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Displaying results 2941 - 2970 of 38830 in total
Conference Session
Capstone Design Courses II
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
April M. Bryan, Western Washington University; John Andrew Lund, Western Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
. Time Management (1) 8. Importance of Documentation (1) 9. Overall planning and implementation of a project (1)Another question, provided the participants with a list of benefits of research experiences to rankorder. The results are presented in Table 6. From these results, it is observed that the mostbeneficial experiences were identified as: (1) Learning and developing CAD skills, and (2)Learning about the challenges of implementing analytical designs. Other benefits included,understanding the research process, understanding engineering design, development of teamworkskills, and learning to work with suppliers. The students identified the learning of experimentaltechniques as the least beneficial learning experience. Other learning
Conference Session
Innovations for the Senior Year of the ME Curriculum
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Scott Kiefer, Tri-State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
ComponentsAbstract Many mechanical engineering students try to avoid having to work on senior designprojects that include electronics because they feel like they are in over their heads. The attitudeis understandable because most mechanical engineering students have very little opportunity todo any type of hands-on activities with electronics, and their graduation hinges upon completingtheir senior project. Most have taken one course in circuit analysis, but have never designed orbuilt anything that includes any electronic components. This paper describes attempts to breakdown the stigma that mechanical engineering students often hold: “It is a job for the EE’s.” For the past two years, Tri-state University has had successful senior design
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Course Innovation
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Ciaraldi, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Eben Cobb, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Fred Looft, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Robert Norton, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Taskin Padir, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
, pneumatics, circuits, electric motors, sensors, signalprocessing and embedded system programming. The junior level courses, RBE 3001 and RBE3002, build on this foundation to ensure that students understand the analysis of selectedcomponents and learn system-level design and development of a robotic system includingembedded design.This paper discusses the development of a two-course sequence in undergraduate roboticseducation, Unified Robotics I and II, in detail. Learning outcomes and sample schedulesillustrating our approach to designing a new robotics engineering program at the undergraduatelevel are presented. The paper exemplifies the robotics systems designed by the students withinthe scope of laboratory experiences and course projects. Finally
Conference Session
Design throughout the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum I
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anurag Purwar, Stony Brook University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Design Process and Engineering Ethics to practical situations 2. Analyze simple structures and machines for Forces, Moments, and Stress and Strain 3. Compute Mechanical Energy, Work, and Power for basic machines 4. Articulate motions of the common mechanisms 5. Demonstrate an understanding of basic electronics and create circuit drawing 6. Demonstrate integration of sensors and actuators in circuits 7. Demonstrate Microcontroller programming using Arduino34 8. Design, fabricate, and program an autonomous, microcontroller-driven machine3.3 Design ExperienceA highlight of the class is the final Design project, wherein the students have to design and buildan autonomous robot/machine that either carries out either a functional or
Conference Session
Reaching Students: Innovations to Curriculum in ET
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
C. Richard Helps, Brigham Young University; Mark Patterson, University of Dayton
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
instructional course design that provides the ability to adapt tochanging technologies and incorporate current research into the curriculum. Learning can beimproved and redesign costs minimized if there is a clear understanding of the relationship of thetechnical content to the overall instructional design. The instructional design presented here isconceived in terms of interacting layers analogous to Stewart Brand's architectural layers.Updating courses then becomes a process of changing the technical content layer while leavingmost of the teaching material, organizational structure and learning objectives unaffected. Thisparadigm not only reduces the costs of updating courses but provides for a better collaborativestudent learning environment. Some
Conference Session
Active and Project-based Learning
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Garrett Miles Clayton, Villanova University; Teresa Genevieve Wojcik, Villanova University; Aleksandra Radlińska, Villanova University; Noelle K. Comolli, Villanova University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
].Impromptu design exercises provide a unique opportunity to teach design concepts. Specifically,because student groups are “thrown” into the project they learn by doing. This type of activepedagogy has been shown to improve student understanding. Furthermore, by referring to theproject in later discussions, it provides a “jumping-off” point for lecture/discussion on moreadvanced engineering concepts – which is how the projects are used in this paper.In this paper, the developed exercises are presented with some discussion regarding theirimplementation. Some of the main findings in this paper are: • Students really enjoy these exercises – this student engagement should be expected due to the hands-on, competitive nature of the exercises
Conference Session
Green Renewable Energy and Engineering Technology
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Muhammad Zafrul Hasan, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
AC 2012-3862: TREND ANALYSIS OF CAPSTONE DESIGN PROJECTSFOR IMPROVING UNDERGRADUATE ENGINEERING EDUCATIONDr. Muhammad Zafrul Hasan, Texas A&M University Muhammad Zafrul Hasan received the B.Sc. in electrical and electronic engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology. He received the master’s of electronic engineering from Eind- hoven University of Technology (The Netherlands) under a Philips postgraduate scholarship program. He subsequently held several faculty positions in an engineering college and in a university in Malaysia. He obtained the Ph.D. in computer engineering from New Jersey Institute of Technology. He was awarded the NJIT Hashimoto Fellowship in the academic year 2005-06
Conference Session
IE and Manufacturing
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Guanghsu Chang, Minnesota State University, Mankato; William Peterson, Minnesota State University, Mankato
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering
knowledge and adapt to emerging applications of mathematics, science, engineering and technology;c. an ability to conduct, analyze and interpret experiments and apply experimental results to improve processes;d. an ability to apply creativity in the design of systems, components or appropriate to program objectives;e. an ability to function effectively on teams;f. an ability to identify, analyze, and solve technical problems;g. an ability to communicate effectively;h. a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in lifelong learning;i. an ability to understand professional, ethical and social responsibility;j. a respect for diversity and knowledge of contemporary professional, societal and global issues; andk. a commitment to quality
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Design
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Ken Alford
Session 3125 Multidisciplinary Computer Science Design Projects Kenneth L. Alford United States Military AcademyIntroduction1By its very nature, engineering represents an integrative and multidisciplinary experience. Intheir senior year, students majoring in computer science at the United States Military Academyat West Point, New York are required to take two multidisciplinary senior project design courses.Each course is 3.0 credit hours with a 0.5 credit lab. These courses are part of an ABET-accredited computer science
Conference Session
Assessing Design Coursework I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nirmala Gnanapragasam, Seattle University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Engineering, manages theadministrative aspect of all projects. Design projects that could be completedwithin an academic-year are recruited from local industries by the Project Centerpersonnel and the department’s design coordinator (ie. the instructor of the seniordesign sequence) in summer and early fall prior to the beginning of the academic Page 12.1190.2year. Teams of three to four students work under the direction of a companyliaison and a faculty advisor to solve a real life engineering problem.Teams spend the fall quarter meeting with the sponsoring company liaison(s) andthe faculty advisor, visiting the project site (if applicable), understanding theoverall
Conference Session
DEED Postcard Session 1
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katherine Goodman, University of Colorado, Denver; Stephen T. Frezza, Gannon University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
interdisciplinarychallenges in their courses, or 3) approach design instruction in a more consistent, scholarly orphilosophic way. As educators, we often show students how to do individual problems step bystep, and find the one right solution but significantly less in helping them to develop the skillsand knowledge needed to view a problem from multiple perspectives, understand the relationshipof creativity to engineering design and employ these in ill-structured problems.Möjligheter provide a framework for exploring both needs (problems) and benefits (value). Inthis paper, we argue how engineering faculty should instead, show how creativity can be used inthe service of constrained, if ill-structured, projects, requires collaboration, and ultimately allowsstudents
Conference Session
Idea Generation and Creativity in Design
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kevin Charles Helm, The Pennsylvania State University; Kathryn W. Jablokow, Pennsylvania State University; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Eli M. Silk, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Seda Yilmaz, Iowa State University; Rafael Suero, The Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
and academic research.Because the quality of solutions can vary from individual to individual and from circumstance tocircumstance, it would be useful to better understand how different interventions influence theoutcomes of the ideation process in the concept generation stage of engineering design. In thiswork, we investigated the impacts of the problem context and three specific interventionsdesigned to increase the ideation flexibility for the outcomes of concept generation. The threeinterventions were problem framing, design tools, and teaming. Our results show that bothproblem framing and teaming impact several aspects of quality, while design tools only impactthe quantity of ideas produced.1.0 IntroductionThis paper investigates
Conference Session
Design Tools and Methodology II
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Geoffrey Samuel Frost, University of Toronto; Jason A. Foster, University of Toronto; Robert Irish, University of Toronto; Patricia Kristine Sheridan, University of Toronto
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
. Page 25.1285.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Mapping the Development of Design for XAbstractThis paper uses a historical case study to propose a preliminary, generalized understanding ofhow DfXs may develop. Engineering design guidelines, also known as Design For X or DfX areused by engineers to better the outcome of their design process with respect to the X in question.For example, Design for Safety is a common DfX, used to ensure an engineer’s final outputminimizes the occurrence of harm to users. An exploration of how a recently emerged DfX,Design for the Environment (DfE), developed suggests a possible model for the emergence of aDfX.Historical records for the
Conference Session
Project-Based Learning
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Phillip A. Farrington, University of Alabama, Huntsville; Michael P.J. Benfield, University of Alabama, Huntsville; Matthew W. Turner, University of Alabama, Huntsville
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
thethis initiative is to expand the UAHuntsville Integrated Product Team (IPT) program into areahigh schools in order to help them develop a better understanding of the purpose of science andmathematics education by providing the opportunity to design a payload for a spacecraftdesigned by the UAHuntsville senior design experience. This initiative exposes high schoolstudents to the systems engineering design and integration process over the course of theacademic year. This year over 250 high school and college students are involved in the IPTprogram. The overarching goal of the program is to provide a broad impact across the spectrumof the educational system by establishing the foundation for a highly integrated design programthat links
Conference Session
Assessment
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech; Benjamin David Lutz, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Paper ID #9982Student Perceptions of Project Mentoring: What Practices and BehaviorsMatter?Dr. Marie C Paretti, Virginia Tech Marie C. Paretti is an Associate Professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, where she co- directs the Virginia Tech Engineering Communications Center (VTECC). Her research focuses on com- munication in engineering design, interdisciplinary communication and collaboration, design education, and gender in engineering. She was awarded a CAREER grant from the National Science Foundation to study expert teaching in capstone design courses, and is co-PI on numerous NSF grants exploring com
Conference Session
Design Methodology and Evaluation 2
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Meagan R. Kendall, University of Texas, Austin; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
lack of knowledge or skillin the receiving community. In some cases, the design may simply miss the real needs of thereceiving community. To design a more successful product, active inclusion of the end-user in the designprocess can help engineers from developed countries more fully understand the needs (bothspoken and unspoken) of users in developing countries. Leaders in low-cost product designadvocate this inclusion of the end-user as a means to more accurately identify and satisfy theneeds of people in these countries. 4-5 However, efforts by engineers to include the end-user, andultimately train them to lead future design efforts, often add an additional layer of complexitydue to differences in culture and in language among
Conference Session
Active and Project-Based Learning
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John S. Lamancusa, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Laura L. Pauley, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
design attributes thatwere mentioned in each essay. Design attributes included: ease of use, ease ofhandling/ergonomic, creativity/novel, versatility, meets customer needs, optional/enhancedfeatures, manufacturability, durability, reliability, cost, appearance, ease of maintenance, andsustainability. If the two instructors did not agree on the count, they discussed the essay andreached consensus. The number of attributes described in the first essay at the beginning of thesemester and the second essay at the end of the semester were compared to determine changes.4.1b Ranking of 23 Design ActivitiesAtman et al.16 describe a tool to assess students’ understanding of engineering design. Thisassessment asks students to mark which six activities in
Conference Session
Capstone Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William Janna, University of Memphis; John Hochstein, University of Memphis
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
Disagree Strongly Disagree (1) Senior interaction rewarding (2) I provided assistance/ideas(3) Actively participated in design (4) Significant contribution (5) Positively influenced (6) Understood scope/explained(7) Understand engineering work (8) Appreciate managing engrs (9) Well organized (10) Grade postively affected (11) Continue this project 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Number of Responses ss ssssFigure 2. Results of freshmen responses to questions about senior/freshmen interaction
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Design in the Classroom
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Wesner, Carnegie Mellon University; Michael Bigrigg, Carnegie Mellon University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
AC 2008-2759: EFFECT OF PROJECT DEFINITION ON THE SUCCESS OFSTUDENT TEAM DESIGN PROJECTSJohn Wesner, Carnegie Mellon UniversityMichael Bigrigg, Carnegie Mellon University Page 13.465.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Effect of Project Definition On the Success of Student Team Design ProjectsAbstractStudent teams carrying out sponsored engineering design projects achieve widely varying resultsin a single semester, ranging from research without any real design proposal, through one ormore paper proposals, all the way to a functional prototype. Comparing team results with theclarity with which the sponsor defined the
Conference Session
Teams and Teamwork in Design
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Teodora Rutar, Seattle University; Brandon Shuman, MS
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
andresponsibility while maintaining a framework for collaboration and milestones, and as suchcould fill the gap usually encountered in capstone design projects. In the 23-year history of year-long industry-sponsored capstone design team-projects at Seattle University, projects oftensuffered from the following shortcomings: failures to meet deadlines, poor contribution fromsome team-members, and incomplete use of available resources. Furthermore, advice from ourprogram’s industry advisors indicates that engineering graduates should have some projectmanagement skills and understand the importance and challenges of managing projects. Inresponse, we adopted MOPM to our senior design projects.The paper describes implementation of MOPM in our senior design
Conference Session
1st and 2nd Year Instruction in Design
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cory A. Cooper, United States Air Force; Michael Lawrence Anderson, United States Air Force; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy; Joseph M. Fulton, U.S. Air Force Academy; Kristin L. Wood, Singapore University of Technology and Design
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Paper ID #15679Designettes in Capstone: Characterizing the Impact of Early Design Experi-ences on Students’ Capstone EducationLt. Col. Cory A. Cooper, United States Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Cory Cooper is currently the Director of the Systems Engineering Program and As- sistant Professor of Systems Engineering at the US Air Force Academy (USAFA) in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He holds a PhD an MSc in Systems Engineering from the Technical University of Delft and the Air Force Institute of Technology respectively. He has held various developmental engineering and pro- gram management positions in the US Air Force, to
Conference Session
Engineering Management Program Design
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stephen Raper, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Susan Murray, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Christa Weisbrook, Missouri University of Science and Technology; William Daughton, University of Missouri
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
2002 ABET findings were aclear indicator that change was needed. In retrospect if a more traditional capstone design coursewere not developed and offered in the new curriculum, a deficiency was likely during the 2008ABET visit. While the motivation to initiate change may have been fear of ABET it has clearlybeen beneficial for the EM undergraduate studentsConclusions and RecommendatonsAs Engineering Management faculty, we teach the importance of continuous improvement andmaking managerial decisions based on data. Still it is difficult to implement change in anacademic department. Those who work in academic departments understand that personality,ego, and tradition are but a few of the factors (yet significant) that can impede change.Moreover
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Curricular Design and Assessment
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Noah Salzman, Boise State University; Vicki Stieha, Boise State University; Amy J. Moll, Boise State University; JoAnn S. Lighty, Boise State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
students. The new Engineering Plus degree has a core setof required foundational courses in engineering, a multi-year design sequence, and allows forself-defined pathways. The new curriculum also offers three defined degree pathways that havebeen chosen based on an examination of student “fate” data: secondary education, pre-medical,and environmental studies, with additional pathways planned for the near future. The fateanalysis examined the paths of students who were enrolled in an engineering or STEM major inone year and samples their major choice in the following year. This analysis maps the flow ofstudents into and out of the major with demographic slicers to more closely understand these in-migration and out-migration choices.This paper will
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Design II
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Giancarlo D'Orazio, University of the District of Columbia; Jijuan Xu, University of the District of Columbia; Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
manned exploration of the red planet and subsequent colonization efforts byboth public and private entities [5] NASA’s journey into air and space has not only deepenedhumankind’s understanding of the universe but it has also inspired and motivated millions ofstudents to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Since1994, NASA has sponsored an annual competition for high school and college students to design,build, and race human-powered mars rovers. These collapsible vehicles must navigate simulatedouter space terrain, engaging students and providing valuable experiences in the technologies andconcepts that will be needed in future exploration missions [6] In April 2018, the team from theUniversity of the
Conference Session
Ethics Integration in Engineering Design
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Jessica R. Edelson, Duke University; Micalyn Struble, Duke University; Reya Magan, Duke University; Ann Saterbak, Duke University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
) for all incoming engineering students presented an opportunity to strengthenstudents’ ability to recognize ethical and professional responsibilities and to make informedjudgments.EGR 101 is a project-based design course in which student teams are matched with clients in thecommunity to solve an identified problem. Through the work of creating the solutions to theseproblems, the teams learn about and apply the engineering design process. The design processconsists of seven steps: clarifying the team assignment, understanding the problem, definingdesign criteria, brainstorming solutions, evaluating solutions, prototyping, and testing. Steps inthe design process are taught using a flipped classroom method, in which students watch videosdetailing
Conference Session
Maker Spaces in Design Education
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Colton Daniel Brehm, Texas A&M University; Julie S. Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology; Astrid Layton, Texas A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at The University of Texas. Her research area is design cognition including systematic methods and tools for innovative design with a particular focus on concept generation and design-by-analogy. Her research seeks to understand designers’ cognitive processes with the goal of creating better tools and approaches to enhance engineering design. She has authored over 150 technical publications including over forty journal papers, and ten book chapters.Dr. Astrid Layton, Texas A&M University Astrid Layton is an assistant professor at Texas A and M University in the Mechanical Engineering depart- ment and received her Ph.D. from Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta
Conference Session
Making, Hacking, and Extracurricular Design
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ethan Hilton, Georgia Institute of Technology; Megan Tomko, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wendy C. Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; Julie S. Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
the NSF, the EPA, and General Motors Corporation.Dr. Julie S. Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Julie S. Linsey is an Assistant Professor in the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technological. Dr. Linsey received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at The University of Texas. Her research area is design cognition including systematic methods and tools for innovative design with a particular focus on concept generation and design-by-analogy. Her research seeks to understand designers’ cognitive processes with the goal of creating better tools and approaches to enhance engineering design. She has authored over 100 technical publications including twenty-three
Conference Session
Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Leigh R Abts, University of Maryland, College Park
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
are: (1) problem-solvers – able to frame and applyunderstanding to solve problems; (2) inter-disciplinary thinkers – able to think across disciplines;(3) self-reliant – able to set their own pace of study and work within specified time frames; and(4) technology-capable – able to understand and apply technology to master skills and to solveproblems. 11,12,13,14,15 These attributes parallel those of a successful engineering student.According to Wolff-Michael Roth, “The major educational goal in engineering design is thatstudents can develop two important kinds of knowledge necessary for making increasinglyintelligent choices and decisions: (a) deep familiarity within a specific domain [content]; and (b)strategies for bringing structure to
Conference Session
Engineering Libraries Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lindsay Anderberg, New York University; Matthew Frenkel, New York University; Mikolaj Wilk, New York University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Libraries
Paper ID #21058Project Shhh! A Library Design Contest for Engineering StudentsLindsay Anderberg, New York University Lindsay Anderberg is the Interdisciplinary Science & Technology Librarian and Poly Archivist at Bern Dibner Library of Science & Technology in Brooklyn, New York. She received her MSLIS with a con- centration in rare books and special collections from Long Island University’s Palmer School of Library and Information Science. She holds a master’s degree in science studies from New York University’s John W. Draper Interdisciplinary Master’s Program in Humanities and Social Thought and a bachelor’s degree
Conference Session
Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohammad Sadraey, Daniel Webster College; Nicholas Bertozzi, Daniel Webster College
Tagged Divisions
Systems Engineering
and objectives. The design goal is usually revised through thebenchmarking process which is to explicitly comparing the design to that of the competitor whichdoes the best job for satisfying the customer requirements. The nature of aircraft design project;complexity, multidisciplinary, and various constraints; suggests that the systems engineeringapproach to be the best candidate. However, the systems engineering implementation is morechallenging than understanding the system engineering process. Aircraft design projects essentially include a variety of realistic constraints, such as economicfactors, safety, reliability, aesthetics, ethics, and social impacts. The value-free descriptorsassociated with each objective; criteria; are quantified