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Displaying results 22411 - 22440 of 24170 in total
Conference Session
Creating 'Materials' Awareness
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lawrence Genalo, Iowa State University; Scott Chumbley, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Materials
, and others. IFigures 3A: TWT in Local Classrooms, Dr. Genalo Views a Test RunFigures 3B: TWT in Local Classrooms, Young Engineers at Work Page 12.233.4The Toying With TechnologySM (TWT) Program (http://www.eng.iastate.edu/twt), anengineering/teacher education collaborative effort4, often interacts with the materialsdepartment since Dr. Genalo directs that program. Future and current teachers learn aboutmaterials, along with other engineering professions, in undergraduate and graduateclasses taken by education majors. This program also has a large K-12 outreach programthat sees over 200 kids per year.An innovative
Conference Session
Physics Education Research (PER) Relevant for Engineering Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chandralekha Singh, University of Pittsburgh
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
physics, Prentice Hall, NJ, 2002.4. C. J. Hieggelke, D. P. Maloney, T. L. O'Kuma and S. Kanim, E & M TIPERS: Electricity and magnetism task Page 13.718.15 (Education Innovation-Physics), Prentice Hall, 2006.5. N. Nguyen and D. Meltzer, Visualization tool for 3-D relationships and the right-hand rule, Phys. Teach. 43, 155-157 (2005).6. C. Singh, Student understanding of Symmetry and Gauss's law of electricity, Am. J. Phys. 74, 923-936 (2006); C. Singh, Improving student understanding of Gauss's law of electricity, Proceedings of Phys. Ed. Res. Conference, Sacramento, CA, AIP, (P. Heron, S. Franklin, J. Marx Eds
Conference Session
Impacts of Public Policy on Engineering Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth Cady, National Academy of Engineering; Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Engineering and Public Policy
AC 2008-158: METRICS TO ASSESS BROADENING PARTICIPATION IN STEMElizabeth Cady, National Academy of Engineering Elizabeth Cady is an associate program officer at the Center for the Advancement of Scholarship on Engineering Education (CASEE) at the National Academy of Engineering.Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering Norman Fortenberry is the founding director of the Center for the Advancement of Scholarship on Engineering Education (CASEE) at the National Academy of Engineering. CASEE is a collaborative effort dedicated to achieving excellence in engineering education--education that is effective, engaged, and efficient. CASEE pursues this goal by promoting research on, innovation
Conference Session
ERM Poster Session
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carl Lund, State University of New York at Buffalo
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
. 99.23. Cyr, M., V. Miragila, T. Nocera, and C. Rogers, A low-cost, innovative methodology for teaching engineer- ing through experimentation. J. Eng. Education, 1997. 86(2): p. 167.24. Buch, N.J. and T.E. Wolff, Classroom teaching through inquiry. J. Professional Issues Eng. Educ. Practice, 2000. 126(3): p. 105.25. Gregson, P.H. and T.A. Little, Using contests to teach design to EE juniors. IEEE Trans. Education, 1999. 42(3): p. 229.26. Angelides, D.C. and A. Poulopoulos, Case studies and information technology in civil engineering learn- ing. J. Professional Issues Eng. Educ. Practice, 2000. 126(3): p. 125.27. Bequette, B.W., K.D. Schott, V. Prasad, V. Natarajan, and R.R. Rao, Case study projects in an under
Conference Session
Technical Capacity Bldg for Developing Countries & Service Learning
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lauri Burke, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
International
Science,Technology, Engineering and Mathematics at the Colorado School of Mines (seehttp://www.mines.edu/research/ca-stem/).References1 Bellinger, R. and Leopold, G. (1998). Industry lauds H-1B vote; vows to aid U.S. education. EE Times.2 United States Congress (2000). American Competitiveness in the Twenty-first Century Act of 2000. On-line: Page 13.523.16http://rpc.senate.gov/_files/L73IMjj091800.pdf.3 White House (2006). Fact Sheet: American Competitiveness Initiative: Encouraging Innovation. On-line:http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases.4 Downey, G., Lucena, J., Moskal, B., Parkhurst, R., Bigley, T., Hays C., Jesiek, B., Kelly, L
Conference Session
Industrial Technology/Industrial Engineering Technology Forum
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth Stier, Illinois State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
operations management, 8th ed. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ.Inbound Logistics, http://www.inboundlogistics.comInstitute for Supply Chain Management (ISM), www.ism.wsInternational Journal of Logistics Management, http://logisticssupplychain.org/index/supplychain.htmKrajewski, L. J. & Ritzman, L. P. (2005). Operations Management: Processes and Value Chains. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ.Mohr, J. (2005). Marketing of high-technology products and innovations. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ.McClellan, M. (2002). Collaborative Manufacturing: Using Real-Time Information to Support the Supply Chain. CRC Press.Palmer, R. C. (2001). The bar code book. Helmers Publishing, Inc.: Peterborough, NH.Print Solutions
Conference Session
Computer Education Management Tools I
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chi Thai, University of Georgia
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
Hewlett-Packard Company at( http://h20325.www2.hp.com/blogs/highered/archive/2006/11/17/1948.html ). This webminarUU UUmade us realize that the 2 NSM tools “Tutor” and “Control” can be combined “innovatively” toprovide both “teacher-centric” and “collaborative e-chalkboard” modes in an “undocumented” Page 13.35.4way with pen and audio technologies. Why "undocumented"? It was because the softwaremaker (NetSupport Limited) did not themselves envision for the software suite to be used in thismanner.Figure 1 described the IT architecture used for the BAE Interactive
Conference Session
Teams and Teamwork in Design I
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Keith Sheppard, Stevens Institute of Technology; Peter Dominick, Stevens Institute of Technology; Edward Blicharz, Stevens Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
significant innovation was to introduce the use of a team charter as a means for the team toformalize roles and responsibilities and the “ground rules” of team operation. This was done atthe time that the Request for Proposal (RFP) was issued to the teams for their major designproject – projects are posed as business opportunities, hence the use of the RFP. Each team wasrequired to develop a team charter and review it with the instructor. The week prior todeveloping the team charter, the students were given a survey (see Appendix 2 for sample) tocomplete in which they were asked to assess their own contribution and that of their teammatesto the performance of the team up to that point in the semester. This self & peer survey, knownas the Team
Conference Session
Design Projects
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nicole Giullian, Brigham Young University; C. Greg Jensen, Brigham Young University; Jason McCammon, Brigham Young University; Brad Brooks, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
. The students were encouraged to stretch their capabilitiesand those of the software being used to create an innovative and aesthetic design. In addition,the students were challenged to incorporate the ideas of parametrics and modularity into thevehicle design. The organization of the project was similar to that of GM, with BYU acting asthe vehicle integrator, Virginia Tech acting as the power train integrator, and all others schoolsworking on specific parts of the vehicle. Each group of engineering students was responsible fora particular component of the vehicle such as the brakes, suspension, or steering assembly. Fourindustrial design schools were assigned to create individual exterior designs for the vehicle, andBYU industrial design
Conference Session
Teams and Teamwork in Design II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ralph Sandfry, US Air Force Academy; michael bettner, US Air Force Academy; Tim Lawrence, US Air Force Academy; Michael Sobers, US Air Force Academy
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Department of Astronautics at the United States Air Force Academy. He directs one of eleven AFOSR funded USAFA research centers, conducting space technology research to design and build innovative low cost spacecraft and sounding rockets with 15 faculty from 5 academic departments, 56 cadets, 6 contractors, and 3 reservists under an annual $1M budget. Lawrence is also the small satellite program director, setting goals for performance, schedule and cost to meet DoD mission objectives for 3 microsatellites. He directs and teaches senior level capstone courses in spacecraft design determining content, leads sessions, and evaluates performance. Lt Col Lawrence is originally from Waterloo, Iowa. He was a
Conference Session
Effective Tools for Teaching Engineering Economy
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah Ryan, Iowa State University; John Jackman, Iowa State University; Rahul Marathe, Iowa State University; Pavlo Antonenko, Iowa State University; Piyamart Kumsaikaew, Iowa State University; Dale Niederhauser, Iowa State University; Craig Ogilvie, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy
frequently extend far into the future. The decision maker must gather and combineinformation from both the engineering and the business sides of the organization, as well as fromexternal suppliers and customers, forecasts of economic trends, and projections for futuretechnological innovations. Extracting the information necessary to estimate alternative projectcash flows is the difficult and essential prerequisite to conducting a present worth or internal rateof return analysis (a typical basis for these types of decisions).Irrelevant, redundant, or conflicting informationWhen ample information is available, a problem solver must select which information to use. Insome cases the task relevant information may be available from multiple sources and
Conference Session
Project-Based Education in Energy Conversion
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Margaret Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
Conference Session
Project and Model-Based Mathematics
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dennis Berkey, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Bogdan Vernescu, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
andbusiness. At the middle and high school levels, these projects provide the motivation somestudents need in their mathematics classes and the connections to concepts from their scienceclasses; for mathematics undergraduate and graduate students it provides them the training theyneed for a more diverse set of career options and brings them closer to the engineering andscientific campus community; for mathematics faculty these projects provide a different type ofchallenges, a new tool for training their students, and a way to use their knowledge for a broadergood; for corporations they provide new approaches and solutions to their problems, and accessto students and faculty.The models developed at WPI form a vertical integration of innovative
Conference Session
Mathematics in Transition
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anne McClain, University of Alabama-Birmingham; Dale Feldman, University of Alabama-Birmingham; Lee Meadows, University of Alabama Birmingham
Tagged Divisions
Mathematics
school mathematics teachers with the experiences and the confidence toanswer their students when they ask, “How will I ever use this?” In answering this question,what could be more effective than demonstrating applications of mathematics and who usesmathematics? These activities directly support the May 2005 NSF Engineering Task Forcerecommendation to, “support and expand pre-college teachers’ understanding of the engineeringprofession, especially the creative, innovative aspects…” [2].The field of engineering is well suited to demonstrate the usefulness of mathematics, since itapplies the principles of science and mathematics to create solutions to practical problems for thebenefit of mankind. Engineering research and development includes many
Conference Session
Capstone Design II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Paris von Lockette, Rowan University; Eric Constans, Rowan University; Jennifer Courtney, Rowan University; Kevin Dahm, Rowan University; William Riddell, Rowan University; Roberta Harvey, Rowan University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
AC 2007-2024: CONVERGING-DIVERGING DESIGN STRATEGIES IN ASOPHOMORE LEVEL DESIGN SEQUENCE: REVIEW OF ANELECTROMECHANICAL PROJECTParis von Lockette, Rowan University Paris von Lockette is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Rowan University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor in 1999. His interests include the physics or polymers and numerical / computational methods in materials science.Eric Constans, Rowan University Eric Constans is an Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering at Rowan University. His areas of interest include developing innovative techniques in engineering education and engineering curricular reform. His research areas
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Technology Curriculum
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kevin Cook, Montana State University; Robb Larson, Montana State University; Keith Fisher, Montana State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
, computer and manufacturing knowledge and experience to produce practical, effective and innovative solutions to problems. (contributes to abet criteria a, b, c, d, f, k) 3. Design: Demonstrate the ability to apply the engineering design process to solve open- ended problems while integrating knowledge and experience from various disciplines. (contributes to abet criteria a, b, d, e, f, g) 4. Problem recognition and resolution: Understand and coordinate interrelationships necessary for successful design-to-build processes, and develop and apply successful problem solving processes. (contributes to abet criteria a, b, c, f, g, h, k) 5. Project Management: Demonstrate an ability to successfully lead an integrated design
Conference Session
Best Zone Paper Competition
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christopher Papadopoulos; Adeeb Rahman, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Josh Bostwick, Cornell University
Tagged Divisions
Council of Sections
critically,grounding their problem-solving skills in the core ideas of mechanics itself. We have alsodefined reasonable and practical measures that can be used to assess both student work andeducational materials. Our work shows that in general, students usually miss at least one criticalelement of a problem, even when they get the correct answer. It is precisely this gap – betweengetting the right answer with faulty reasoning, and getting the right answer with correctreasoning – that must be filled if students are to become true problem solvers. We have alsodemonstrated that textbooks often fall short in demanding critical thinking of their studentreaders.We believe that the assessment tools that we present here are useful and innovative, but we
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kevin Bowen, Rice University; Marcia O'Malley, William Marsh Rice University
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
Systems (HAPTICS’03), 2003.[9] P. Dalep, “LV as a Standard” Email posted to info_labview@pica.army.mil on September 1993, archived on ftp.pica.army.mil[10] G.B. King, R.D. Evans, D.P. DeWitt, and P.H. Meckl, “Curriculum-wide Systems Programming Environment for Mechanical Engineering Instructional Labs,” Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education Conference, pp. 233-236, 1994.[11] B. Kauler, “Dataflow and visual programming: The way ahead for engineers,” Education Conference, New Zealand, 1993.[12] O.A.A. Zeid and M.M. Tanyel, “Innovation in teaching mechanical engineering applications,” Proceedings of the Frontiers in Education Conference, pp. 82-86, 1994.[13] J.M. Weaver and S. Das, “Overhaul of an
Conference Session
Tools and Support for Software Education
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
J. Scott Hawker, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Software Engineering Constituent Committee
and research, and a broad body of discipline-specific knowledge in standards, best practices, and lessons learned,2. Provide a testbed of validated knowledge and instrumented knowledge management tools to enable experiments that evaluate the effectiveness of the students and instructors using the collaboration environment in learning and applying software engineering knowledge,3. Conduct focused experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of these collaborative tools and knowledge objects in helping students meet learning objectives,4. Based on experiment results and further research, incrementally improve the collaboration tools, knowledge, testbed, and experiments toward creating and assessing innovative and effective
Conference Session
Introducing Active Learning into ME Courses
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ali Al-Bahi, King Abdulaziz University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
,” IEEE Transactions on Education, Vol. 43, No. 2, May 2000. 7. Besterfield-Sacre, M., Shuman, L.J., Wolfe, H., Atman, C.J., McGourty, J., Miller, R.L, Olds, B.M. and Rogers, G.M., “Engineering Education Assessment Methodologies and Curricula Innovation,” Available on-line at: http://www.engrng.pitt.edu/~ec2000/ec2000_attributes [Cited 2005-03-03]. 8. Bloom, B.S., M. D. Englehart, M.D. Furst, E.J., Hill, W.H. and Krathwohl, D.R., Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain, Longman, Page 11.458.11 New York 1956 & 1984.9. Karimi, A., Clutter, K. and Arroyo, A., “An Example of Course and Program
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Douglas Jacobson, Iowa State University
configurations of equipment. ISEAGEcontains a vast warehouse of attack tools that will be able to simulate point-to-point anddistributed attacks. ISEAGE represents a new paradigm in the area of security research, cyberforensics, and will enable new and innovative research needed to solve the current securityproblems facing the world today. Page 11.345.4Figure 1 shows a block diagram of ISEAGE and how it is connected to support the summercamp. As shown in the figure, ISEAGE is a 64 node computer cluster that is capable ofrepresenting any IP address space. In addition to IP address space mapping, ISEAGE alsoprovides tools to generate background traffic and
Conference Session
New trends in ECE education
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Douglas Jacobson, Iowa State University; Nate Evans, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
distributed attacks. ISEAGE represents a new paradigm in thearea of security research, cyber forensics, and will enable new and innovative research needed tosolve the current security problems facing the world today.Figure 2 shows a block diagram of ISEAGE and how it is connected to support the CDC. Asshown in the figure, ISEAGE is a 64 node computer cluster that is capable of representing any IPaddress space. In addition to IP address space mapping, ISEAGE also provides tools to generatebackground traffic and background attacks. This helps create a realistic environment where notall traffic seen by the blue teams is coming from green or red teams. We also collected all of thetraffic from the CDC and are using that in security research projects
Conference Session
Improving ME instructional laboratories
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohammad Elahinia, University of Toledo; Constantin Ciocanel, University of Toledo
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
., “Teaching Smart Materials to Engineering Undergraduate Students: A Problem Solving Approach,” 2004 ASEE Annual Conference (Salt Lake City: ASEE, June 2004).[7] Prusak, Z., “Development of Engineering Problem Solving Skills Through Laboratory Experimentation,” 2001 ASEE Annual Conference (Albuquerque: ASEE, June 2001).[8] Morgan, R., and Jones, K., “The Use of Simulation Software to Enhance Student Understanding,” IEE International Symposium on Engineering Education: Innovations in Teaching, Learning and Assessment (Ref. No. 2001/046), 2001, 33/1- 33/6.[9] Pitts, G. “How do we teach students to relate to real applications,” IEE Colloquium on Engineering Education in the Twenty-First Century (Digest No: 1996/105), May 1996
Conference Session
Computer ET Curriculum
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
C. Richard Helps, Brigham Young University; Craig Malquist, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
given destination.Available Software and Operating SystemsA number of de-facto software environment standards are developing in the user community forsensor mesh networking. One of these is TinyOS16 (http://www.tinyos.net). TinyOS is an open-source operating system designed for wireless embedded sensor networks. It features a component-based architecture which enables rapid innovation and implementation while minimizing code size as required by the severe memory constraints inherent in sensor networks. TinyOS's component library includes network protocols, distributed services, sensor drivers, and data acquisition tools – all of which can be used as-is or be further refined for a custom application. TinyOS's
Conference Session
Student Teams and Design Skills
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gül Okudan, Pennsylvania State University; Madara Ogot, Pennsylvania State University; Girish Rao, SPRINT
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
and ASME. She is also a National Research Council-US AFRL Summer Faculty Fellow of the Human Effectiveness Directorate for 2002, 2003 and 2004.Madara Ogot, Pennsylvania State University Madara Ogot is an Associate Professor in Engineering Design and Mechanical Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University. He is the co-author, along with Gül Okudan of an introductory engineering design text, Engineering Design: A Practical Guide. His current research interests include design under uncertainty, stochastic optimization and innovative design. He received his BSE from Princeton in 1987, and his MS and Ph.D. from the Pennsylvania State University in 1989 and 1991, respectively.Girish Rao
Conference Session
Environmental Engineering Curricula
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nicholas Scambilis, Sinclair Community College; Jennifer Wise, Sinclair Community College
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
• The evaluation • Post Evaluation, responses to evaluators’ comments A. Sinclair Community College: Sinclair Community College is a public, comprehensive two-year college located in downtown Dayton, Ohio. The college has a long history of serving the community beginning in 1887 when one room was set aside for an evening school at the Dayton YMCA. Since that first year of operation the school has steadily matured and today serves over 24,000 students each quarter, on a campus of 21 buildings as well as remote sites. Sinclair is a member of the League for Innovation in the Community College and a Vanguard Learning College. B. Engineering and Industrial Technologies Division
Conference Session
Design Methods and Concepts
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cari Bryant, University of Missouri-Rolla; Eric Pieper, University of Missouri-Rolla; Brandon Walther, University of Texas-Austin; Tolga Kurtoglu, University of Texas-Austin; Robert Stone, University of Missouri-Rolla; Daniel McAdams, University of Missouri-Rolla; Matthew Campbell, University of Texas-Austin
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Page 11.1138.3themselves that they made a good initial decision.3 Lindgaard also relates this phenomenon to theshown tendency of doctors to make a diagnosis following their initial hunches from a patient’s1most immediately obvious symptoms. Putting this in the context of making design decisions,even though experience in the form of design knowledge may be accessible to an inexperienceddesigner, (s)he may feel compelled to select a concept to embody based on a subconscious desireto validate an initial ‘gut feeling.’ So, the challenge becomes finding innovative ways to guide anengineer toward the best solution(s) by building on existing design experience while simultane-ously discouraging tendencies to make choices or evaluations based on
Conference Session
Introducing Active Learning into ME Courses
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ibrahim Olwi, King Abdulaziz University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
".This story was utilized by the author to let his students develop the equation for the viscousforce by asking them about the factors that led to his slide. But the instructor should push itonly that far. The rest should be up to the students’ innovation in relating what factors affectcalculation of the shear stress, i.e. τ = f(µ,V, ∆y).The students came up with these parameters: V (velocity), ∆y (quantity of oil indicating itsheight), µ (viscosity) and ρ (density). The problem was that at least half of the class includedthe density in their answers. Then came the role of the instructor to guide them to realize theindependence of the shear force on the density. He prompted their thinking by asking thefollowing question: What difference would
Conference Session
Tricks of the Trade for Teaching I
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jessica Yellin, University of Washington; Yi-Min Huang, University of Washington; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington; Charity Tsuruda, University of Washington
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
Conference Session
Using Teams, Seminars & Research Opportunities for Retention
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carolyn Vallas, University of Virginia; Anaïs Miodek, University of Virginia; Larry Richards, University of Virginia
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
Fri. July 29 Ice Skating Sun. July 31 Tour of Monticello Thurs. August 11 Farewell LuncheonThese four main components form a holistic experience through which the participants learn notonly laboratory procedures and how to conduct research, but also analytical thinking and team-work. Some REUs focus entirely on the laboratory experience and do not include other types ofactivities for participants. Other REUs focus only on team-work so that the student participantsare not individually responsible for making progress. By providing many interactive outlets forthe participants, UVa’s REU endeavors to engage the participants on multiple levels. Thismethod stresses not only the importance of individual responsibility and innovation