Conference Session

Ensuring Access to K - 12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Hwang, United InnoWorks Academy and Duke University; Ahrash Bissell, Duke University; Daniel Kaplan, United InnoWorks Academy and Duke University; Matthew Mian, United InnoWorks Academy and Duke University; Vineet Agrawal, United InnoWorks Academy and Duke University; Jessica Manson, United InnoWorks Academy and Duke University; Gary Ybarra, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

number of recent developments in the fields of cognitive psychology and neuroscience arehelping to create a coherent and tangible platform for understanding and testing the nature oflearning. More specifically, the theory of constructivism provides pragmatic and testableschemes for improving learning, which have been well researched and supported by cognitivescientists,12-14 though of course not without some dissent.15 Recent technological developments,such as magnetic resonance imaging, have also contributed to this platform by enabling real-time, non-invasive imaging of the brain to clarify how the brain functions when faced withdifferent types of tasks, including learning.16-18For our purposes, there are three components of constructivist

Conference Session

Tools of the Trade

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Niewoehner, U.S. Naval Academy; Craig Steidle, US Naval Academy; Eric Johnson, US Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

mistakes may have contributed to the mishap. We cannot improve on whatwe regard as a masterful contribution to the literature describing high technology organizations.No, it is instead the Paul model which is under examination. Our question was solely whether thePaul model was adequate to the purpose of opening the CAIB report and its complexities to ourundergraduate students in ways that they could retain and apply.A Critical Thinking Model For Engineering Engineers and scientists are quite comfortable working within the context of conceptual Page 13.1244.2models. We employ thermodynamic models, electrical models, mathematical models

Conference Session

Ocean and Marine Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Delorme, Stevens Institute of Technology (SES); Michael Giglia; Ethan Hayon; Joseph Huyett; Donald Montemarano; Mark Siembab

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

project does not imply there is an existing solution that would beused to judge the project’s effectiveness. As such, Perseus II was truly an open-ended project.The problem statement the students received was simple and purposefully generalized, “…assemble an Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV), Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV),Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), or Unmanned Service Vessel (USV) in a relativelyshort period of time that is capable of searching for, locating, and collecting information onobjects that are potentially unexploded ordnance (UXO).” Upon receiving this problemstatement, the first thought that students communicated was: “this is cool” followed soon afterby, “this is harder than I thought”.With this problem statement and

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 1: Looking at Study Abroad through an enhanced lens

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pingchien Neo, University of Florida; Natalie Downing, Mt San Antonio College; Damien FABREGUE, INSA de Lyon - DOC'INSA; Edward Collins, Clemson University

courses taken while abroad, aslong as proper equivalency has been established and approved. At the time of this paper, GlobalE3 has a total of 69 member institutions, with 39 non-U.S. members and 30 U.S. members. Afull list of member institutions can be found in Appendix A, and updates are on the website.There are three modes of engagement available through Global E3, as shown in the figure below.Students from the U.S. can choose to study abroad in an international institution whileinternational students can choose to study abroad either at a U.S. institution or anotherinternational institution.From 2016-2020, the number of student placements through the Global E3 program has grownsteadily between U.S. and international institutions, as seen in

Conference Session

Concurrent Paper Tracks Session I - Curriculum I

Collection

2017 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Vincent Wilczynski, Yale University; Malcolm N Cooke, Case Western Reserve University

Tagged Topics

Main Forum (Podium Presentation)

community and individual ownership in thespace. Support staff are another essential component of higher education makerspaces to providethe needed training and oversight within the spaces.There is no single model of what constitutes an academic makerspace, with each institutionproviding the resources and structure that best meets their needs for design-centered functions.For example, some spaces are student-managed while others have a professional staff to directoperations. Learning in such spaces occurs in many ways, ranging from structured classes taughtby faculty members to equipment instruction delivered by the makerspace staff. Somemakerspaces host academic courses within the space where faculty members teach theory andapply knowledge using

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jared Rayleigh Wilson; Kurt C. Gramoll, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

not anopportunity to do a formal assessment on its effectiveness, other than the homework and testquestion could not be answered without it. The authors hope to do more assessment in the futureas the app capabilities are improved (i.e. larger range of Reynolds number flow, unsteady flow,turbulence, more shapes, and better visualization graphics). However, it is the firm belief of theauthors that the app is useful, and lack of formal assessment is not a valid reason to stop fromusing it or publishing its use.Further development of Flow HPC will include expanding the shapes and Reynolds numberrange of the app to allow more use in a basic fluid mechanics class. The current version islimited but does allow students better understanding of low

Conference Session

Assessment Within Engineering Design Graphics

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Joseph Kirstukas, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

., & Camba, J. D. (2014), A Review of the Design Intent Concept in the Context of CAD Model Quality Metrics, Paper presented at 2014 ASEE Annual Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana. https://peer.asee.org/199925.   Kirstukas, S. (2013). A Preliminary Scheme for Automated Grading and Instantaneous Feedback of 3D Solid Models, Proceedings of the Midyear Conference of the Engineering Design Graphics Division of ASEE, pp. 53- 58.6.   Baxter, D., & Guerci, M. (2003). Automating an Introductory Computer Aided Design Course to Improve Student Evaluation, Paper presented at 2003 Annual Conference, Nashville, Tennessee. https://peer.asee.org/11479

Conference Session

Enhancing Student Success in Two-Year Colleges

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elaine L. Craft, Florence-Darlington Technical College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

from thecollege to the student to promote continued success either in the workplace or at the seniorinstitution to which the student transfers. Students failing to maintain the required 3.0 GPA orwho leave the college for more than one semester for any reason other than military service mustreturn the computer to the college and forfeit their scholarship.Based on data about Internet access issues for scholarship recipients between 2004 and 2012, anadditional barrier for S-STEM scholarship recipients was removed in 2012 by adding a freemobile wireless Internet device to the scholarship package. Every course offered by the collegerequires students to have access to the Internet, and this device enables students to connect to theInternet, study

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Technical Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jodi F. Prosise, St. Ambrose University; R R Romatoski, Saint Ambrose University; Susa H Stonedahl, St. Ambrose University; Yunye Shi Shi, St. Ambrose University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Energy Engineering at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in China. She teaches mechanical engineering courses including thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer, measurement and instrumentation, and capstone design courses. Her research interest includes biomass and MSW gasification, and economic analysis of thermo-chemical conversion paths. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Inspiring girls to pursue STEM (ages three to thirteen): a recipe for a successful outreach eventAbstractTo most it would seem that the U.S. (and the world) has improved leaps and bounds in their viewof women in the workforce, yet representation of women in STEM

Conference Session

Faculty Development Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Madeline Polmear, University of Florida; Denise Simmons, University of Florida

, equity, and inclusion. She has a Ph.D. in civil engineering, M.S. in civil engineering, and B.S. in environmental engineering from the University of Colorado Boulder.Denise Rutledge Simmons (Associate Professor) Denise R. Simmons, Ph.D., PE, PMP, LEED-AP is a tenured Associate Professor in the Department of Civil and Coastal Engineering in the Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment (ESSIE) at the University of Florida. Her research focuses on developing and sustaining an effective engineering workforce, with specific emphasis on topics related to civil engineering; engineering education; and inclusion. Current interests include competency development via education and training; interactions

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Deana R. Delp Ph.D., Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

social interactions or individual reactions to autism, manyASD students do not identify or discuss their disability [17].Freshman Engineering EducationMany freshman engineering classes introduce engineering topics and techniques by usingindividual and group work, “hands-on” projects, oral presentations, and writtencommunications. Engineering employers agree with this type of curriculum by requestingmore focus on teamwork, professionalism, and communication skills [11]. When students areinvolved in an interactive learning environment, they have improved learning results andhigher retention rates [11]. During the freshman engineering courses the students are usuallytasked with several different types of projects. Some projects are purposely

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sapna Shah, Harvard University; Alex Beaudette, Harvard University; David R. Bergandine, University of Illinois Laboratory High School; Savindi N. Devmal , University of Illinois Laboratory High School; Conor Walsh P.E., Harvard University; Holly M. Golecki, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

K12 soft robotics activities werepresented as practitioner-delivered outreach. This paper details development and pilot of ateacher facilitated Soft Robotics Toolkit program for K12 schools that includes a design thinkingcurriculum and a physical toolkit, specifically designed to complete in school or at home. Forteachers to confidently deliver the emerging curriculum, we describe a teacher professionaldevelopment to facilitate adoption of soft robotics topics into middle and high school classrooms.We provide reflections on the experience of the classroom teacher delivering the curriculum inthe remote environment and results from a 9th grade student in the course. This pilot will informfuture work in assessing teacher confidence in teaching

Collection

2017 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Vasiliy Grigoryevich Ivanov, KAZAN NATIONAL RESEARCH TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY; Svetlana Barabanova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Maria Suntsova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Irina Pavlova

the vocational education system, a vote ofconfidence in solving the problems set, may become the modern private-public partnership(PPP)2 that allows educational establishments to interact to customers as closely as possiblefor obtaining feedbacks, detect the real needs for the particular competences of trainees,quickly adapt the contents of educational programs or individual subjects, combine theory andpractical studies during intemships at a specific enterprise, jointly discuss the ways ofimproving the training of professionals, pool together the efforts in the development of thepersonnel of enterprises and companies, etc.In the course of implementing the principle of continuity in education, the changes arise in thenature of motivation and

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum in Electrical Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Dangelo, Intel; Drew Campbell, Purdue University; jason harper, Purdue University; Rajeswari Sundararajan, College of Technology - Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Load Current (mA) Figure 14 – LT1308 Efficiency for both Input Voltages (3.6VDC Blue and 4.2VDC Pink)SummaryBuck-Boost converters are extremely effective and widely used. They are taught in everypower electronics course in US, Canada, Japan and Inida at the senior and/or graduatelevel. Readers should leverage this small, low power and inexpensive technology toprovide required power. Power saving and sleep modes further enhance their importance.Follow a planned development path and utilize existing tools such as modeling, sampleapplications and demo boards.The buck-boost converters are sensitive, electrical noise generating and can quicklybecome unstable if not properly designed in conjunction with supporting components andproper physical

Conference Session

Practice/Partnership/Program Issues

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edmond Saliklis, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

projects will beemphasized. This paper will provide ideas and encouragement to faculty who may behesitant to undertake research with undergraduate students. The paper closes withseveral successful case studies. Several studies have pointed out the benefits of the undergraduate researchexperience. Gates et al. found that participation in research helps undergraduate studentsattain a higher level of competence in science and mathematics. They also found thatlifelong learning skills such as teamwork and improved communication are strengthenedby the undergraduate research experience1. The Boyer Commission Report hasencouraged educators to re-evaluate traditional practices by specifically urging thatfaculty “make research-based learning the

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christina R. Scherrer, Kennesaw State University; Michael Maloni, Kennesaw State University; Elizabeth M. Boyd, Kennesaw State University; Stacy M. Campbell, Kennesaw State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

explored the effectiveness of employee resource groups for women and how work-family conflict may impact the leaky-pipeline phenomenon.Dr. Stacy M. Campbell, Kennesaw State University Stacy M. Campbell is the Director of the Scholars Program and an Associate Professor of Management in the Michael J. Coles College of Business at Kennesaw University. Dr. Campbell teaches both un- dergraduate and graduate classes on Managing Organizations, Leading & Teaming and Consulting. Her research interests include leadership and narcissism, generational differences in work values, and improv- ing student success in online learning. Dr. Campbell’s work has appeared in the Journal of Management, Leadership Quarterly, Journal of

Conference Session

Track: Faculty - Technical Session 5

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Leanne DeVreugd, Oakland University; Laila Guessous, Oakland University; Julie Walters, Oakland University; Bradley John Roth; Sanela Martic

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Faculty

, low salaries, and agender-biased environment.WISE@OU worked to address these challenges through workshops and trainings forfaculty in the STEM departments (and across campus). Over the course of the grantprogram, WISE@OU initiatives focused on career planning (including tenure), work-life leave options, granting writing and funding opportunities, and mentoring. 6WISE@OU created a series of luncheons where junior STEM faculty could meet eachother as well as administrators and senior faculty. These events were a uniqueopportunity to bring together faculty who didn’t normally interact. Newly-hired STEMfaculty were contacted at the start of each semester and

Conference Session

Teaching Ethics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

June Marshall, St. Joseph's College; John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

-selected morals aims at the transmission, acquisition and exercise of what are seen as theaccepted moral values of the culture (such as honesty and responsibility), and“emphasizes the principles of learning and social learning theory”.11Whitbeck agrees that “rather than simply studying a code, a more engaging activelearning approach”13 is needed. Evidence has shown that the introduction of engineeringethics as a significant theme in the curriculum provides distinctive added value. Thistheme contributes to other learning outcomes by helping students to improve core skillssuch as communication, reasoning, deduction, and reflection.The pedagogic function should be on developing skills and judgments as well asproviding exposure to ethical concepts and

Conference Session

Laptop/Handheld Computing in Education

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Charles McIntyre

, analyze, and document the issues encountered by the personnel in usingthese devices and offer suggestions for improved project management, as well as, enhancements tosome of the features provided in PDAs, in order to provide a more effective management andcommunication tool.Each student was required to complete and sign the PEEP Loan Agreement, which basically establisheda contract between each student and the CME Division (refer to Appendix B: PEEP Loan AgreementContract).Palm FunctionsThe following table lists the Palm functions that were used by the students. The number in the StudentUse column refers to the actual number of students that used that particular function of the Palm (thetotal number of students enrolled in the program was twelve

Conference Session

ETD Poster Session

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

B. Sridhara

number of UR proposals andpresentations to its credit and our kudos are due to the highly motivated faculty mentors andstudents. The author has been fortunate enough to serve as faculty mentor to four talented studentsand three out of the five submitted proposals have been funded in 1998, 1999 and 2001. Onefunded proposal was on intelligent suspension systems that would rely on a computerized unit ofcontrol to improve safety, handling and vibration levels. This research included performing ananalysis in both active and inactive suspension systems and exposing the effects of shock andvibration on human beings. Another funded proposal was on implementing today’s technologyinto yesterday’s tradition (Figure 1). The objective of this research

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John M. Jones, East Carolina University; Te-shun Chou, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

for Engineering Education, 2012 Work In Progress: Creating an Intrusion Detection Experimental Environment Using Cloud-Based Virtualization TechnologyAbstractThis paper discusses the latest capabilities of lab automation software and how such softwarecould enhance the learning environment for an Intrusion Detection class. A lab automationsystem with virtual networking would enable a more realistic environment akin to the real world.Our design utilizes VMware software such as ESXi server, Virtual Center and Lab Manager toprovide a robust virtual environment. The experimental results suggest an improved classroomenvironment for learning Intrusion Detection Systems and related software; in addition, theclassroom environment

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Jeremy Koczenasz; Bradley Bashford; Anil Sawhney; Andre Mund

described. The project team envisions that thesuccessful completion of this project will lead to a number of benefits including: 1) improvedrecruitment, retention, and program completion for the construction management program; 2) “job-ready” graduates that can be successfully employed in the construction industry; and 3) enhancedpractitioner involvement and construction industry input.Introduction and BackgroundPreparing students for the challenges of managing large construction projects is an importantresponsibility and a difficult task15. The instruction methods used in the majority of constructionengineering and management curricula rely, for the most part, on traditional methods such asexposing students to applied science courses. These

Conference Session

New Trends in Graduate Education

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Stiegler; Ernest McDuffie; Robert Kavetsky; Eugene Brown

endorsed by the collaborating Navy center. Thegoal of the program is to create a collaborative DoN/university educational and researchenvironment where university faculty members and students work together on cutting edgeproblems supported by the NWCs’ world-class experts and facilities. This environment will helpgrow the pipeline of new talent that will positively effect the overall revitalization of the NavyS&T workforce.Phase I of the NNCS program, a $1M pilot program funded equally by NSF and the DoN, wasbegun in early 2004 and was focused on nanotechnology as the area of interest. The participantswere chosen from proposals submitted by PIs currently supported by NSF’s NanoscaleInterdisciplinary Research Teams (NIRT) and Nanoscale Science

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel W. Walsh, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Lanny Griffin, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Robert S. Crockett, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

engineering or otherprofessions, 2) to continue improving and expanding their technical and professional skillsthrough formal and/or informal means and 3) to contribute to community and professionalgroups using the unique competencies provided by their biomedical engineering educationalexperiences.Assessment MethodsThe program is using a number of devices to assess the attainment of program objectives –achievements we expect of our graduates after they have been in the work force for 5 to 10 yearsand program outcomes – things we expect our graduates to be able to do upon graduation. Avariety of quantitative assessment tools are used to assess course and program outcomes:Performance on selected written exams, on oral examinations, on selected homework

Collection

2015 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Katie Knowles; Nick Bovee; Duc Le; Keith Martin; Mollie Pressman; Jonathan Zimmermann; Rick Lux; Raymond Ptucha

integrateengineering theory and processes in a multi-disciplinary setting. Following sound engineeringdesign, project teams start with customer needs, determine specifications, evaluate solutionsusing proven engineering principles, select methods and components, then design and build aprototype which meets these requirements. The goals of these capstone projects may include: 1)analysis of customer requirements and engineering specifications; 2) develop creative solutionsto tough problems using theory from a broad range of multidisciplinary courses; 3) obtain first-hand experience with the engineering design process; 4) documentation of the necessaryengineering steps from product conception to product delivery; 5) learn how to communicatetechnical content in

Collection

2025 ASEE PSW Conference

Authors

Sabrina Elise Contreras, University of California, Irvine; Natascha Trellinger Buswell, University of California, Irvine

women from pursuing technicaldisciplines (Koning et al., 2021). Limited access to engineering-focused courses in high schooland a lack of female representation in faculty and leadership roles further perpetuate thisdisparity (Vishnubhakat, 2014). Implicit biases embedded in engineering education oftenmarginalize women and other underrepresented groups. For example, course materials andexamples in engineering textbooks frequently prioritize traditionally male-oriented industries,such as automotive and aerospace, while neglecting innovations in caregiving or sustainabletechnologies where women have historically contributed (Schuster et al., 2022). Classroomdynamics can also reinforce stereotypes, with female students being undervalued in

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Division (ETD) Technical Session 11

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yury Alexandrovich Kuleshov, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Anne M Lucietto, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Diane L Peters P.E., Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

variety of passenger car-trailer connections exist on the market. One specific type ofthe connections provides a tensile force measurement capability for the purpose ofproviding feedback for the semi-autonomous trailer’s control system. Semi-autonomoustrailer is an innovative technology that can encourage drivers to use smaller vehicles fortowing, which will contribute to restoration and improvement of urban infrastructure(NAE Grand Challenges for Engineering, 2020). The design of vehicle-semi-autonomoustrailer connections is a complex task involving a range of different engineering and non-engineering disciplines. The elements of the design of a control system for a vehicle-semi-autonomous trailer connection are in the focus of the technical

Conference Session

Engaging Minority Pre-College and Transfer Students in Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacie LeSure, Utah State University; Nathan Mentzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kurt Henry Becker, Utah State University - Engineering Education

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

for Engineering and Technology Education (NCETE) Fellow at Utah State University while pursuing a Ph.D. in Curriculum and Instruction. After graduation he completed a one year appointment with the Center as a postdoctoral researcher.Prof. Kurt Henry Becker, Utah State University - Engineering Education Kurt Becker is a Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Utah State University and the current director for the Center for Engineering Education Research (CEER) which examines innovative and effective engineering education practices as well as classroom technologies that advance learning and teaching in engineering. He is also working on a National Science Foundation (NSF) funded project exploring

Conference Session

Concepts and Conceptual Knowledge

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gina Cristina Adam, University of California, Santa Barbara; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University; James M Widmann, California Polytechnic State University; Alexa Coburn, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Baheej Nabeel Saoud, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Inventory, developing model-eliciting activities in mechanical engineering courses, inquiry-based learning in mechanics, and design projects to help promote adapted physical activities. Other professional interests include aviation physiology and biomechanics.Dr. James M Widmann, California Polytechnic State University Jim Widmann is a professor of mechanical engineering at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. He received his Ph.D. in 1994 from Stanford University and has served as a Fulbright Scholar at Kathmandu University it Nepal. At Cal Poly, he coordinates the departments industry spon- sored senior project class and teaches mechanics and design courses. He also conducts research in the

Conference Session

NEW THIS YEAR! - ASEE Main Plenary II: Best Paper Recognition & Industry Day Session: Corporate Member Council Speaker

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gale Tenen Spak, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

ASEE Board of Directors, Corporate Members Council

employees need; whereas the university’s role rests with designingcourses to assure that the specified content is exactly on-target. Sometimes this content isalready available from courses which are part of pre-existing university degrees; but increasinglywhen these courses are designed to address current workforce needs, they require customizationwell beyond the subjects covered in university off-the-shelf offerings. This is the case hereregarding PE continuing education license renewal courses.The second intricacy emphasizes the utilization of appropriate delivery techniques to transmit themutually-agreed upon educational content to the employees. When designed to address currentworkforce needs, delivery techniques can run the gamut from face-to