience, as well as self-evaluated effects on the STEM identity of undergraduate volunteers and their desire to engage infurther service-learning experiences in the future. In addition, we expect that the volunteers mayhave additional qualitative insights into the effects

Conference Session

Computers in Education Poster Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

David Barker

some students with theirconflicting goals; they like knowing exactly what is expected of them to succeed, and they alsolike the feeling of accomplishment after a successful course, but they also give homework a lowpriority in their busy schedules. It is very simple, do the homework and succeed, or avoidhomework and fail. However, homework must not be forced on them. True choice is given to thestudents throughout the semester by computing two final course grades, one with and onewithout a homework component. The higher grade becomes the final course grade. Based onfinal homework scores, most students choose homework.Using webCHARLIE to improve math skills is the most recent benefit, but that is not the reasonit was created. It was created to

Conference Session

K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design, Part 1 of 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Hahler, Louisiana Tech University; Krystal S. Corbett, Cyber Innovation Center

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

outfor teachers to see.ConclusionMathematics is the basis of engineering, but not all students are adequately prepared to succeedin freshman engineering or mathematics courses. One possible solution to this situation is toprepare students at the high school level via a curriculum specifically created for STEM students.Before implementing such a curriculum, getting advice and perspective from those in thetrenches of education (high school teachers) would improve the chances of success not only inputting into practice the curriculum but also in student achievement and teacher acceptance. Page 24.1347.9While evaluating the curriculum, teachers

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert A Baffour, University of Georgia; Adel W. Al Weshah, University of Georgia; Eliza A Banu, University of Georgia; Ramana Pidaparti, University of Georgia; Kun Yao, University of Georgia; Barbara Norton McCord P.E., University of Georgia; Adam Wineland, University of Georgia

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

their own teaching practices and madethem more aware of their strengths and areas for improvement. In addition, this projectdemonstrated the effectiveness of using faculty peer observation as a tool for improving the qualityof teaching and learning in higher education and highlight the importance of considering differentteaching modalities when conducting peer observation. Table 1: Peer observation Instruments main content Flipped Classroom Instrument Lecture-Based Instrument Section A: Prior to classroom observations: Section A: Prior to classroom observations: The observer reviews the course material on The observer reviews the course material on the course LMS, meet with the instructor to

Conference Session

Project-Based Experiences in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

either T8, T5, T5HO, or LED. These types of fixtures are different interm of initial cost, energy consumption and can give you relatively the same quality of light(CRI and CT).Upgrade from T12: The need to upgrade the fluorescent T12 luminaires is not only to save up to40% of energy, but because of the legislation mandated the phase-out of the majority of T12lamp production is effective since July 2012. Other benefits are to improve the lighting quality,improves light output and color quality, eliminates flickering and buzz that T12’s can cause, andmakes your building look better/feel newer. All these lead to increase the productivity.For energy considerations, and according to International Energy Conservation Code, theLighting Power Density is

Collection

2017 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Steven M. Ciccarelli, Rochester Institute of Technology

student outcomes,including the following: 3 c. an ability to conduct standard tests and measurements; to conduct, analyze, and interpret experiments; and to apply experimental results to improve processes; 3 e. an ability to function effectively as a member or leader on a technical team; 3 g. an ability to apply written, oral, and graphical communication in both technical and non-technical environments; and an ability to identify and use appropriate technical literature © American Society for Engineering Educati on, 2017 2017 ASEE St. Lawrence Section ConferenceThese outcomes must be documented and demonstrated in order for a program to achieve

Conference Session

Aspects of Engineering Literacy and Community and Industry Engagement

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Garner, West Virginia University; Karen E Rambo-Hernandez, West Virginia University ; Afrin Naz, West Virginia University Inst. of Tech.; Mingyu Lu, West Virginia University Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

described in several ofthe standards” (Householder & Hailey, 2012). Solutions to these real-world scenarios mayinvolve a variety of tasks that require mathematical skills such as expressing relationships andanalyzing data. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics courses should not be taughtin isolation. Educators must be able to incorporate all four fields into every mathematics andscience course.Engineering design has the potential to attract more students to STEM because it involves activelearning. Active, hands-on learning helps engage students in activities that relate to the realworld. Christensen, Knezek, and Tyler-Wood (2015) found involving students in active learning“may be effective in promoting (or retaining) positive