Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 19

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Trini Balart, Texas A&M University; Jorge Baier, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Catalina Cortazar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

-regulation?. Specifically,in this paper we propose a purpose-in-life reflection activity (PRA) tailored to an Introductionto AI course at Pontifical Catholic University of Chile . We chose an Intro to AI courseprecisely because of the recent arguments described above regarding a possible diminish ofpurpose in life caused by wide adoption AI technologies. We followed a multiple methodsapproach to understand the effects of the PRA over purpose in life and self-regulation, whichwe assessed using Purpose in Life (PIL) and Self-Regulation of Learning (SRQ-L)questionnaires three times during the semester: at the start of the course, after the completionof the PRA, and at the end of the course. Responses from the PRAs were qualitativelyanalyzed using a

Conference Session

Aerospace Division (AERO) Technical Session 4

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taylor Tucker Parks, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Timothy Bretl; Alexander Pagano, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace Division (AERO)

elements that included reflective activities, discussion of stakeholders and end-users, andevaluation of teamwork [4]. These were co-designed with the instructor and implementedthroughout the course’s series of four pair-based design projects.Knowledge-Building Communities in Engineering EducationCollaborative technologies and other means of supporting and assessing professional andacademic knowledge-building communities or communities of practice (CoPs) have been widelyexplored [10], [11], [12]. CoPs have also been explored in engineering education contexts, suchas for means of spreading assessment methods [13]. However, the impact of team formationstrategies on the spread of information through a knowledge-building community or classroomhas yet

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division WIPS 1: Projects, Teams, and Portfolios

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Constanza Miranda, Johns Hopkins University; Mareham Essam Yacoub, Johns Hopkins University; Rachel Saperstein McClam, Johns Hopkins University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

providing information on the actual and possible applications of thistool in the transition of first-year college engineering undergraduates.MethodsResearch ContextThe Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering is our main unit of analysis. In recentyears, multiple changes have occurred in this R1 Institution. There has been a major revision ofthe undergraduate curriculum which looks to have a more personalized approach to learning andresearch for undergraduate students [14]. Part of these changes forced us to assess our currentfaculty advising system for undergraduates, identifying major gaps to address. In addition, due topolicies that prioritize diversity, there has been a 94% increase in our first-generationundergraduate population in all our

Conference Session

ET Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Antonio Tito P.E., University of Houston, Downtown

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

work involving the structural analysis of the existing Clear CreekPedestrian Bridge, as well as the design, construction, and laboratory testing of a bamboo bridgemodel as part of the Project Capstone course. The existing bridge conveniently located near thecampus with easy access, comprises two pony trusses supporting the floor beams and concretedeck, forming a U-shaped cross-section, with dimensions of 130’-0” in length and 8’-0” in clearwidth. RFEM6® software is used for structural analysis and stability assessment, ensuringcompliance with applicable codes.The bamboo bridge model is designed and constructed using glued bamboo sticks for laboratorytesting under ultimate loads to observe buckling behavior. The model, resembling the ClearCreek

Conference Session

Virtual and Augmented Reality Application in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Isher Singh; Arjuna Karthikeyan Senthilvel Kavitha, Drexel University; Tzu-liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas at El Paso; Md Fashiar Rahman, University of Texas at El Paso; Nijanthan Vasudevan, Drexel University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing Division (MFG)

between0.4 and 0.5, contributes to determining the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of the wind turbine.Beyond the exploration of these factors, an additional project goal is to replicate the real labenvironment as closely as possible in the virtual realm. This design approach aims to facilitate aseamless transition for students, ensuring that the virtual lab not only educates but also providesan authentic and intuitive learning experience.The overall goal of this project is to develop an interactive VR framework where students canlearn, apply, assess and create their own VR setups to understand working of wind power indifferent settings [2].3. Building and Designing the VR Lab in Unity 3DAs shown in Figure 1, the development of the VR Wind Turbine Lab is

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 6

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lin Chase, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Rob Sleezer, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

, and depression, engineering identity, engineering career, department caring, department pride, and/or department diversity between the two student populations.Methods: MeasuresThe survey method used by Jensen and Cross [14] was based on 56 questions. These items arespread across three categories: • Mental Health • Professional Identity • InclusionTo assess Mental Health we used the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) (which is ashort form of the full Lovibond and Lovibond DASS instrument [16]) to measure student levels ofstress, anxiety, and depression. The survey included items such as, ”I was worried about situationsin which I might panic and make a fool of myself.” Measurements were taken using a Likert scalethat asked

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 10

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luis Delgado Jr., Penn State; Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

of agreementwith statements regarding inclusive research lab practices related to recruiting, selecting, andretaining graduate doctoral students. A total of nine items were selected and adapted fromdocumented graduate research lab guidebooks/policies [11], [12], previous literature on creatinginclusive research environments [6], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18] and relevant validatedquestionnaires (e.g., Mentoring Competency Assessment (MCA) [19], the Cross-CulturalCounseling Inventory-Revised (CCCI-R) [20], the Inclusive Teaching Questionnaire [21], FacultyAttitudes Survey [22], and Faculty Knowledge and Interest in DEI Survey [23] ).The second five-point Likert response scale items asks participants to provide their level ofagreement to

Conference Session

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milana Hayley Grozic, University of Calgary; The University of British Columbia; Emily Ann Marasco, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division (TELPhE)

lifelong learning and technological adaptation.ApproachTo gain insight into the existing research on technology-life balance, an informal scopingliterature review was conducted. The following search terms were chosen: digital wellness,digital health, technology-life balance, digital well-being, and technology use. This selection ofterms ensured a thorough exploration of synonymous concepts while encompassing the widerange of the research domain.Simultaneously, to delve into the challenges faced by both students and educators, twoinstruments were created. First, a research-informed mixed methods survey was developed withquantitative Likert scale and qualitative short answer questions to assess student perceptions ofspecific elements of engineering

Conference Session

Redefining Inclusivity: Embracing Neurodiversity in Engineering and Computing Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brean Elizabeth Prefontaine, Duke University; Alicia Nicki Washington, Duke University; Shaundra Bryant Daily, Duke University; Brianna Blaser, University of Washington; Joanna Goode, University of Oregon; Valerie B. Barr, Union College

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

. Valerie B. Barr, Union College ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Work in Progress: Developing and Measuring the Adoption of Identity-Inclusive Computing TenetsINTRODUCTIONThis work-in-progress paper presents the development and piloting of an instrument to assess theadoption of and barriers to implementing the Identity-Inclusive Computing (IIC) Tenetsdeveloped by the Alliance for Identity-Inclusive Computing Education (AiiCE) [1]. IIC examineshow identity (e.g., race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, ability, socioeconomic status) impacts and isimpacted by computing [2]. Broadening participation in computing (BPC) necessitatesaddressing systemic inequities within academic and

Collection

2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Zahra Zamanipour; Matthew Young; Afsana Ahamed

evaluate students’ learning and utilizing the EMLconcepts. Table 1 shows the survey questions and Table 2 shows the team assessment table.Students were able to set the design criteria either by their investigations or asking questions. Torespond to the preliminary questions that were supposed to inspire curiosity as well as to fulfill theclient requests, some of the students contacted the instructor and asked questions as listed in thefollowings which indicates that they have thought thoroughly about the design criteria and theclient requests.Table 1- Survey questionsSelect your response for each statement: 1 2 3 4 5

Conference Session

ELOS Technical Session 1 - Fluids, Wind, and Flow

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alireza Ebadi, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Ahmet Can Sabuncu, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

magnitudes are © American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 2024 ASEE Annual Conference Figure 5 - Sample PIV Results: (a) Raw image, (b) Tracer particles detected, (c) Vector field is calculated, (d) Contour of vector magnitudes displayed.qualitatively compared with the observed experiment to verify the results are reasonable. Theproject team is currently fine-tuning the procedure to ensure repeatability. The authors are alsodesigning a series of experiments in which students could observe the flow dynamics using PIV.Sample developed laboratory modules and experimental activities are provided in Appendix B.A combination of measures will be used to assess students

Conference Session

Student Division (STDT) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cody Petitt, Ohio University ; Greg Kremer, Ohio University; Timothy Cyders; Emily McCarty; Robert F. Lindsey; Ryan Pytosh, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

throughout the university, learning how to apply the ALGEE method (Assess,Listen, Give reassurance, Encourage professional help, Encourage self-help) [13], and feelingsupported and encouraged to continue working on mental health improvements even when itfeels incredibly challenging. The MHFA-trained faculty have taken steps to bring mental healthconversations into engineering classes. For example, in the same way the ‘safety moments’ aresometimes used to start a class, faculty have introduced ‘mindfulness moments’ at the beginningof a class to encourage healthy practices and advance conversations about stress, anxiety andavailable resources and coping strategies.The Russ College DEIAB committee also launched Belonging Grants in Fall 2022-2023

Collection

15th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience Conference (FYEE)

Authors

Heather Schwab, The Ohio State University; Peyton OReilly, The Ohio State University; Laine Rumreich, The Ohio State University; Krista M Kecskemety, The Ohio State University

in a team to design, build, and programan autonomous robot to complete several set tasks within a time limit.  The nanotechnology andsustainability design research project asks teams to identify an opportunity and define a problemin either medical nanotechnology or sustainability, conduct research on that topic, and develop aprototype for a potential solution. Students in both courses participate in a showcase at the end ofthe semester and either demonstrate the robot's performance or their prototype solution.RDB students battle head-to-head at the showcase and demonstrate their robots' abilities. Alongwith the head-to-head overall award, judges assess each team's robot for the chance to win anaward for engineering innovation in robotics

Conference Session

Promoting Inclusivity and Broadening Participation

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nethra Iyer, Northeastern University; Luke Landherr, Northeastern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

shampoo. These comics were shared with early engineeringstudents via anonymous survey to analyze the latter half of an educational bridge from K-12 toundergraduate education. All survey participants were evaluated in terms of learning preferencesusing the “Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire” to determine their general stated preferencestowards learning approaches, including visual versus verbal and sequential versus global, as ameans of considering how open to visual learning tools that they would be. Students were thenasked how comfortable they were with basic ideas of chemical engineering, establishing a baselinefor their understanding. After reading the comics, students were further assessed to evaluatestudents' interest and confidence in

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 12: Promoting Student Success and Motivation

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna-Lena Dicke, University of California, Irvine; Kameryn Denaro; David A. Copp, University of California, Irvine

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

credit at the community colleges before transferring, reducingtheir workload at the 4-year university.Students’ admission and transcript data was used to explore their socio-demographic diversity,course-taking patterns and rates of degree completion.Socio-demographic diversity. Using institutional data, we measured key socio-demographiccharacteristics of the students. This included students’ gender, whether they were classified aslow-income, first-generation college-going or an underrepresented ethnic minority student.Indicator variables were dummy-coded (1=Female/Low-income/First-generation college-going/Underrepresented ethnic minority). In addition, students’ ethnicity was assessed. Indicatorvariables were created for the following

Conference Session

ET Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Junkun Ma, Sam Houston State University; Reg Recayi Pecen, Sam Houston State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

engraved coaster, andthen placing it in finished coaster storage. Figure 9 shows two laser-engraved coaster samples.Figure 8 Robot 2 transferring an engraved coaster from the safety enclosure to the conveyor belt Figure 9 Samples of laser-engraved coasterStudent AssessmentA group of four undergraduate students majoring in mechanical engineering technology (MET),electronics and computer engineering technology (ECET, two students), and engineering designtechnology (EDT) completed this project to satisfy the Senior Design course requirement fortheir degree program during the 2022~2023 academic year. The online Individual Development& Educational Assessment (IDEA) evaluation system is used to assess students learning

Conference Session

DSA Technical Session 6

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

tonghui xu, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Hsien-Yuan Hsu, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Topics

Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA)

career aspirations. According to our literature review, thecareer theories explaining persistence in STEM career aspirations include social cognitive careertheory (SCCT) [3], expectancy-value theory (EVT) [4], and expectation states theory (EST) [5].Identifying variables based on the theory is a commonly used practice because it can increase theopportunity to explain the phenomena of interest, rather than simply describe them [6]. Many studies suggested that these theories can be applied to the study of high schoolstudent career aspirations. For example, the EVT was used to select predictors from theProgramme for International Student Assessment 2012 dataset to study gender differences in therate of student’ aspirations to STEM occupations

Conference Session

Joint Session: Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division and Chemical Division

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer R Brown, Montana State University, Bozeman; Stephanie G Wettstein, Montana State University, Bozeman

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED), Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

typicalengineering course may not provide opportunities for students to learn and practice the diversityof practical skills they would use as practicing engineers. With the information presented herein,changes to course design and assessment can be made in communication-focused courses, andelsewhere in the curriculum, to target communication skills transferable to the workplace.Introduction and purposeAlthough the technical skills taught within engineering departments are likely similar to thosetaught within all engineering programs, professional skills are where graduates can stand outwhen entering the workforce [1-3]. Proficient communication in particular has been directlylinked to enhanced career progression [4], yet many engineering graduates lack

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division (IND) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahesh Kumar Pallikonda, Austin Peay State University; Hossain Ahmed, Austin Peay State University; Md. Ali Haider, Austin Peay State University; Ravi C Manimaran, Austin Peay State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering Division (IND)

in the subject matter but also enhance their comprehension and critical thinkingskills. The incorporation of participation points incentivizes students to actively participate in thelearning process and fosters a positive attitude towards engaging with their peers' presentations.Grading is more of a qualitative nature rather than quantitative approach for this section. Unlikequantitative grading approaches, which may prioritize quantity over quality, the qualitativeassessment of participation encourages meaningful interactions and thoughtful contributions.This qualitative approach enables instructors to assess the depth of students' engagement, theirability to pose insightful questions, and their capacity to engage in constructive dialogue

Conference Session

ML and Generative AI Tools and Policies

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alyson G. Eggleston, Pennsylvania State University; Robert J. Rabb P.E., Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

Paper ID #42926Machine Learning Tools in the Technical Writing Classroom: A ModularApproachDr. Alyson G. Eggleston, Pennsylvania State University Alyson Eggleston is an Associate Professor in the Penn State Hershey College of Medicine and Director of Evaluation for the Penn State Clinical and Translational Science Institute. Her research and teaching background focuses on program assessment, STEM technical communication, industry-informed curricula, and educational outcomes veteran and active duty students.Dr. Robert J. Rabb P.E., Pennsylvania State University Robert Rabb is the associate dean for education in the College

Collection

15th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience Conference (FYEE)

Authors

Cassie Wallwey, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; David Gray, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

phenomenon is well-documented among STEM students by Seymour and Hewitt [8] and Seymour and Hunter [9].Part of first-year engineering students’ transition into college is the academic transition from ahigh school learning environment to a college learning environment that is more demanding, butsimultaneously gives them significantly more independence as a learner.Many students who are accepted into engineering programs are considered smart or academicallyhigh achievers in their previous educational contexts [10]; however, the combination of fast-paced and challenging coursework coupled with students having more independence andautonomy in their courses sometimes results in students’ first assessment grade beingsignificantly lower than the grades

Collection

2023 CIEC

Authors

Mohsen Azizi

insolation data. Site assessment and permitting, array site analysis, component locations, and site Lecture 4 layout. Maximum circuit voltage and current conditions, wire selection and sizing, Lecture 5 ground systems, and lightning and surge protection. Solar PV system design overview, mechanical and electrical installation, Lecture 6 checkout and startup, and interactive PV system installation. PV module operation, I-V characteristics, output measurement, environmental Lecture 7 effects, performance ratings, module construction, and array characteristics and connections. Battery operation, capacity characteristics, battery types

Collection

2023 CIEC

Authors

Matthew Schnell; Kathryn Newton

, including risk and capital budgeting assessment. This course was designed to becentered around a course project which involves a mock industry scenario complete withfinancial data and strategic goals. Students will be required to work in small groups to developthree alternative strategies for smart technology implementation.Students will be exposed to various Industry 4.0 technologies through weekly lectures,supplemental readings, and discussions to inform their strategies. Each week, students will begiven a case study over a smaller mock industry scenario along with practice problems. The goalof the course is to provide students with the tools they need to demonstrate how projectinvestments in Industry 4.0 technologies can generate new business

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Borowczak, University of Central Florida; Andrea Carneal-Burrows Borowczak, University of Central Florida

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

automation for design, development, and assessment of resilience, robustness, and security of electronic devices and systems which currently includes topics such as: advanced/novel cryptographic logic primitives, assessment and evaluation of assistive technologies on semiconductor design and post-manufacturing operation, development and detection methods for AI-based sabotage. He and his students have published over 100 journal and conference publications. His research has been funded (˜$8.5M since 2018) by federal, national, state, and industrial entities.Dr. Andrea Carneal Burrows Borowczak, University of Central Florida Dr. Andrea C. Burrows Borowczak is the Director and a Professor in the School of Teacher Education

Collection

2024 CIEC

Authors

Marilyn Barger; Richard Gilbert; Sidney Martin

, methods, and tools for assessing vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities Assessment and developing or recommending appropriate mitigation countermeasures.The first six of these eleven cybersecurity competencies (marked in red) could be consideredfundamental competencies for cybersecurity hygiene. Of these six, two are identified as“organizational competencies” (asset and inventory management, and identity management).Awareness and/or proficiency in these should be expected by all employees at all levels in most,if not all, organizations. The remaining four cyber hygiene competencies are fundamental“technical competencies” expected of all employees who perform work tasks with any kind

Collection

2024 CIEC

Authors

Jason Bruns

capstone project were exposed to many new experiencesthey would not normally have gotten in an academic setting. They interacted with workcellowners, acquired skills to effectively communicate change, and created solutions that not onlyenhanced efficiency but also supported workforce safety. Finally, through observation of teamdynamics, we were able to identify a student who would be a perfect fit for the GE Leadershipprogram.This capstone/Kaizen approach provided several advantages. First, we were able to assess andidentify top talent from a pool of potential candidates. Second, this activity provided studentswith real-world projects, helping them with their practical skills along with enhancingcommunication techniques. Finally, they served as an

Conference Session

Experiential Learning in ET Programs II

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmad Fayed, Southeastern Louisiana University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

Nevada Reno (UNR) and Purdue University Northwest (PNW). Ahmad taught classes in different settings of instruction including online, blended, flipped, and technology-assisted classes. To increase student success, facilitate the instruction, enhance the level of engagement, assess student performance and evaluate his own teaching methods, Ahmad has been using innovative teaching approaches and utilizing several in-class activities and technology tools. Among the tools he has been using for in-class instant assessment and feedback, offline class interactions, and grading are iClickers, TopHat, Plickers, Kahoot, self-paced interactive PowerPoints, AnswerGarden, Piazza, CATME, Mentimeter, and Gradescope. At multiple

Collection

2007 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Brian P. Self; Lynne A. Slivovsky; Kevin Taylor; Sema Alptekin

educating better engineers with improved societal awareness.The importance of design in an engineering education has been underscored in communicationsfrom industry, government (NAE, 2004), and academia for years and has been seen with a shiftfrom analysis-centered to design-oriented curricula (Evans et al., 1990; Dutson et al., 1997; Dymet al., 2005; Smith et al., 2005). While many assess the impact of design experiences and studentunderstanding and performance, they do not answer the question “How?”. Dym, Wesner, andWinner (2003) state that “Design is a journey,” and some suggest that engineering students arearmchair adventurers in design. Only by experiencing design themselves can they begin tounderstand and learn how to design; only through

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Thomas M. Korman; Hal A. Johnston; Lloyd Crask

projects.Most recently, between September 2012 and December 2012, the authors sponsored aninternational game where universities from the Czech Technical University (CTU) - Prague,Czech Republic, California State University, Fresno, California Polytechnic State University,San Luis Obispo, and Northwestern University, Illinois State University completed against eachother. The competition concluded with an assessment of student learning described below.Assessment of Student LearningThe simulation has a built-in grading module that can be used to obtain statistic on the variouscompanies for comparison or to use in the classroom for grading the simulation. Each facultycan have their own method of grading. The following on faculty used a criteria for

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Nicholas M. Rhodes; Matthew A. Ung; Jim Herold; Thomas F. Stahovich

choicesindicate a strong understanding of the material and which choices indicate poor understanding.We also consider how the temporal properties of the self-explanation and problem solution relateto understanding. The temporal properties include the problem solving duration and the self-explanation duration. In this analysis, we measure student performance by the correctness ofindividual homework assignments. The results of this analysis provide valuable insights aboutthe behaviors of successful and unsuccessful students. Additionally, these techniques form thebasis of a novel automated assessment technique for evaluating student performance.1. IntroductionSelf-explanation is the process by which a student explains his or her solution process