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Displaying results 2041 - 2070 of 6001 in total
Collection
2008 Northeast Section Meeting
Authors
Arthur Heinricher; Brian Savilonis; David Spanagel; Robert Traver; Kristin Wobbe
-1-provide a solution, and that great problems will be solved only through the efforts of many smallsolutions coming from many disparate directions.There is a national trend toward more active, project-based learning in engineering education thathas been (slowly) gaining momentum for more than 40 years. (See Felder, 2004.) A recent, andwidely publicized, illustration of the trend was the creation in 1997 of the Olin College ofEngineering. The Olin Foundation made a $300 million investment to establish a new college ofengineering that would integrate project work in all four years of the new curriculum.(Somerville, et al, 2005).For almost 20 years, there has been significant investment by the National Science Foundationintended to increase
Collection
2008 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Arthur Heinricher; Brian Savilonis; David Spanagel; Robert Traver; Kristin Wobbe
-1-provide a solution, and that great problems will be solved only through the efforts of many smallsolutions coming from many disparate directions.There is a national trend toward more active, project-based learning in engineering education thathas been (slowly) gaining momentum for more than 40 years. (See Felder, 2004.) A recent, andwidely publicized, illustration of the trend was the creation in 1997 of the Olin College ofEngineering. The Olin Foundation made a $300 million investment to establish a new college ofengineering that would integrate project work in all four years of the new curriculum.(Somerville, et al, 2005).For almost 20 years, there has been significant investment by the National Science Foundationintended to increase
Conference Session
ECCNE Technical Session 2 - Alternative Energy Sources
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Reg Pecen, Sam Houston State University; Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Ulan Dakeev, Sam Houston State University
Tagged Divisions
Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE), Energy Conversion
engineering technology programs.Blattner Company, project sponsor required multiple specifications and constraints in theproject. The table design should encompass specific elements integral to the project. Thisincludes 3-4 wind turbines, some operational while others are at various stages ofconstruction for demonstration purposes for their audience. Similarly, there should be afunctioning solar farm alongside one in the process of being built. The illustration shoulddistinctly feature trades relevant to the project, such as foundation work, installation,electrical setup, and civil engineering aspects. Furthermore, the table's design musteffectively simulate potential hazards, such as the presence of animals entering theconstruction site in a real
Collection
2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Brian Savilonis
emphasized design through its program outcomes, but criterion 3 also includesteamwork, communication skills, ethics and professionalism, and an understanding of theimpact of engineering in a broad global and societal context. Various project modes havedeveloped in response to these criteria. Berg and Nasr [1] suggest a capstone coursewhich has a strong environmental component to help meet “those difficult ABETprogram educational outcomes.” Nicholas et al [2] suggest community service projects tostrengthen student understanding of societal needs. Hoffman [3] has used rehabilitationand disability needs to bridge design to society. In the thermal fluids area, Janna andHockstone [4] reviewed traditional design assessment with some link to economics
Conference Session
Faculty Perspectives of Active Learning, Inequity, and Curricular Change
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Hadi Ali, Arizona State University; Ann F. McKenna, Arizona State University; Jennifer M. Bekki, Arizona State University; Rod D. Roscoe, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
integrate design into theengineering curriculum (e.g., Crawley, 2002) and to identify effective ways for assessment (Dym et al.,2005). Some faculty were comfortable engaging in a pedagogy based on project-based learning (PBL)(Smith et al., 2005). Employers started to recognize the qualities that PBL provides for students, includingcommunication, teamwork skills and interest in life-long learning (Oakes, Coyle, & Jamieson, 2000;Smith, 2004).The constantly changing nature of the engineering curriculum, in concert with economic, social andglobal contexts, continuously call for engineering faculty to adapt, by incorporating new content as wellas utilizing effective educational interventions. A recent study on The Global State of the Art
Conference Session
TC2K Assessment: How to Really Do It
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Lennard Lema; Zbigniew Prusak; Peter Baumann
) 17.1) Graduates are prepared with an understanding of fundamental technical sciences that are integrated with the applied technical specialty, such as engineering materials and mechanics, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and electrical circuits, developing analytical techniques and problem solving skills necessary to adapt to technological changes, and for a career in mechanical engineering technology. (a, b, f)2) Graduates acquire industry relevant experience within the academic environment through laboratory projects, experimentation, classroom lecture and demonstrations, and acquire in- depth technical knowledge in areas such as applied mechanics, computer-aided engineering graphics, design, and manufacturing processes. (a, c
Conference Session
Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) - Evolving Pedagogies in Capstone Design Education
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michelle H. Rosen, The Cooper Union; Melody Baglione, The Cooper Union; Benjamin John Davis; Kamau Wright, The Cooper Union; Sam Keene, The Cooper Union; Carl Sable, The Cooper Union; Neveen Shlayan, The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art ; Cosmas Tzavelis, The Cooper Union; David Wootton
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)
involving engineers of different disciplines [5], [6], [7] and others also involvingnon-engineers [8], [9]. These courses have a wide range of project types, amounts of projectscaffolding, and requirements. Often these studies include a separate course and structure forthose involved to facilitate these new projects.ABET requires that an accredited engineering curriculum include ‘a culminating majorengineering design experience that 1) incorporates appropriate engineering standards andmultiple constraints, and 2) is based on the knowledge and skills acquired in earlier course work’[10, p. 7]. At The Cooper Union, this takes the form of departmental capstone design courses.These courses allow the individual major departments to control the student
Collection
2023 CIEC
Authors
Sarah (Yin Yin) Tan; John Irwin
-readiness and self-efficacy during their enrollment in HCPP. Primaryresearch questions, research design and methodology, overall discussion of the experimental results,as well as conclusion and future directions are also included in this paper.2. Examination of Students’ Change-Readiness and Self-Efficacy across Different Time PeriodsThe goal of this project is to conduct a pretest/posttest and longitudinal study design to examinehow student skill development outcomes change over time by measuring student self-efficacy,change-readiness, and intent to persist. These measures serve as a tool to better understand theexperience of ETS students in engineering technology hands-on disciplines who are academicallytalented and financially
Conference Session
NSF Grantees' Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech; Bonnie H. Ferri, Georgia Institute of Technology; Dianna Newman; Yacob Astatke, Morgan State University; Mohamed F. Chouikha, Howard University; Deborah Walter, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
: Toward a Completely Online Electrical Engineering Curriculum,” 2013 ASEE Conference. 2. Y. Astatke et al, “Improving ECE Education in Sub-Saharan Africa Using the Mobile Studio Technology and Pedagogy,” 2013 ASEE Conference. 3. Y. Astatke et al, “Using Mobile Laboratory Technologies and the Flipped Classroom Pedagogy to Improve Engineering Education,” 2013 ASEE Conference. 4. J. Auerbach, B. Ferri “The Costs and Benefits of Using Alternative Approaches in Lecture-Based Courses: Experience in Electrical Engineering,” presented at the IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Washington DC, October 2010. 5. B.S. Bloom (1956), Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I: The Cognitive Domain, New York
Conference Session
Software Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Kowalec, University of Michigan; Andrew Deorio, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Software Engineering Division
and hardware courses, he teaches Creative Process and works with students on technology-driven creative projects. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Partnership Characteristics and Student Performance in an Introductory Computer Science Course Charles Kowalec and Andrew DeOrio crkowale@umich.edu, awdeorio@umich.edu Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of MichiganAbstractGroup work and programming in partnerships have been shown to have a positive effect onstudent learning in computer science education. As a result, students in
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Design
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
John-David Yoder; Juliet Hurtig
collaboration which enabled these projects to go forward. Finally, thanks to the eighteenstudents who participated in these projects.Bibliography[1] "Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs, Effective for Evaluations during the 2005-2006 AccreditationCycle," ABET, 2004. (http://www.abet.org/images/Criteria/E001%2005-06%20EAC%20Criteria%2011-17-04.pdf)[2] Miller, Ronald and Barbara Olds, 1994. A Model Curriculum for a Capstone Course in MultidisciplinaryEngineering Design, Journal of Engineering Education 83(4):1-6.[3] Todd, R.H. et al, 1995. A Survey of Capstone Engineering Courses in North America, Journal of EngineeringEducation, 84(2):165-174.[4] Carnegie Mellon University Institute for Complex Engineered Systems,http://www.ices.cmu.edu
Conference Session
Graduate Education in Engineering Technology
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tom Eppes, University of Hartford; Ivana Milanovic, University of Hartford; Janice Girouard, University of Hartford
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
efforts we undertook when faced with several strategic challenges andopportunities in strengthening our graduate and undergraduate programs. First, a FlexAdvantage Plan (FAP) was developed to enhance our undergraduate engineering technology(ET) programs by better utilizing the inherent curricular flexibilities that were laying dormant.FAP provides distinction and uniqueness to program majors by presenting students witheducational choices that add depth in a chosen discipline and/or another area of study.A proposal to enhance our graduate program was subsequently prepared. A new Masters ofIndustrial Management (MIM) would be introduced as an interdisciplinary course-basedprogram with a curriculum that spans three realms of study: technical
Conference Session
Capstone Design I
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ding Yuan, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Nebojsa Jaksic, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Jane Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning3.j A knowledge of contemporary issues3.k An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.In the current engineering curriculum at our university, the senior design course6 is used toevaluate the program outcomes. Also, it has been valued by both students and future employersby demonstrating students’ abilities as engineers. However, from the comments of facultymembers on previous graduates, students usually did not perform well in the first several weeksof the design course since it was probably the first “real” project for most of the traditionalstudents. From our observations in the past, some of the
Collection
2014 EDI
Authors
Tom Katsouleas
their careers Five critical components 1. Project or research activity engaging a Grand Challenge 2. Interdisciplinary curriculum 3. Entrepreneurship 4. Global dimension 5. Service learning Simon GC Scholar Maggie Hoff working on potable water project in Peru Courtesy Martha AbsherProject Example: Revenue-generating Public Toilets in TogoDuke Prof. Marc Deshusses, Gates Foundation Grand Challenge Scholar: Conner Cotton
Collection
1996 Annual Conference
Authors
Latif M. Jiji; Benjamin Liaw; Feridun Delale
duringthe process of idealization?” Recently, this pedagogy has also been int.mchmd into engineering courses. Regan et al. [6]described four laboratory experiments using edible materials. In an attempt to construct an efficient curriculum, Giorgetti[7] combined theory and laboratory experiment into a single course on fluid mechanics. Dvorak [8] discussed integrationof a simple experiment in heat transfer with analytical solution and computer simulation. More nxentl y, authors of thispaper presented a new teaching methodology using home experiments [9]. Our approach integrates simple homeexperiments with lecture courses to develop interes~ understanding and appreciation for theory. In this paper fourteenhome experiments that can be readily adopted
Conference Session
International Case Studies, Interactive Learning, Student Design
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Reza Sanati-Mehrizy; Afsaneh Minaie
of specialization in Computer Engineering in the Computer Sciencedepartment is a viable option for schools that can not have engineering programs.References[1] Impagliazzo, John, et. al. Computer Engineering Computing Curricula, SIGCSE 2003, Reno, Nevada, Feb. 2003.[2] http://www.ee.byu.edu, BYU – Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, access on January, 2004.[3] http://www.ece.utah.edu , UU – Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, access on January 2004.[4] http://www.uvsc.edu , UVSC – Department of Computing and Networking Sciences, access on December 2003.[5] Manokhoon, Kitti and Fazil Najafi, Civil Engineering Curriculum at the University of Florida and the Mahanakorn University of Technology, Proceedings of
Collection
2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Ali Alshubbak; Saeid Moslehpour; Eugenio Pellicer; Joaquín Catalá
employees, for that; a survey was carried out to assess how can theindustry-university-government enhance the engineering education to initiate acontinuing and evolving process to provide curriculum designers with importantinformation from industry. Schott et al [1] debate the problem of the Australianengineering education system which depends the traditional mode and the “chalk andtalk” pedagogy, they argue the importance of the development of a new mixed systemwhich considers the industry’s needs. May be there no perfect method or procedure tobe followed while designing an engineering curriculum, Dym et al [6] study the project-based learning, but they emphasize the importance of the involvement of the interest ofthe industry in the engineering
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Suzanne W. Scott, The Petroleum Institute; Jamal Sheikh-Ahmad, The Petroleum Institute; Jaby Mohammed, Petroleum Institute; Samuel N. Cubero Jr., The Petroleum Institute; Khalid Abdalla Alhammadi, The Petroleum Institute
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
challenging choice for themultidisciplinary Mechanical/Electrical course as the students did not have a great deal ofbackground in some of the more technical tasks the project required. Projects should be chosenat an appropriate level of difficulty for each discipline involved.Because of enrollment some of our teams were short in electrical expertise. We recommendteams have close to equal distribution of disciplines. Team size should not exceed 6.The mentoring team encourages and supports the development of multidisciplinaryteams/projects across the curriculum at our university. Not only is it conceivable that this pilotcourse would inspire multidisciplinary projects/courses across this curriculum, but that it wouldinspire multidisciplinary projects
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Pavlo Antonenko; Zhen Xu; Do Hyong Koh; Christine Wusylko, University of Florida; Kara Dawson; Swarup Bhunia; Amber Benedict
to youngeraudiences and engage students in elementary grades, which is when children start to participatein activities in the cyberworld and begin to develop disciplinary preferences and careeraspirations (Trans, 2018).Our project aims to address this issue by designing, developing, and testing a technology-enhanced cryptology and cybersecurity curriculum for 3rd- to 5th-graders, with a specific focus ongirls and students from ethnic minority groups. The curriculum is designed to cultivate students'interest and career awareness in cryptology and cybersecurity issues, and increase their symbolicand morphological awareness, which is important in these and many other careers. Thiscurriculum is designed to be used in afterschool environments
Conference Session
Energy Conversion, Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE) Technical Session 1
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph Ranalli, Pennsylvania State University Hazleton ; Mesude Bayrakci Boz, Pennsylvania State University Hazleton
Tagged Divisions
Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE), Energy Conversion
guidance as to what training is necessary for future engineers to meet thisdemand. This study gathers data from literature, industry perspectives and current educationalpractice to help establish suitable learning objectives for training undergraduate engineers to beprepared for solar project development. In general, results suggest that students be trained tounderstand the complete workflow of concepts related to design of photovoltaic systemsincluding solar positioning, the solar resource and irradiance data sources, design of aphotovoltaic system from both a solar resource and an electrical perspective and performingcalculations to model or support validation of photovoltaic systems. Professionals alsohighlighted the importance of discussing
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Karim Heinz Muci-Kuchler, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Cassandra M. Birrenkott, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Mark David Bedillion, Carnegie Mellon University; Marsha Lovett, Carnegie Mellon University; Clifford Whitcomb, Naval Postgraduate School
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
education.Different efforts aimed at incorporating ST/SE concepts in the undergraduate curriculum oftraditional engineering majors have been reported in the literature [2-17]. Several of these effortsfocus on specific engineering disciplines (civil, industrial, electrical engineering) [2, 4, 5, 8, 11,12, 14, 17], while others give suggestions for and highlight the importance of broadly integratingST/SE into engineering programs [3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16]. In the case of existing programs, theapproach used typically involves including ST/SE-related content in an existing course or addinga new course in which ST/SE is the primary focus. These alternatives may be preferred overmore comprehensive ones due to the challenges associated with making major changes
Conference Session
iSTEM
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth A Parry, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
and feel, as well as how they defined their curricular approaches, even writing some oftheir own curriculum. The role of engineering in the various approaches will be highlighted.The STEM rubrics from the state of North Carolina will be used to evaluate the various schoolsand their approaches.IntroductionAcross the state of North Carolina, many school systems are joining the STEM movement,motivated by many reasons. North Carolina has been a strong Project Lead the Way state forsome time, involving 100 schools in offering either the middle school or high school courses. Inaddition the state Department of Public Instruction has a series of courses that it has supportedthat relate to engineering and technology in middle and high school as well
Collection
2001 Annual Conference
Authors
Lynn Mack; James Wood
in a grassroots reform process. Even then, the change process is slow and mustbe nurtured and supported over time.III. Curriculum DevelopmentAn interdisciplinary oversight team was formed to guide the curriculum development process.This team consisted of three project principal investigators (PIs) for SC ATE and one facultymember from each of the four disciplines. Faculty selections were made to statewiderepresentation. Responsibilities were to I. Identification of integrated competencies.guide the curriculum developmentprocess, develop criteria and standards II. Creation of workplace problem scenarios.for the development teams, help in the III. Development of instructional
Conference Session
Energy Conversion, Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE) Technical Session 3
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hua Chai, University of New South Wales; Huiye Yu, University of New South Wales; Kuthsav Thattai, University of New South Wales; Jayashri Ravishankar, University of New South Wales
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Conservation and Nuclear Engineering Division (ECCNE), Energy Conversion
Paper ID #36718Enhancing job-readiness through short courses: A case study in powerengineeringMr. Hua Chai, University of New South Wales Hua Chai received his dual Bachelor’s Degrees in both Electrical Engineering and Project Management from North China Electric Power University, China, in 2014. He received his Master’s degree (Master of Philosophy) in Electrical Engineering at the University of New South Wales, Australia, in 2019. He is cur- rently a Ph.D. student in the Energy Systems, School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW. His research interests include power engineering education, curriculum
Collection
2020 ASEE North Midwest Section Annual Conference
Authors
Douglas W. Jacobson, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Diane T. Rover, Iowa State University; Joseph Zambreno, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Allegra Frickel, Iowa State University
experienceProject OverviewThe Summer Engagement in Cyber Undergraduate Research Experiences (SECURE) programwas a virtual undergraduate research program offered during summer 2020 for electrical,computer, cyber security and software engineering students who may have lost internshipopportunities due to COVID-19. The objectives of the program were to support studentsfinancially, professionally and socially and engage them in research-oriented trainingexperiences. Projects covered a wide range of topics, including topics that students may havebeen unfamiliar with. With ongoing support from peers and mentors, students made substantialprogress or completed projects. In culmination of the program, students created a poster tohighlight their progress and showcase
Conference Session
Educational Research Initiatives at NSF
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Theo Brower; Meredith Knight; Chris Rogers
Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering Educationthe range between 2.5 and 45 hours. The majority of hours during the spring were spentfinalizing the projects, working on theses, and running the after school program. While the entire team works together to develop and plan their projects, memberstake on an individual role, often aligned with his or her major. The mechanical engineersfocus on building the robots, the electrical engineers concentrate on programming therobots, the human factors majors design “user-friendly” interfaces, and the childdevelopment majors work on creating a curriculum for an elementary or high schoolprogram. Although
Conference Session
Communication: From Pecha Kucha to Bullets
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth R. Leitch, West Texas A&M University; Rhonda B Dittfurth, West Texas A&M University; Freddie J Davis P.E., West Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
communication competency andappreciation 4. An interesting finding was that while students recognized the importance of technical writing skills,they frequently overrated their skills in self-assessments when their work was reviewed by experts. Qualitative andquantitative surveys allowed the researchers to adjust and improve curriculum to emphasize better technical writingskills.The State University of New York (SUNY) at Oswego incorporated technical communications skills across thecurriculum of a new electrical and computer engineering (ECE) program5. Experts in communications, English,arts, and information science were consulted to implement efficient and innovative ways of instruction in technicalcommunications across the new ECE program
Conference Session
Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT) Technical Session 5
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Caroline Crockett, University of Virginia
Tagged Divisions
Computing and Information Technology Division (CIT)
. Regardless of the student level, most of these paperscite challenges in deciding the mix of “how to” and “how it works” learning objectives, balancingthe mathematical nature of the course with its engineering applications, and/or how to reach amultidisciplinary audience.As part of a curriculum revision at the University of Virginia, the faculty decided to introduce andrequire a new Introduction to ML course as part of the electrical engineering degree. The ideafor the course came from faculty comments that our electrical engineering students would benefitfrom additional exposure to coding and that students would also benefit from a basic backgroundin ML. The goal of this paper is to describe the educational activities and design decisions behinda
Collection
2011 North Midwest Section
Authors
R. Nelson; J. Bumblis; C. Liu; A. Turkmen; N. Zhou; D. Olson; R. Rothaupt
futuremanagement career track. Over the years, the industrial technology program evolved into the present-day Engineering Technology program, which currently has an enrollment of approximately 400students spread out over six concentration areas in electrical, facilities, mechanical design,nanotechnology, plastics, and production operations. In 1995 Stout received permission to offer theManufacturing Engineering Degree. With an enrollment of 230 students, this program is currently thelargest ABET-EAC accredited undergraduate program in manufacturing engineering in North America.Although the Engineering Technology3 (ET) and Manufacturing Engineering4 (MFGE) programs bothinclude aspects related to electrical / computer engineering (e.g., circuits
Conference Session
New Learning Paradigms I
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Duffy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Carol Barry, University Massachusetts Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Manuel Heredia, University of Massachusetts, Lowell
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
engineerAbstractIn the fall of 2004 a college with five undergraduate academic programs decided to integrateservice-learning (S-L) projects into required engineering courses throughout the curriculum sothat students would be exposed to S-L in at least one course in each of eight semesters. Theultimate goal is to graduate better engineers and better citizens. Four of the degree programshave achieved on average one course each semester, with an actual coverage of 103 out of 128semester courses, or 80% coverage over the four years. Of the 32 required courses in theacademic year that had an average of 753 students each semester doing S-L projects related tothe subject matter of the course, 19 of the courses (60%) were considered engineering science,that is, not