Collection

2012 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Mauro J. Caputi

validation of structuring a course this way. 2 A good measure of validation came during the summer of 2010 when a discarded librarytextbook lumped in a pile of books to be thrown away caught my eye. The textbook is entitled“The Science of Engineering Design”, written by Percy Hill and published over 40 years ago in1970. Hill asserts in the Preface, page vii: … long experience with freshman students has convinced the author that material of the type presented in this book must be conveyed to the student as early as possible in the engineering curriculum …. This book … does not concern itself with the science of solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, integrated

Conference Session

Sustainability in Civil Engineering

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mo Hu, Virginia Tech; Tripp Shealy, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

calledinduced demand [1], [2]). Adding a new road lane brings new drivers, and over time (typicallywithin five years) leads to more traffic, more pollution, and contributes to a reduction incommunity quality of life [3], [4]. Similarly, viewing energy efficient building materials inisolation to how they perform within a system may lead to less than optimal solutions. Forinstance, windows with a low U-value typically cost more but produce less heat transfer, whichcan equate to reduction in HVAC loads, leading to a net positive benefit for both financialinvestors and the environment.Unfortunately, civil engineering practice still too frequently ignores these dynamicrelationships between system components. For example, rating systems like Leadership

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 7

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mac Joseph Gray, Duke University; Rabih Younes, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

their goals and providing them with opportunities to realize that. He also focuses on their personal development and on improving their abilities to be critical thinkers, better communicators, and active members of their community and the world. More information can be found on his personal website: www.rabihyounes.com. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Predicting Student Performance Using Discussion Forums’ Participation Data Abstract A significant gap in education lies in the need for mechanisms that enable earlydetection of potentially at-risk students. Through access to an earlier prediction ofstudent performance

Conference Session

Joint Session: Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division and Chemical Division

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer R Brown, Montana State University, Bozeman; Stephanie G Wettstein, Montana State University, Bozeman

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED), Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

, videoconferences, andpresentation materials were ranked as being used daily to weekly as well. From an academicstandpoint, at Montana State University, the laboratory and design courses required writtenreports that were longer in length (8 pages or more), which from the industry perspective, reportsthey used were ranked in the order of: short reports (less than 3 pages), proposals, lab reports,and then formal reports (more than 3 pages), but noted that the job role plays a large part in theimportance. For example, when asked to elaborate on which communications do they considerthe most important and why one respondent stated “Proposals, feasibility studies, and technicalinstructions…have the greatest impact on our operating system, growth, and

Collection

2008 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Reza Raeisi

communication function. 7. Two neodymium ring magnets in the bottom part of Ceiling Robot. 8. A motor controlling a telescoping arm moves up or down. 9. A telescoping arm. 10. A webcam providing vision function for Ceiling Robot. 11. A microphone receives the voice from the classroom. 12. Two speakers broadcast the voice from a distance user’s talking. 13. Five ultrasonic range sensors, used to avoid bumping into people or objects in the room. 14. Four ultrasonic range sensors, used to prevent Ceiling Robots crashing into each other when several users control them. Figure 2. The hardware architecture of Ceiling Robot2.3 Key materials of Ceiling RobotThe key

Collection

2021 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Zahra Mansouri; Sumit Verma; R. Panneer Selvam

refine the mesh near the walls; however,mesh refinement close to the walls increases the computational time and cost tremendously. Analternative round-about technique to obtain realistic flows without refining mesh close to theground is to use the standard wall functions [7]. However, Verma et. al. [1] did not consider eitherthe law of the wall or mesh refinement near the walls. Thus, in this work, wall functions are usedin the wall boundary faces to capture steep velocity gradients near the walls.1.7. ObjectivesFollowing teaching module components will be provided as hands-on material for students:1. OpenFOAM as part of the CFD course to consider turbulence in the flow.2. Applying standard wall function to use coarser mesh and save

Conference Session

ET Pedagogy I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Maher Shehadi, Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #28402Energy Consumption Trends for AC Systems in a Typical HouseDr. Maher Shehadi, Purdue Polytechnic Institute Dr. Shehadi is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering Technology (MET) at Purdue Univer- sity. His academic experiences have focused on learning and discovery in areas related to HVAC, indoor air quality, human thermal comfort, and energy conservation. While working with industry, he oversaw maintenance and management programs for various facilities including industrial plants, high rise residen- tial and commercial buildings, energy audits and condition surveys for various mechanical and

Conference Session

Assessment Issues I

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Kirk Allen; Teri Reed Rhoads; Teri Murphy; Andrea Stone

near-zero correlations on all measures. However, unlike Summer 2003, the Gain andNormalized Gain do not provide significant correlations for any courses. In fact, they are close tozero. These results imply that the SCI Post-Test measures the same basic material as the coursescover, which is the most important evidence for concurrent validity. Page 9.1292.4 Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering EducationPredictive ValidityFor Summer 2003, the SCI Pre-Test lacks predictive validity with respect to final

Conference Session

Choice and Persistence in Engineering Education and Careers

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alana Unfried, North Carolina State University; Malinda Faber, North Carolina State University; Eric N. Wiebe, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

design and directinterventions addressing the mechanisms that seem to be disconnecting ability and interest inSTEM careers.Social cognitive career theory suggests that self-efficacy and expectancy-value are criticalfactors in an individual’s career choice and persistence.7 Self-efficacy is a person’s belief in theirability to complete tasks and affect events that impact their lives.8 Expectancy-value theoriescomplement self-efficacy theories in the investigation of a larger social cognitive model forcareer aspirations and persistence. Expectancy-value theories posit that individuals regularlyassess the likelihood of attaining specific goals and the value they would gain or lose from suchattainment.9, 10 How self-efficacy in traditional academic

Conference Session

Student Teams and Teamwork

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yiyi Wang, San Francisco State University; Xiaorong Zhang, San Francisco State University; Fatemeh Khalkhal; Stephanie Claussen, San Francisco State University; Ana Karen Biviano

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) panel. She advises the student chapter of the Society of Women Engineers (SWE) at SFSU.Dr. Xiaorong Zhang, San Francisco State University Xiaorong Zhang received the B.S. degree in computer science from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China, in 2006, the M.S. and the Ph.D. degrees in computer engineering from University of Rhode Island, Kingston, in 2009 and 2013 respectivelFatemeh Khalkhal Dr. Khalkhal is an assistant professor in mechanical engineering at San Francisco State University (a primarily undergraduate and Hispanic-serving Institution). Her research experience is in developing structure-property relationships in complex fluids and polymer

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hannah Huvard, New Mexico State University; Hengameh Bayat, New Mexico State University; Sandra M. Way, New Mexico State University; Catherine Brewer, New Mexico State University; Addison Miller; Antonio Garcia, New Mexico State University

undergraduate student studying Aerospace and Mechanical engineering. I contribute to two separate research projects and participate in multiple student organizations. My interest include flight dynamics, aircraft design, propulsions (aircraft and rocketry), and bringing positive opportunities to others.Antonio Garcia (Associate Dean of Engineering) © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Engineering Education Enrichment (e3) Initiative: A Co-Curricular Program Intended to Improve Persistence and Career Success for Low-Income and First-Generation Engineering StudentsAbstract

Collection

2023 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Daniel Godrick; Angela Bielefeldt; Rachel Sharpe

Comparing learning outcomes and student experiences in Engineering Mathusing virtual and physical robotsDaniel GodrickDan Godrick, P.E., is a Teaching Assistant Professor with the Integrated Design Engineering program atthe University of Colorado, Boulder. He brings a wealth of experience to his teaching, including timespent as a buisness consutant, project manager, and as a engineering consultant in private practice.He holds degrees in Mechanical Engineering (BS Duke University, MS CU) and in Civil Engineering(MS George Washington University). He is a licensed P.E. in Colorado.Angela BielefeldtDr. Bielefeldt, P.E., is a Professor at the University of Colorado Boulder (CU Boulder) in the Departmentof Civil, Environmental, &

Conference Session

Mobile Robotics in Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Parten, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

ProjectsI IntroductionFor a number of years the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) atTexas Tech University (TTU) has supported the BEST (Boosting Engineering Scienceand Technology) robotics program in area secondary schools. The BEST program isdifferent than many robotics type programs in that the cost to the schools is minimized.The local BEST Hub provides their schools with returnable kits and non-returnable kitsto be used to construct the robot for that year’s competition. The non-returnable kits, inthis case, consist of a relatively large box of materials to be used in construction. Theseare not robot kits that are assembled. The robots must be built from scratch with the rawmaterials provided. The game is different every

Collection

2009 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Building Council (USGBC). This system isreferred to as LEED, which stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design7.USGBC LEED-NC Rating System and its application in Hydraulic/Hydrology Course:LEED-NC is subdivided into six groups for which there are prerequisites, subcategories, andcredits in place of possible points7. The six categories are: Sustainable Sites (SS), WaterEfficiency (WE), Energy and Atmosphere (EA), Material and Resources (MR), IndoorEnvironmental Quality (EQ) and Innovation and Design Processes (ID). These broad areas areassigned some specific points. Based on the satisfactory performance on those areas the projectmight score points. Cumulative score determine the level of certification based on the followingscale

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 4 - Hands-on Learning

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claudia Paz Gwynn, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile; Maria Elena Truyol, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile; Carolina Elizabeth Jerez, Universidad de Chile

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

and high school), physics (M.Sc.) and Ph.D. in Physics at Universidad Nacional de C´ordoba, Argentina. In 2013 she obtained a three-year postdoctoral position at the Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Her focus is set on educational research, physics education, problem-solving, design of instructional material, teacher training and gender studies. She teaches undergraduate courses related to environmental management, energy and fundamentals of industrial processes at the School of Engineering, UNAB. She currently is coordinating the Educational and Academic Innovation Unit at the School of Engineering (UNAB) that is engaged with the continuing teacher training in active learning methodologies at the three campuses

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary McCormick, Tufts University; Chris Swan, Tufts University; Douglas Matson, Tufts University; David Gute, Tufts University; John Durant, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

International

paradigm of engineering curriculum towards a more well-roundededucation. The commonality among these three documents is improving students’ problemsolving techniques. The future will inevitably bring unanticipated crises; engineers will need toidentify the problems and collaboratively formulate innovative, feasible solutions. This researchhypothesizes that service-learning can serve as a mechanism that will allow students to developthe necessary problem solving skills. To investigate this hypothesis, an education assessmentinstrument is employed to examine whether students who have participated in service-learningprojects have stronger analytical, practical, and creative abilities than students who have onlybeen exposed to the conventional

Conference Session

Makerspaces

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hoda Ehsan, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tikyna Dandridge, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

abled students in informal and formal settings.Ms. Tikyna Monique Dandridge, Purdue University, West Lafayette Tikyna is a Ph.D. student in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. She obtained her B.S. from Alabama A&M University and M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Purdue University.Dr. Ibrahim H. Yeter, Purdue University, West Lafayette Ibrahim H. Yeter is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher in the INSPIRE Research Center in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. He obtained his PhD in Curriculum and Instruction empha- sizing in Engineering Education and Master’s degree in Petroleum Engineering at Texas Tech University. He is highly interested in conducting research within

Conference Session

DEI and Other

Collection

ASEE Southeast Section Conference

Authors

Charles D Newhouse P.E., Virginia Military Institute; Matthew K Swenty P.E., Virginia Military Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Engineering Education Papers

Engineering department.Dr. Matthew K Swenty P.E., Virginia Military Institute Matthew (Matt) Swenty obtained his Bachelors and Masters degrees in Civil Engineering from Missouri S&T and then worked as a bridge designer at the Missouri Department of Transportation. He obtained his Ph.D. in Civil Engineering at Virginia Tech and worked at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center on bridge research. He is currently The Jackson-Hope Professor of Civil Engineering at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI). He teaches engineering mechanics and structural engineering courses and enjoys working with the students on bridge related research projects and the ASCE student chapter. ©American Society for

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1: Course Design & SE Competencies

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachana Ashok Gupta, North Carolina State University; Greg A. Dunko, NantHealth

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Paper ID #23976A Four-step Method for Capstone Design Teams to Gather Relevant andWell-defined Product RequirementsDr. Rachana Ashok Gupta, North Carolina State University Dr. Rachana A Gupta is currently a Teaching Associate professor and Associate Director of ECE Senior Design Program at NCSU. She teaches and mentors several senior design students on industry-sponsored projects (On average 12 / semester) to successful completion of an end product. These projects include all aspects of System Engineering: concept design, product design and design trade-offs, prototyping and testing (circuit design, PCB, mechanical

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 8

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pablo Frank Bolton, Smith College; Liberty Rose Lehr, Smith College; Rahul Simha, The George Washington University; Michelle Lawson, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

the level of misconceptions. Tothis effect, we introduce a scoring metric that we call the Justification-effect, or J-effect that, aswe show, helps highlight misconceptions even for students who score well on correctness, andhelps the instructor identify questions that were too hard or ill-posed. The study focused on thefollowing research questions: • RQ1: Does JMCQ expose a difference in correctness and justification grades? • RQ2: Does the Justification-effect expose meaningful insights into student misconceptions and issues with question items? • RQ3: Is the JMCQ protocol scalable?The material objective of the process is to craft rich feedback for the students without causingadditional burdens (for students and instructors

Collection

2024 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Mirit Shamir; Jonathan Aguilar; Rebecca Cors; Ryan Hansen; Nathan Hendricks; Gaea Hock; Stacy Hutchinson; Prathap Parameswaran; Matthew Sanderson; Melanie M. Derby

Colleges of Engineering, Agriculture, and Arts and Sciences. The Integrated FEWSystems course was offered every fall semester from 2019 to 2022. In this course, students wereintroduced to systems-level thinking with specific application to the FEW nexus in SouthwestKansas through class discussion, lectures, guest speakers, readings and assignments [6]. Thesystems framework was introduced through the book, The Macroscope [7], and students usedLOOPY [8], an interactive tool for thinking in systems, to build simulations of engineering andsocial aspects of FEW systems in Southwest Kansas. Course materials integrated engineering,economics, and social sciences, with a focus on the challenges for management, governance,communication, and policy in rural

Conference Session

Belonging Across Engineering Environments (Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division ECSJ Technical Session 1)

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shaundra Bryant Daily, Duke University; Jessica Sperling; Yerika A Jimenez, Duke University; Amy Arnold; Kelly Perri, Duke University; Victoria Lee, Duke University; Erin Haseley, Duke University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

curricula to support diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM fields. Currently, through this work, she is the Backbone Director for the Alliance for Identity-Inclusive Computing Education as well as Education and Workforce Director for the Athena AI Institute. Having garnered over $40M in funding from public and private sources to support her collaborative research activities, Daily’s work has been featured in USA Today, Forbes, National Public Radio, and the Chicago Tribune. Daily earned her B.S. and M.S. in Electrical Engineering from the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University – Florida State University College of Engineering, and an S.M. and Ph.D. from the MIT Media Lab.Dr. Jessica Sperling Dr. Sperling

Conference Session

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Case Studies in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector Buyones-Gonzalez, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile; Monica Quezada-Espinoza, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

economy, contributing significantly tothe Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with 7% and aggregate investment, with 64% of this [14].This sector stands out for its economic contribution and high sensitivity to fluctuations andadvances in the national economy. Similarly, at the international level, the construction sectoris undergoing an accelerated transformation driven by the incorporation of new technologies.This global phenomenon, reflected in the introduction of innovative materials, advancedconstruction techniques, and changes in contractual relationships, is redefining theconstruction industry worldwide, marking a turning point in its dynamics and approach [15].The automation, robotics, and artificial intelligence revolution significantly

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computing

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joshua Levi Weese, Kansas State University; Russell Feldhausen, Kansas State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

proficient) in a set of design patterns to understandstudent ability in CT. Apart from evidence-centered assessments, researchers employ cognitive sciencemethods like attitude or self-efficacy surveys16. Self-efficacy can be defined as one’s beliefthat they can accomplish a task1. Self-efficacy has also been linked to learning outcomes13,making it an effective, low-overhead method for assessment. Yadav et al. created an open-ended questionnaire, as well as an attitude survey to understand if introducing computationalthinking material in pre-service education courses influenced pre-service teachers’understanding of CT and attitudes toward computing28. Likewise, Bean et al. developed aself-efficacy survey for measuring pre-service teachers

Conference Session

Circuits & Systems Education II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Paul Benedict Caballo Reyes, Florida Atlantic University; George Roskovich, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

-Domain,from Z-Domain to difference equations, and finally, from difference equations to implementablecode. The paper uses examples of controllers and their possible representations, while clarifyingand expanding on hardware implementations and their “semi-equivalent” software codes. Thisincludes the use of the exact S to Z transformation (relevant only at sampling instants) andmultiple S to Z approximations with appropriate justifications.The paper is an extension of on-going research that explains the meaning of sampling, digitalcomputation, and reconstruction in digital control systems. It should be emphasized that theapproach presented here does not attempt to replace material in existing textbooks. It simplypresents supplementary visual and

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy Division (EPP) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kacey Beddoes, San Jose State University; Andrew Danowitz, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy Division (EPP)

universities in four different states in differentregions of the United States. There were a range of institution types represented, including largepublic, small public, small private, research-focused, and primarily undergraduate. Intervieweeswere in (or had previously been in) departments of aerospace engineering, chemical engineering,computer engineering and computer science, and mechanical engineering. Two intervieweesidentified as gender non-binary, nine interviewees identified as women, and three identified asmen. Two interviewees identified as Asian, four identified as Hispanic, Latino/a, or Latinx, andeight identified as White. Their self-reported clinical mental health diagnoses included ADHD,anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, depression

Collection

2016 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Rebecca K. LaForest; Iulian Gherasoiu; Daniel White; Harry Efstathaidis

P-TECH: A New Model for an Integrated Engineering Technology EducationAuthors: Rebecca K. LaForest1, Iulian Gherasoiu2, Daniel White1, Harry Efstathaidis11 Colleges of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute2 College of Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic InstituteAbstractWithin the past decade, the United States has seen an upswing in job opportunities in theindustries supported by science, technology, engineering and mathematical (STEM) academicprograms. Nanotechnology, or the study of material properties at the nanoscale, has led thisrevolution which has created the steady wave of new jobs and investments, especially in NewYork State. This relatively new field of study has concentrated and benefited from

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Christopher G. Braun

etching tanks, etc.) Single sided, small PCB: Few $etching and • Low cost in • Difficult for students to Double sided, medium PCB: Few $automated quantity control production • Indirect costs of chemical handlingdrilling processes (“art”) and space can be high • Drill alignment issuesUse of pre- • Low startup cost • 2 High cost per cm of • Startup cost from $100-$1,000sensitized (~$100) PCB material • Direct cost per boards:PCBs

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

DeLean Tolbert Smith, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

the key mathematical thinking skills. It is the ability to create mathematicalrepresentations of the problem at hand. In fact mathematical modeling tasks are often thought tobe the best mechanisms by which students can develop confidence with solving ill-structuredproblems[2]. This research will contribute to the body of knowledge around how students usemathematical thinking to solve engineering problems. After independently completing a 3 hourdesign task students were invited to reflect on their beliefs, attitudes and perception ofmathematical and design thinking through a semi-structured interview. In this paper, our intentis to explore their responses and understand how students perceive their abilities and the enablingand hindering

Conference Session

Technical Session 9 - Paper 1: The New Normal: Student Perspectives on Supportive University Policies during COVID and Beyond

Collection

2022 CoNECD (Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity)

Authors

Maimuna Begum Kali, Florida International University; Stephen Secules, Florida International University

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity

resilience with the resources and risk withthe challenges and enhanced the original figure given by Dodge et al. [36] with the spiral toillustrate the ever-changing process (Figure 1). Drawing from Sanford’s [38] Challenge andsupport theory (CST), the term challenge refers to occurrences or situations in whichindividuals are unable to adapt due to a lack of resources or support. Chaves [39] notes thatthe capacity to overcome challenges depends on the level of support students receive fromtheir peers, instructors, and institution in an educational context. Furthermore, by support, thetheory refers to the available or created mechanisms to aid individuals in dealing withdifficult situations [40]. If the challenges outweigh the resources, the see-saw