Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Sonya Smith; Marian Muste; Ganesh Rajagopalan; Donald Yarbrough; David Caughey; Alric Rothmayer; Barbara Hutchings; Rajesh Bhaskaran; Tao Xing; Frederick Stern

Psychological and Quantitative Foundation and Center for Evaluationand Assessment. Paper describes the overall objectives, approach, results, and conclusions basedon the first-years efforts.1 The University of Iowa2 Iowa State University3 Cornell University4 Howard University5 Fluent Inc. Page 8.756.1 Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2003, American Society for Engineering EducationI. IntroductionUndergraduate engineering curriculum is changing in response to rapid advancements insimulation technology. Use of

Conference Session

Virtual & Distance Experiments

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Sonya Smith; Marian Muste; Ganesh Rajagopalan; Donald Yarbrough; David Caughey; Alric Rothmayer; Barbara Hutchings; Rajesh Bhaskaran; Tao Xing; Frederick Stern

Psychological and Quantitative Foundation and Center for Evaluationand Assessment. Paper describes the overall objectives, approach, results, and conclusions basedon the first-years efforts.1 The University of Iowa2 Iowa State University3 Cornell University4 Howard University5 Fluent Inc. Page 8.757.1 Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2003, American Society for Engineering EducationI. IntroductionUndergraduate engineering curriculum is changing in response to rapid advancements insimulation technology. Use of

Conference Session

Teaching Entrepreneurship to Engineers

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Thomas Cassel

. Theseare supplemented with techniques such as concept testing, conjoint analysis and perceptualmapping, which are useful tools for assessing customer preferences and perceptions.Module Two continues with discussions of pricing strategy, marketing strategy and operationsstrategy. Lectures in this module benefit from material in Geoffrey Moore’s widely acceptedtreatise, “Crossing the Chasm,”17 William Davidow’s, “Marketing High Technology,”18 andLeonard Lodish’s recent book, “Entrepreneurial Marketing.”19 The Dell Computer case in classsession 7 provides a particularly valuable lesson on effective operations strategy and theresulting advantages of cost leadership. Class sessions 8 through 10 then provide insight intoentrepreneurial ventures in the

Conference Session

Web Education: Delivery and Evaluation

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Tara Madhyastha; Jessica Masters; Ali Shakouri

that meet the needs of a broadaudience is analogous to the reuse of software modules: it is difficult to create modules that can be widelyreused. This process is expensive, and with constantly emerging technological areas, modules need to becontinually updated. We have created a framework, ExplaNet, that allows students to author course content for each otherin a guided assessment environment. ExplaNet can be seen as an extension to course discussion boards,which are frequently used to post and answer student questions with instructor moderation. In ExplaNet,the instructors post questions for students to solve, posting their explanations. Explanations can be sub-mitted in a variety of multi-media formats. If questions cover important

Conference Session

Panel: A Conversation About Ethics Education and Resources

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca A. Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Taft H. Broome Jr., Howard University; Legand L. Burge Jr., Tuskegee University; Rachelle Hollander, National Academy of Engineering; Michael C. Loui, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

possess the technical talent to compete in industry, government, and academia. Prior to joining Tuskegee, Burge was Dean at the Defense Systems Management College (DSMC), Vice Commander of Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC), member of the Defense Secretary and Air staffs, Pentagon, Division Chief, National Security Agency (NSA), and Operations Officer for Secretary of the Air Force Special Projects. The Air Force held his services for 27 years, and retired Burge as Colonel (O-6) in 1999. He has served on the advisory board for the National Science Foundation (NSF) Engineering Di- rectorate, the Advisory Committee on Government Performance Assessment, Northwestern University McCormick School of

Conference Session

Global Engineering Models: Curriculum Development, Improvements, and Partnerships

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Belle W. Y. Wei, San José State University; Patricia R Backer, San José State University; Wenchiang Richard Chung, San José State University; Andrew F. Wood, San José State University

Tagged Divisions

International

1990 and now serves as Director of general engineering. In her current role, Backer is involved in developing and assessing outreach programs to increase the number of women and underrepresented students in engineering.Prof. Wenchiang Richard Chung, San Jos State UniversityAndrew F. Wood, San Jos State University Andrew F. Wood, professor, Communication Studies and Humanities honors program, San Jos State University, has authored or co-authored books on internet communication, reality television, roadside Americana, and the 1939-40 New York World’s Fair. His most recent book, City Ubiquitous: Place, Communication, and the Rise of Omnitopia, received the 2009 Jane Jacobs Urban Communication Award from the Urban

Conference Session

Hands-on Laboratory and Design Experiences in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Parhum Delgoshaei, Virginia Tech; Vinod K. Lohani, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

students’ awareness on environmentalsustainability. LEWAS has been designed to accomplish this task by measuring water qualityand weather data from the site of an on-campus impaired stream and by providing end users withmeasured data in real-time in the form of a web-based interface.The main objective of LEWAS is to increase student awareness on environmental and energysustainability. Real-time remote monitoring of water parameters of an impaired stream servesthis objective for three reasons [1]: First, it makes students aware of what is happening or willhappen in their own campus if watershed development activities are not planned and executed inan environmentally friendly manner. Second, it enables stakeholders to assess the efficiency

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Potpourri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University; Patrick lee Kirby, Drexel University; Bailu Xu

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

processengineering.Micro-fluidics (Lab-on-a-chip) approach has tremendous potential in scientific and emergingindustrial applications from health care (clinical diagnostics) and medical research to micro-electromechanical systems and sensors. As a result of these experimental activities, students willgain both in-depth understanding of physical phenomena presented in the lectures and hands-onexperience in developing and working with these miniaturized devices and systems1-7.In this paper we report the development of laboratory activities introduced in the revised“Thermo and Heat Transfer Lab” course that has been offered during the winter term ofAY2011-2012. The impact of the new activities has been assessed during this term and willcontinue to be evaluated and

Conference Session

FPD VI: Presenting "All the Best" of the First-year Programs Division

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Scott Moor, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

a Compare design Set up simulator & and Needs Process disciplined, detailed processes complete 20 runs. Assessment Overview approach to design Present data and list of observations 2 Problem Problem Develop a complete Develop initial goal Prepare Problem Formulation Definition problem statement that statement with Definition using the includes an overall goal overall goal, sub- Definition Worksheet

Conference Session

Research in Engineering Education I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mallory Lancaster, Purdue University; Yi Luo; Johannes Strobel, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Page 25.872.6 This study also classified the 43 keywords into seven areas of educational research [6] [7]. Table 2contains the criterion that was used to classify each keyword. Note that keywords may fit into more thanone category. For example, the keyword ―grade*‖ belongs in both categories three and seven (refer toTable 2), because it is the organizational aspect of education and is also used for assessments. Classification Criteria Keywords in this area directly relate to how students learn and development. Furthermore, this area covers learning mechanisms

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Greg N Droge, Georgia Institute of Technology; Bonnie H. Ferri, Georgia Institute of Technology; JillL L. Auerbach, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

controller anda position controller. We then proceed with the logistics of completing the projects in Section 5,the website support in Section 6, and a discussion of the assessment methods in Section 7.2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUPBoth LabVIEW and NXC, a C-like language developed for the LEGO NXT kit, have been usedfor student experiments in our program4. It is assumed that students have had some computerprogramming experience but have not used C or LabVIEW in the past. A main problem withNXC is the integer arithmetic, which corresponds to the lack of a floating point processor on theNXT processor. Students spend a lot of time debugging the system due to integer overflow andsyntax errors. LabVIEW, on the other hand, provides many benefits to the text-based

Conference Session

Innovative Learning, Comparative Learning Analysis, and Lessons Learned

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jan Helge Bohn, Virginia Tech; Manfred J. Hampe, Technische Universität Darmstadt

Tagged Divisions

International

to do so. In this case, thestudent must pay for summer school tuition, which is clearly not a cost-neutral situation.However, this summer tuition, living expenses, and lost income, can be avoided all together ifthe student begins learning German their freshman year—or sophomore year following threeyears of high school German. And increasingly we are seeing that the students are taking suchsteps to reduce their cost of education.While we are excited with the success of this program and with how quickly it is growing in size,we believe that now is a good time to take assessment and analyze why this particular effortsucceeded while a parallel effort with another university partner failed. This paper will thereforenext discuss lessons learned

Conference Session

Social Media and In-class Technology: Creating Active Learning Environments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Erin E. Bowen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Dawn D. Laux, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Yammerwas introduced mid-semester and used for student participation. Students were assessed pre- andpost-intervention through online surveys that asked about perceptions of classroom interactionsand learning, as well as measures of communication apprehension and technology readiness. Weanalyze the set of 69 pre- and post-intervention survey pairs in order to identify relationshipsamong communication apprehension, technology readiness, and comfort with classroomparticipation, both face to face and through microblogging.Microblogging is a type of social software platform that enables users to post brief messages andto follow and read other users’ messages. The most popular public microblogging platform isTwitter4, however, there are several other

Conference Session

Writing and Communication II

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Luke Niiler; David Beams

practice with regard to writing?The EWI will use multiple data-gathering methods (semi-annual writing prompts, focus-groupand individual interviews with students and faculty, written surveys of students and faculty, andstudent writing samples gathered in portfolios). It will employ several assessment strategies(quantitative analyses of student writing samples, quantitative analyses of written surveys, andqualitative analyses of interview transcripts).This paper sets forth the goals, structure, and methods of the EWI and will present findings fromits first year. The current draft includes findings from the inaugural semester of the study; thisdraft will be updated to include results from the entire academic year during the Spring

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship and Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Wells, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

been equipped with one-of workstations, assembledindividually at each site by a private company working in partnership with the Pharmacyresearchers. All of these workstations had been assembled from components available throughretail outlets. The parts lists had, of course, evolved over the term of the project, andconsequently, the workstations varied in their capabilities. Likewise, several operationalproblems had become apparent, particularly in regard to system stability and to communicationssecurity. These workstations were collectively referred to in project work as ‘Model 1’. An assessment of this experience by the principal investigators of the research concluded thatthe project status in Spring 2008 justified the development of a

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Case Studies

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Mark Manion; Eli Fromm; Jay Bhatt

have usedthe “Baltimore Affair” for that purpose. Plays that we have read in the second term includedBertolt Brecht’s “Galileo,” and Friedrich Duerrenmatt’s “The Physicists.”Student assessment includes weekly quizzes which cover the reading material, written case-studyassignments, and a paper on the play. The last two weeks are devoted to student presentations.These are 10-minute public debates; the objective is to analyze an engineering question withethical ramifications (e.g., should I-95 and the Pennsylvania Turnpike be connected inNortheastern Pennsylvania?) Debaters are instructed to be confrontational, and present the twoopposing viewpoints on the issue. Students are further asked to use the codes of ethics and themoral theories

Conference Session

Socio-cultural Elements of Learning through Service

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kaitlin Litchfield, University of Colorado, Boulder; Amy Javernick-Will, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Cathy Leslie P.E., Engineers Without Borders - USA

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

understanding engineers involved specifically with Engineers Without Borders-USA.Dr. Amy Javernick-Will, University of Colorado, Boulder Dr. Amy Javernick-Will is an Assistant Professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder in the Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Department. She received her Ph.D. from Stanford Uni- versity and has focused her research efforts on knowledge transfer in global organizations, global projects, and increasing the number of underrepresented minorities in engineering.Dr. Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder Dr. Daniel Knight is the Program Assessment and Research Associate with the Design Center Colorado in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of

Conference Session

Continuing Professional Development Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farrokh Mistree, University of Oklahoma; Jitesh H. Panchal, Purdue University; Pradeep Kashinath Waychal, Innovation Centre, COEP

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

self-instruct and self-monitor learning, ability to interact with multiple modes of learning.5. Managing Attitude: ability to self-motivate, ability to cope with chaos, ability to identify and acknowledge mistakes and un-productive paths, and ability to assess and manage risk taking.We use these meta-competencies as a basis for revitalizing the education of next generationengineers. In this paper, we present an overview of a recently conducted workshop at the Collegeof Engineering, Pune. The design of the workshop, the overall objectives, and the core elementsof the strategy are presented in Section 2. The details of the workshop, including talks andactivities are presented in Section 3. Finally, lessons learnt and closing thoughts are

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Vernengo, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Johannes Strobel, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

with ahemacytometer, passaging and freezing cells while further developing microscopy skills.Students will design and execute experiments to test influences on cell culture growth and grosscellular morphology by manipulating various culture conditions such as 1) cell seeding density,2) medium composition (e.g. amounts and types of serum, amino acid supplements, the use ofconditioned media), and 3) culture substratum (e.g. cell culture plastic, gelatin, matrigel,polylysine, feeder layers). These inquiry based experiments will require students to becomeknowledgeable of the fundamental properties of cultured cells as well as develop specificlaboratory skills including the production of cell growth curves, assessment of cell viability withLIVE

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian J. Skromme, Arizona State University; Paul Rayes, Arizona State University; Bing Cheng; Brian McNamara; Aaron S. Gibson; Angela Barrus, Arizona State University; John M. Quick; Robert Kenneth Atkinson, Arizona State University; Yih-Fang Huang, University of Notre Dame; Daniel H. Robinson, Colorado State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

assessment from section to section, and the fact that thetutorials cover a relatively small fraction of the course topics at present. Work is in progress togreatly expand the scope of the tutorials and to optimize student learning in the existing ones, asdiscussed below. Future assessment will likely be based on experiments using the software itselfto do pre- and post-testing, to allow a consistent measurement of student learning under differentexperimental conditions within the software environment.4. Formative Assessment Using Log File DataAs mentioned above, the large quantity of data from our log files can prove very useful tounderstand how the tutorials are working. This is particularly true for the data from Fall 2013,where we began logging

Conference Session

Future Career and Professional Success for Graduate Students

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Miguel Alfonso Nino, Virginia Polytechnic and State University; Kimberly Monique Holmes, George Mason University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

of the engineering graduatestudents who attended these programs were in their first and second years of their academicprograms; therefore, the professional development workshops presented unique opportunities forexposure to career options and mentors at a critical time, early in their graduate studies.Survey instruments have been used to assess the learning outcomes and reactions of participantsto the information and content of each seminar or workshop. These survey instruments have alsobeen designed to collect demographic information from participants – e.g. academic department,gender, racial/ethnic background, and citizenship status. Using a Likert scale measure with 4

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Courses and Projects

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amit Shashikant Jariwala, Georgia Institute of Technology; Feng Zhou, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wen-hao Zeng, Georgia Institute of Technology; Shijiao Li, Georgia Institute of Technology; Charles Drexler; Chong Wang; Hongrui Zhang, Georgia institute of Technology; Roger Jianinx Jiao, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

for the developmentand assessment of student professional competencies for ABET accreditation. Faculty from bothschools played an important role during the problem formulation phase to ensure that the projectscope was adequate to allow students from the two different disciplines to learn and demonstratetheir knowledge (ABET Engineering Criterion 314 – student outcome 3.a), identify disciplinespecific engineering requirements for design (ABET Engineering criterion outcome 3.c) andprovide opportunities to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems (ABET Engineeringcriterion outcome 3.e).The entire ME/ECE student team had regular in-person meetings with the ME faculty advisorand would occasionally seek advice from the ECE faculty advisor

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Experiential Learning

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harold R Underwood, Messiah College; Donald George Pratt, Messiah College

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

buttons of theonline survey tool, and for certain items provide a short answer response. The survey questionsaddressed students’ experience with: A) choosing a project prior to or during the Job Fair, B)participating in the Job Search/Selection process itself, and C) working on the project with teammembers since then. Some of these questions were adapted from the work of Orono and Ekwaro-Osire on assessing team formation,8 and others emerged naturally from the unique aspects of ourcompetitive approach. Figure 1 below shows the survey questions, including an introductoryheading explaining the purpose and confidentiality of student responses. Page

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seda Yilmaz, Iowa State University; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Colleen M. Seifert, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

, and design heuristics, respectively. In other studies, we varied thesequence of interventions and explored the impact of only one factor in addition to naturalideation preferences. As discussed in more detail below, each intervention is followed by areflection survey, in which participants self-assess their ideation outcomes and behavior. Figure 3: Example flow from one of our studies• Cognitive Style Inventory: KAI inventories (www.kaicenter.com) were administered to determine the cognitive style of each student at the beginning of the study. Page 24.367.6• Neutral Ideation: Students were given one of four

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sangarappillai Sivaloganathan, United Arab Emirates University; Ali H. Al-Marzouqi, United Arab Emirates University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

Outcomes’.The university then designs the courses and the student outcomes are further deployedinto ‘Course Outcomes’. The university devises the course content or activities, whichprovide the learning experience to the students to achieve the intended courseoutcomes. Assessments are carried out at various stages and students who reached thepre-defined standards become graduates. They then go back to the constituencies andserve the community. Now the evaluation starts in a big way. As Barbara Walward[10] puts it “Assessment tells how an individual student performed with respect tomany student outcomes, while Evaluation tells that, while students are strong in X andY they are weak in Q and R. That detailed information tells the department what

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seda Yilmaz, Iowa State University; Kathryn Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Eli M. Silk, University of Michigan; Meisha Nicole Berg, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

a small sample of student data to illustrate somepreliminary findings. Figure 3 depicts an example flow for one of our experimental studies, inwhich the impact of each factor on ideation is investigated separately – i.e., cognitive style,problem framing, teaming, and design heuristics, respectively. In other studies, we varied thesequence of interventions and explored the impact of only one factor in addition to naturalideation preferences. As discussed in more detail below, each intervention is followed by areflection survey, in which participants self-assess their ideation outcomes and behavior. Figure 3: Example flow from one of our studies• Cognitive Style Inventory: KAI inventories (www.kaicenter.com) were

Conference Session

Problem-Solving & Project-Based Learning

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Taryn Bayles

in Maryland. Each participant received a $150 stipend, meals, and Maryland StateDepartment of Education (MSDE) continuing education credits. The workshop was sponsoredby a grant from the University System of Maryland through their K-16 Disciplinary Alliance andmatching funds from UMBC’s College of Engineering (COE). Twenty-eight mathematics,technology, and science high school teachers and counselors attended and explored the spectrumand reach of engineering in society.The approach taken in presenting many of the topics was to provide fun ‘hands-on’ activities,during which the participants competed for a variety of ‘prizes,’ including UMBC t-shirts,key chains and gift certificates. Pre and post-surveys were conducted to assess the knowledge

Conference Session

Teaching Outside the Box in Civil Engineering

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Zhiyong Zhao; Joe Hagerty; J. P. Mohsen

specialty,but also illustrated the need for cooperation among different specialists. The course satisfies a number of ABET program outcomes and educational objectives. This paper outlinesspecific program outcomes that were addressed in the course. Both students and case presenters assessed theeffectiveness of the course activities. The results of these assessments are presented in this paper.Keywords: CASE HISTORIES, ABET outcomes, teaching methods. INTRODUCTIONIn fall 2004, a new course was added to the curriculum of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department atthe University of Louisville. The course was taught as a trial, to see if a different approach could be used to providegood

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Meredith Aronson; Reid Bailey

played a major role in the dynamic of integration, as institutional goalsand priorities have shifted with external events. The roots of the design course lay with a “cubiccentimeter of chance” that emerged in fall of 2000, when the Dean of the College of Engineeringagreed to fund a position to develop a multidisciplinary capstone design course. The institutionalclimate during this first year created a setting where departments were willing to consider large-scale integration of the curriculum. Committees were involved in assessing redundancy ofteaching across departments (e.g., numerous departmental thermodynamics courses, statisticscourses, etc.), and thus there was an interest in reducing the number of design courses (and thusthe costs) across

Conference Session

Electrical & Computer Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Steve Warren

Fourier transforms, spectral assessment, and time-frequency analysis.Real-world applications such as filter cascades for signal conditioning, tone control knobs foraudio systems, and parameter extraction from biomedical signals drive these multi-week efforts.Typically assigned in the junior and senior years of the undergraduate curriculum, these effortsare precursors to upper-level undergraduate and graduate projects that incorporate full userinterfaces. Through end-of-year evaluations and post-graduate feedback, many students refer tothese projects as the highlight of their course experience.IntroductionLinear systems (a.k.a., signals and systems) courses typically address both time- and frequency-domain principles. Continuous and sampled