Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Francis Ting

problems dealing with fluids in motion.However, teaching turbulence to undergraduate students is a challenge because turbulent flow iscomplex and much of the information about turbulence has been gained from laboratory studies.Lectures alone are not very effective in learning the theory of turbulence. Physical understandingof turbulence should include visualization of turbulence phenomena as well as laboratoryexperimentation that provides hand-on experience. In the classroom, students may observeturbulent flows through a series of films produced by the National Committee for Fluid MechanicsFilm (NCFMF)2. In the laboratory, the Reynolds’s experiment is often performed as anintroduction to laminar or turbulent flow. This experiment involves

Conference Session

Recruitment, Retention and First-year Programs in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher R. Carroll, University of Minnesota Duluth

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, with a wide range of success. Overall, students seemed to enjoythe experience.This paper describes the topics presented to these middle-school students in digital circuit design,and details some “lab experiments” performed to provide hands-on experience. Also includedare lessons learned by the Electrical Engineering faculty to improve future camp offerings.Zeros and OnesThis one-day exposure to digital circuits began with “What’s Digital?” and “What’s a Circuit?”questions. These students had heard the word digital throughout their lives and associated it withtechnical advances and modern implementations. What they learned in this camp is that digitalmeans that variables can have one of only a fixed number of values, typically just two values

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Desmond Y.R. Chong, National University of Singapore; Jian Huei Choo, Engineering Design and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore; Eng Keng Soh, Engineering Design and Innovation Centre, National University of Singapore; Yee-Sien Ng; Ming Po Tham, National University of SIngapore

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

conception to implementation. In the course of his work, he dealt with various stakeholders including the multi-disciplinary project team members, the industry partners, the Users and external vendors. In the EDIC, he teaches and supervises undergraduate engineering students who engage in multidisciplinary projects. Eng Keng has a Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical) from Nanyang Tech- nological University, and a Master of Science (Management of Technology) from National University of Singapore.Dr. Yee-Sien Ng Yee-Sien is currently the Head and Senior Consultant of the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at the Singapore General Hospital in Singapore. He received his Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery at the National

Collection

2002 ASEE North Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Steven B. Zwickel

kits to showcase other engineering disciplines. The impetus for these additions has come from a wide variety of sources. The mission of the K-12 engineering outreach program is to improve science and engineering literacy, to engage and interest school children and their teachers, to expose undergraduate students to outreach and to its rewards, and to make science and technology fun. t FOR AREA SCIENCE TEACHERS, the outreach program offers hands-on demonstrations and in-class discussions about the state of the art in technology. t FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN, the outreach

Collection

2007 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Theodore W. Manikas; Gerald R. Kane

increase thelikelihood of the students' success in their first years in industry 2. “Proceedings of the 2007 Midwest Section Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education" 2In order for an internship program to be effective, the university must take an active role in thequality and administration of the intern's experience, and the intern's employer must take anactive role in the management and mentoring of the student 3.An essential first step in establishing an engineering internship program is to identify localcompanies that would be interested in hiring undergraduate engineering interns. Typically,good resources for

Collection

2012 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Muhammad Faysal Islam; Mohammed Nazrul Islam

science disciplines. Along withpreparing students for discipline-specific engineering courses, these remedial classes aim tobroaden their horizons and develop interdisciplinary skills for career success. However, neitherthe holistic views of interaction between different systems nor the complexity behind theirmanagement are provided to the engineering students. As a result, the engineering graduates veryoften find it challenging interacting and coordinating with different branches or sectors of theirworkplaces. It is important to mention that the number of engineering graduates pursuing careerin other disciplines are also increasing.Project management deals with planning and managing resources to implement real lifesolutions, and hence can

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Alan Seelan; Jeongkyu Lee

stated, the Database Developer involves in somecommon activities as a routine structure like editing, querying, optimizing (which includes hitratio, type of scan, cardinality and selectivity).On certain cases of assumption there are also otherfactors that may affect the execution of query based on the table size and record size. The harderworkforce lies on the administrator to incline the parameter involved in effective management ofthe data. The module of the Administrator configures the privileges to the user and also defines a 1effective approach that leads to interoperability and also just passing the result set instead ofactually directly

Collection

2012 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Muhammad Faysal Islam; Mohammed Nazrul Islam

science disciplines. Along withpreparing students for discipline-specific engineering courses, these remedial classes aim tobroaden their horizons and develop interdisciplinary skills for career success. However, neitherthe holistic views of interaction between different systems nor the complexity behind theirmanagement are provided to the engineering students. As a result, the engineering graduates veryoften find it challenging interacting and coordinating with different branches or sectors of theirworkplaces. It is important to mention that the number of engineering graduates pursuing careerin other disciplines are also increasing.Project management deals with planning and managing resources to implement real lifesolutions, and hence can

Collection

2007 St.Lawrence Section Meeting

Authors

Gregory E. Needel

being a safety hazard to those in thesurrounding area.Specific engineering concepts can be taught using kits such as the previously discussed VEXsystem, or kits developed for specific courses. Mechanical Engineering/Engineering Technologymajors spend a good deal of time focusing on the mathematical principles behind how thingswork, before designing alternative solutions to problems. The high cost of design mistakespreviously discouraged educators from allowing students to test their theories, despite theobvious reinforcement that hands-on applications provide. The use of robotics kits provides alow cost, effective alternative in teaching concepts such as the relationship between speed andtorque in a gearbox. Applying simple dynamics formulae

Conference Session

ERM Technical Session 7: Learning and Research in Makerspaces

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Torralba, University of Miami; Rob Rouse, Southern Methodist University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

’ perseveranceand success in undergraduate engineering programs [11-12]. The development of anengineering identity, early in the engineering track, is particularly critical for students inprograms where classification as "engineering students," by the College of Engineering,does not occur until after the sophomore year in the program [13]. This lack of engineeringidentity often results in students leaving the engineering pipeline early into their programsand tends to have a stronger effect on female students as it adds to other issues women facein engineering such as self-efficacy and gender cultural mismatch [14].Historically, women have been and continue to be underrepresented in the field ofengineering, both in post-secondary engineering programs and

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Vijay Anand, University of Missouri, St. Louis; Dmytro Kudriashov, EPAM Systems

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

issued. The cryptographic puzzle in the original Bitcoin was designed in such a way that it benefited fromGPU and ASIC- based mining. Such implementation was not entirely scalable and constantly-risingcomplexity of computational puzzles required more investments both in electricity cost and hardwareupgrades. As a remedy, the new cryptographic protocol CryptoNote and a corresponding proof-of-workfunction CryptoNight [11] were invented to allow effective mining on a mainstream CPUs. This hashfunction uses an extensive read and write operations in a 2 Megabyte region called scratchpad, effectivelymoving the focus of mining from computing resources to memory access performance. Since the majorityof mainstream CPUs are organized with a cascading

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Malle R. Schilling, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Tawni Paradise, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Jacob R. Grohs, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Cheryl Carrico P.E., Cheryl Carrico Consulting, LLC; Holly Larson Lesko; Gary R. Kirk, Dickinson College

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Paper ID #30032Changes in Teacher Self-Efficacy Through Engagement in an EngineeringProfessional Development Partnership (RTP)Malle R Schilling, Virginia Tech Malle Schilling is currently pursuing a PhD in Engineering Education from Virginia Tech. Malle gradu- ated in 2018 with a Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Dayton. Her re- search interests include broadening participation in engineering, K-12 STEM education, and engineering identity. She has previously researched engineering camps and their effects on participants’ engineering self-efficacy, promotion and tenure policies, and the use

Conference Session

Professional Skills for Graduate Students

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Prasun Lala, École de Technologie Supérieure; Félix Langevin Harnois, École de Technologie Supérieure; Ghizlane El Boussaidi, École de Technologie Supérieure; Christian Desrosiers, École de Technologie Supérieure; Catherine Laporte, École de Technologie Supérieure

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

,” in 2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Vancouver, BC, 2011, p. 22.267.1-22.267.10.[4] J. R. Chittum and L. H. Bryant, “Reviewing to Learn: Graduate Student Participation in the Professional Peer-Review Process to Improve Academic Writing Skills,” Int. J. Teach. Learn. High. Educ., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 473–484, 2014.[5] J. D. Ford and L. A. Riley, “Integrating Communication and Engineering Education: A Look at Curricula, Courses, and Support Systems,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 92, no. 4, pp. 325–328, Oct. 2003.[6] H. M. Matusovich, M. C. Paretti, A. M. Motto, and K. J. Cross, “Understanding Faculty and Student Beliefs About Teamwork and Communication Skills,” in 2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, San Antonio

Conference Session

Engineering Cultures and Identity

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dina Verdin, Purdue University, West Lafayette ; Allison Godwin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Brenda Capobianco, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

studentsare experiencing advance science courses like chemistry and physics for the first time. From priorwork, a physics identity has the largest effect size when predicting engineering choice incollege.21,42,43 However, physics is one of the science disciplines most dominated by White, malefigures and is perceived as least inclusive among science disciplines.44 This review highlights theneed for more research on different ways to connect students’ funds of knowledge with coursecontent and the impact this makes on students’ career trajectories.Additionally, most of the studies focused on post-secondary students were not in traditionalengineering spaces. These studies focused mainly on students at Tribal colleges or at communitycolleges in rural

Conference Session

PANEL: After #MeToo: What’s next for Women in the Engineering Workplace?

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer J VanAntwerp, Calvin College; Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Sandra D. Eksioglu, Clemson University; Joanna Wright, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

, Seattle. Her research interests in engineering education focus on the role of self-efficacy, belonging, and other non- cognitive aspects of the student experience on engagement, success, and persistence and on effective methods for teaching global issues such as those pertaining to sustainability.Dr. Sandra D. Eksioglu, Clemson University Sandra D. Eksioglu is an Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering Department at Clemson Univer- sity. She received her Ph.D. in Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Florida in 2002. Sandra’s research interests are in operations research with applications in supply chain, transportation systems, and energy systems.Joanna Wright, University of Washington

Conference Session

Programs Using New Instrumentation Concepts

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Thomas Adams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

exposition, with the least amount of detail, onecan present just the outline of the operating principles shown in Figure 3. Using the suggestedfigures and equations, an instructor can cover the basic principles of operation in about 15–20minutes, providing students an effective overview without detailed modeling or analysis.Appropriate learning objectives for this sort of lesson might include: • List the inputs and outputs of the sensor. • Define piezoresistance. • Explain the purpose of the bridge. • Explain how a piezoresistive sensor works. • Describe the purpose of signal conditioning.This 15–20 minute exposition is the approach we use in teaching the mini-labs of ourmeasurement systems course. In a mini-lab, a conventional

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 3: Advising in Graduate Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hayden Ross Asbill, Campbell University; Mitchell Ann Letchworth, Campbell University; Anastasia Marie Rynearson, Campbell University; Christina A. Pantoja, Campbell University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

other scenarios, the faculty member ismuch more involved, makes more of the decisions, and thus relies on the graduate student toserve more as the “messenger” or supervisor of the work assigned by the faculty member. In thefollowing sections we situate our study on the role of graduate students in undergraduateresearch mentoring by providing background context on undergraduate research mentoring andmentoring triads including an overview of typical research mentoring models, including triads,frequently described in the literature.Undergraduate research mentoring. There are many forms of undergraduate researchexperiences (UREs) in which mentorship is provided. These categories include but are notlimited to course-based undergraduate research

Conference Session

Experiential Learning and Professional Skills and Competencies: Attainment, Assessment, and Evaluation.

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Warren Plugge, Central Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

Paper ID #37801Pilot Study: Assessing Construction Management Student Knowledge UsingStudent Learning Outcomes in Construction InternshipsDr. Philip Warren Plugge, Central Washington University Dr. Plugge is an full professor at Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington teaching heavy civil and general construction management courses. Professor Plugge has earned a Ph.D. in Education and Human Resource Studies with a focus in Civil Construction Management. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Pilot Study: Assessing Construction Management Student Knowledge

Conference Session

Concept Inventories and Assessment of Knowledge

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dion Timmermann, Hamburg University of Technology; Christian H Kautz, Hamburg University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

University of Technology Christian H. Kautz has a Diplom degree in Physics from University of Hamburg and a Ph.D. in Physics (for work in Physics Education Research) from the University of Washington. Currently, he leads the Engineering Education Research Group at Hamburg University of Technology. Page 26.1179.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Multiple-Choice Questions that Test Conceptual Understanding: A Proposal for Qualitative Two-Tier Exam Questions1 IntroductionThe goal of most university courses is for students to not only learn factual knowledge but

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University; Todd M. Fernandez, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Austin Spencer Bohlin, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

particular, theydemonstrate strong connections between tasks in the zone of proximal development, howstudents develop technical and professional competencies during innovation projects, and howinstructors may structure their projects to improve learning and innovation outcomes byestablishing support practices from a variety of individuals.IntroductionInnovation projects have become an increasingly important part of the engineering educationlandscape. Educators, responding to the call for more innovative engineers1-3 have implementeda variety of projects dedicated to helping their students develop the competencies to design anddevelop novel, viable, and change-making artifacts. While innovation projects have beenexplored in terms of the conditions

Conference Session

The Big Picture in Engineering Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Quiles-Ramos, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Donna M. Riley, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

andorganizations in engineering education, with a view to governance structures. Then we offer amore in depth comparison of ABET’s development of Engineering Criteria 2000 (EC 2000) withthe current proposed revisions as they have unfolded. We seek to develop insights on the role ofgovernance in effecting change in engineering education, and specifically on historical changesin ABET’s processes for decision making and theories of change. These insights will point topossible interventions in governance structures to facilitate more inclusive participation in settingfuture directions for engineering education.IntroductionABET, Inc.’s proposed changes to Criteria 3 and 5 of the Engineering Accreditation Criteria,now in their third round of review and comment

Conference Session

Methodological & Theoretical Contributions to Engineering Education 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel Louis Kajfez, Ohio State University; Elizabeth G. Creamer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

students, first-year engineering programs, mixed methods research, and innovative approaches to teaching. Currently, she teaches within the first-year engineering program at Ohio State while maintaining an active engineering education research program.Dr. Elizabeth G. Creamer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Dr. Elizabeth G. Creamer is professor, Educational Research and Evaluation in the School of Education at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University where she teaches graduate level courses in mixed methods research. She is working on a manuscript for a new introductory textbook, Introduction to Fully Integrated Mixed Methods Research

Conference Session

Student Projects in Physics Education, Engineering Physics and Physics Division (EP2D) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bala Maheswaran, Northeastern University; Sophie Ray; Matthew Rock; Dilyn McHugh; Kyle Potts; David Ian Hunter

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics Division (EP2D)

generate a lot of energy over the course of a semester. That is the goal of Graywater Flow.Method and ApproachThe following image is a 2D sketch of our initial design plan. Figure 1a: Initial 2D design Figure 1b: Initial 3D Wheel design Figure 1c: Wheel digital modelOur initial design {Figures 1a, 1b, and 1c] utilized a few components that we determined necessaryto make our product as effective as possible. Each of these components was designed towardsaddressing a particular goal or obstacle. Firstly, we determined that we would need a part thatallowed us to concentrate the inflow of water. One of our design goals was to make our projectapplicable in all sorts of drains, and fixtures like water fountains and sinks tend to drain less

Conference Session

ERM: Identity Impacts (Identity Part 2)

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Caroline Bolton, Bucknell University; Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University; Madeline Roth, Bucknell University

in infectious disease and epidemiology, providing crucial exposure to the broader context of engineering problems and their subsequent solutions. These diverse experiences and a growing passion for improving engineering education prompted me to change career paths and become a scholar of engineering education. As an educator, I am committed to challenging my students to uncover new perspectives and dig deeper into the context of the societal problems engineering is intended to solve. As a scholar, I seek to not only contribute original theoretical research to the field, but work to bridge the theory-to-practice gap in engineering education by serving as an ambassador for empirically driven educational

Conference Session

TS3: Working with Students

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Matthew Frenkel, New York University; Azure Janee Stewart

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

review, and learn effective tools for searching and locating research. ● To explore techniques and tools to improve organization and writing of a literature review. What is a Research Statement ● To explore what a research statement is ● To understand why someone would craft a research statement ● To start developing a personal research statement Ethics in Research* ● To understand basic theories in the field of ethics and how to apply them to your own work ● To examine the ways ethics and ethical behavior affects a researcher ● To explore the

Conference Session

Computing and Information Technology Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yuzhong Shen, Old Dominion University; Anthony W. Dean, Old Dominion University; Rafael Landaeta, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Computing and Information Technology

systems (integration and testing) and the reliability and maintainability of complex systems. He has been selected as both a NASA and an ONR Faculty Fellow. He regularly teaches courses in Ma- rine Engineering and in Maintained Systems. Most recently Dr. Dean was on the Headquarters Staff the American Society of Naval Engineers. He received his Ph.D. from the Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering, and a B.S. in Nuclear Engineering Technology, from the Batten College of Engineering and Technology at Old Dominion University. Additionally, Dr. Dean received an MBA from the College of William and Mary. Prior to is academic career Dr. Dean was Director of Operations and Business Development for Clark

Conference Session

International Research Experiences Intl Div Tech Session 8

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nicole P. Sanderlin, Virginia Tech; Kirsten A. Davis, Virginia Tech; David B Knight, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Kirsten Davis is a Ph.D. candidate in Engineering Education and an M.S. student in Systems Engineer- ing at Virginia Tech. She is the graduate assistant for the Rising Sophomore Abroad Program, a global engineering course and study abroad program for first year engineering students. Her primary research fo- cuses on the design and assessment of global engineering programs, but she also studies the development of systems thinking skills in engineering students.Kirsten was recently awarded the Harold Josephson award for professional promise in international education by the Association of International Education Administrators.She holds a B.S. in Engineering &

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Mueller, Tufts University; David Alsdorf, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

.  responses   based   on   individualized   expectations.  3.   Engineering   design   content   (knowledge)   gained   in   the   course   of  3.   The   clock   allows   the   teacher   to   help   groups   manage   time  gameplay   is   formalized   during   presentations   and   shared   with   other  constraints   and   allocate   time   to   design   activities,   ensuring   that   all  groups.  groups   are   ready   for   presentations   at   the   game’s   conclusion.  4.   Students   engage   in   “21st   century   skills”   (e.g.   problem   solving,  4.   Teachers   exercise   discretion   regarding   the   dispersal   of   materials,  critical   thinking,   teamwork)   in

Conference Session

Session 3: Export Control

Collection

2017 Public Policy Colloquium

Authors

Kevin Wolf

positively enumerated, they will be described using the defined term “specially designed” 3Definitions Rules in 2015 and 2016 BIS and DDTC published proposed rules revising definitions to improve harmonization between the EAR and ITAR on June 3, 2015 ● BIS proposed rule: 80 FR 35586 ● DDTC proposed rule: 80 FR 31525 BIS and DDTC published final rules on June 3, 2016, with an effective date of September 1, 2016 ● BIS final rule: 81 FR 35586 ● DDTC interim final rule: 81 FR 35611 DDTC published a final rule further revising definitions in the ITAR on September 8, 2016 (81 FR 62004) BIS FAQs available at https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/2012-03-30

Conference Session

Your Best in 5 Minutes: Demonstrations of Hands-On and Virtual In-Class Teaching Aids

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth G. Jones, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Mostafa Soltaninejad, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Claudia Ponce de Leon

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

differently to improve the accuracy of the data collection.ReferencesCummings, J. J., & Bailenson, J. N. (2016). How Immersive Is Enough? A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Immersive Technology on User Presence. Media Psychology, 19(2), 272–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2015.1015740Deb, S., Carruth, D. W., Sween, R., Strawderman, L., & Garrison, T. M. (2017). Efficacy of virtual reality in pedestrian safety research. Applied Ergonomics, 65. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.03.007Deb, S., Strawderman, L. J., & Carruth, D. W. (2018). Investigating pedestrian suggestions for external features on fully autonomous vehicles: A virtual reality experiment. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic