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Displaying results 1 - 30 of 705 in total
Conference Session
Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hans Hoyer, American Society for Engineering Education
Tagged Divisions
International
organization’smembers discussed their overarching goal of building a vibrant, virtual global communityto foster collaboration and learning among the world’s engineering-education societiesand to building strong bridges to the corporate world, civil society and academia.Through the collaboration of its member societies and their partnership with industry,university, government and non-governmental organizations, IFEES will work toestablish effective engineering education processes of high quality around the world toassure a global supply of well-prepared engineering graduates. IFEES will strengthenmember organizations and their capacity to support faculty and students. It will attractcorporate participation, helping to connect engineering graduates with
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kurt Gramoll, University of Oklahoma; Hengzhong Wen, OU
from 2000 to 2007. Her research work focuses on online training system development and implementation. She received her bachelor degree in Mechanical Engineering in Mechanical Engineering College of Beijing Union University. She worked as an instructor and mechanical engineer in Beijing Chemical Equipment Factory for seven years, and then as a chief engineer at Beijing Hanwei Engineering Blasting Company of High Technology for one year. Page 12.1123.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Online 3D Collaboration System for Engineering EducationAbstractThe Internet has provided new
Conference Session
Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Claudio Brito, Council of Researches in Education and Sciences; Melany Ciampi
Tagged Divisions
International
amongCountries in Engineering Education. In: American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, 113,Chicago, 2006. Advancing Scholarship in Engineering Education. Chicago: ASEE, 2006. (in CD-ROM).[5] C. da R. Brito; M. M. Ciampi; D. Budny Cultural Immersion: A Successful Activity for Engineering,Technology and Business Administration. In: SEFI Annual Conference, 34., Uppsala, 2006. Engineering Educationand Active Students. Uppsala: SEFI, 2006. p. 25. (in CD-ROM).[6] C. da R. Brito; M. M. Ciampi; D. Budny Collaborative Research Network Promoting the Development ofEngineering and Technology Worldwide. In: F. Flüeckiger; R. Ruprecht; T. Rüütmann (Hrsg.) EngineeringEducation – The Priority for Global Development. Alsbach/Bergstraβe: Leuchtturm
Conference Session
Capstone Design II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mason Webster, Brigham Young University; Daniel Korth; Owen Carlson, Brigham Young University; C. Greg Jensen, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
. Todd, R. and Magelby, S. “Creating Successful Capstone Programs by Considering the Needs of Stakeholders” Journal of Engineering Education, 19934. Kirschman, J. and Greenstein, J. “The use of groupware for collaboration in distributed student engineering design teams,” Journal of Engineering Education, Oct 20025. Latcha, M. and Oakley, B. “Toying with a capstone design course,” Journal of Engineering Education, Oct 20016. Hargreaves, D.J., "Addressing Transition to Tertiary Education in Engineering," European Journal of Engineering Education, 1998, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 79-89.7. Hansen, J. and Andersen, A., “Engineers of Tomorrow and Beyond: Knowledge, Insight and Skills Needed to Work Across Borders”, Proceedings of
Conference Session
New Engineering Educators: Off the Beaten Path
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robin Adams, Purdue University; Cheryl Allendoerfer, University of Washington; Tori Rhoulac Smith, Howard University; David Socha, University of Washington; Dawn Williams, Howard University; Ken Yasuhara
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
education research and strategies for success. In thispaper, we provide an overview on storytelling, describe our use of stories for buildingcommunity in engineering education, and summarize results from the evaluation of ourinteractive FIE storytelling session.IntroductionThe engineering education research community is evolving. Some evidence of this is the growthof capacity building programs such as year-long mentored or collaborative researchexperiences[1-4] and departments of engineering education (e.g., Purdue University, VirginiaTech). At a smaller scale are workshops and interactive sessions at engineering educationconferences that focus on research skill development [5-7]. Venues for disseminating engineeringeducation scholarship are also
Conference Session
Design Projects
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nicole Giullian, Brigham Young University; C. Greg Jensen, Brigham Young University; Jason McCammon, Brigham Young University; Brad Brooks, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Mechanical Engineering. Page 12.809.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Hosting/Participating in Global Collaborative PACE ProjectsAbstractCertain obstacles must be overcome in order to realize the benefits of large-scale collaborationprojects. Undergraduate engineering curricula currently do not include projects of sufficientscope and diversity to introduce students to the challenges and lessons inherent to participation inglobal collaborative design projects. Engineering students today largely graduate with little orno skills or experience working on an international team. Universities need to take steps
Conference Session
Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Said Abubakr, Western Michigan University; Dewei Qi, Western Michigan University
Tagged Divisions
International
AC 2007-169: DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION INCHINA FOR WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING STUDENTSSaid Abubakr, Western Michigan UniversityDewei Qi, Western Michigan University Page 12.534.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Development of Global Engineering Education in China for Western Michigan University Engineering StudentsAbstractIn collaboration with Sichuan University in China, Western Michigan University had establishedand developed the China Summer Engineering Tour for the first time in 2006 and is in theprocess of launching a second tour in 2007. The program is designed to provide a uniqueopportunity for both
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Fernando Tovia, Philadelphia University; Muthu Govindaraj, Philadelphia University; David Brookstein, Philadelphia University
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
higher education points to the following root causes: 1) Lack of widespreadunderstanding of these disciplines among the general public4, 2) dry, abstract, and non-related toreal world approaches to teaching math, science and engineering courses, 3) low level ofproficiency in mathematics and science for the freshman5, 4) high attrition rate due to poorperformance during the freshman year 6, which creates a negative influence in the average highschool student.In recognition of the need to reverse this trend, and even more to transform engineeringeducation according to the economical, technological and societal challenges of the 21st century,engineering educators have initiated and documented several initiatives. Collaborative learningand building
Collection
2007 St.Lawrence Section Meeting
Authors
Chitralekha Potnis; Ajit Potnis
Engineering Education from an Industry Perspective Chitralekha Potnis, Ajit Potnis The Learning Institute / T I AutomotiveAbstractDevelopment of a country to a large extent depends on the progress made in science andtechnology. It has been widely accepted that industrialization is one of the major tools whichshapes national destiny. The qualitative and quantitative improvement in the industrial status of anation is strongly based on the quality of engineering education.Technical education must be suited to the development in economy, science and technology, andculture of the country and it plays a vital role in promoting their development. Due todevelopment of higher
Conference Session
Global Engineering in an Interconnected World
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Mariasingam, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Thomas Smith, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Gregory Moses, University of Wisconsin-Madison
Tagged Divisions
International
even when it is not required.In the case of engineering education for 2020, many of the educational objectives discussedabove would need collaborating partners to realize them. For instance, offering engineeringprograms at a distance is the need of the day. Very few engineering programs are offered at adistance currently. One of the main difficulties in offering engineering programs, especiallyundergraduate programs, is the difficulty in offering hands-on experience at a distance. Whilesimulation and other technology based efforts are being tried, they are not an ideal substitute forreal-world, hands-on training. But this problem could be solved effectively by entering intocollaborative arrangements with local institutions in other countries
Conference Session
Sustainability & Environmental Issues
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William Gaughran, University of Limerick; Stephen Burke, University of Limerick; Sonya Quinn, University of Limerick
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
students.In the context of engineering education this paper discusses the strategies used and the initialimpact, of (i) the introductory program intended for SMEs and Universities, and (ii) theintroduction and evaluation of the undergraduate environmental sustainability module.Key words/Phrases: Environmental Sustainability, pedagogical implications and evaluation.1 The EU Interregional modulesThe self-paced intervention is a suite of PowerPoint modules, which were designed as a resultof collaboration, between four regions of the EU representing industrial development agenciesand Universities in each of four countries. These included Ireland, Greece, Germany andFinland. The EU funded research project was entitled Towards a Sustainable Future
Conference Session
Engineering Management Program Management / IE and EM Program Mangement / Engineering Management Program Management
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rose Mary Cordova-Wentling, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign; Raymond Price, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
AC 2007-398: HUMAN BEHAVIOR SKILLS IN ENGINEERING EDUCATIONRose Mary Cordova-Wentling, University of Illinois-Urbana ChampaignRaymond Price, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign Page 12.814.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 1 Human Behavior Skills in Engineering Education AbstractThis past decade has been characterized by a series of changes in engineering education,beginning with the recognition of the need to incorporate human behavior skills in engineeringeducation. Now, it is important
Conference Session
CE Poster Session in Exhibit Hall
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Candace Sulzbach, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
AC 2007-1440: ENHANCING ENGINEERING EDUCATION ? CONCRETE CANOECOMPETITIONCandace Sulzbach, Colorado School of Mines Candace Sulzbach is a Lecturer in the Division of Engineering where she has taught since August 1983. She is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Colorado. After 24 years of teaching engineering students, Candy has had the opportunity to see how their educations can be enhanced by their involvement in extra-curricular activities; specifically, participation in engineering design competitions like the National Concrete Canoe Competition and the National Student Steel Bridge Competition. Candy earned her B.S. degree in Mineral Engineering (civil specialty) at
Conference Session
Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wenfa Hu, Tongji University
Tagged Divisions
Construction
AC 2007-2152: IMPLEMENTING A SIMULTANEOUS CONSTRUCTION MODELTO EDUCATE UNDERGRADUATES IN COLLABORATIONWenfa Hu, Tongji University Page 12.839.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Implementing a Simultaneous Construction Model to Educate Undergraduates in CollaborationAbstractOne of the goals in Construction Management is to educate students to become successfulconstruction managers who need both technical knowledge and management skills. But most ofConstruction Management programs teach students techniques or management separately, andthen students can not understand abstract construction management skills easily without practices.A
Conference Session
Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Melany Ciampi; Claudio Brito, Council of Researches in Education and Sciences
Tagged Divisions
International
Administrative Committee of Education Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc (IEEE-EdSoc) in USA and Council Member of "International Council for Engineering and Technology Education" (INTERTECH). She was Vice-President of Brazilian Chapter of Education Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc (IEEE-EdSoc), State Councilor of SBPC - Brazilian Association for the Advancement of Science and Manager of International Relations of SENAC School of Engineering and Technology. She is Member of IGIP (International Society for Engineering Education), SEFI (European Society for Engineering Education), ASEE (American Society for Engineering Education
Conference Session
Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Manfred Hampe, Technische Universitaet Darmstadt; Lars Hagman, KTH; Jan Helge Bøhn, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
International
AC 2007-1830: TRANSATLANTIC DUAL BACHELOR'S DEGREE PROGRAMSBETWEEN TWO EUROPEAN AND AN AMERICAN UNIVERSITYManfred Hampe, Technische Universitaet DarmstadtLars Hagman, KTHJan Helge Bøhn, Virginia Tech Page 12.1501.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Transatlantic Dual Bachelor’s Degree Programs in Mechanical Engineering between two European and an American University AbstractThe ATLANTIS project joins the European Union and the United States of America in an unprecededendeavor to foster international education on the undergraduate level.Technische Universität Darmstadt (TUD), Germany, Kungliga Tekniska
Conference Session
Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Bramhall, Sheffield Hallam University; Keith Radley, Sheffield Hallam University
Tagged Divisions
International
years experience in video and media production. His current role is to promote and facilitate innovation in the curriculum, working with teaching staff in the use of digital video and media to enhance the student learning experience. Page 12.1207.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Promoting Learner Autonomy in EngineeringAbstractThis paper will report on a current project that is being conducted within one of the UKCentres for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (CETLs): ‘The Centre for PromotingLearner Autonomy’, at Sheffield Hallam University. The paper will outline the role of
Conference Session
Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Timothy Hinds, Michigan State University; John Lloyd, Michigan State University
Tagged Divisions
International
AC 2007-2183: THE INTEND EDUCATION PROGRAM: A NEW MODEL FORMULTIDISCIPLINARY, DISPERSED EDUCATIONTimothy Hinds, Michigan State UniversityJohn Lloyd, Michigan State University Page 12.1443.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 The INTEnD Education Program A New Model for Multidisciplinary, Dispersed EducationIntroductionSince 1998, engineering, cultural anthropology and telecommunications faculty at MichiganState University and several other universities around the world have collaborated to develop amultidisciplinary engineering design program for the purpose of studying and practicing howinternationally-dispersed engineering product
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Scott Schaffer, Purdue University; Kimfong Lei, Purdue University; Lisette Reyes, Purdue University; William Oakes, Purdue University; Carla Zoltowski, Purdue University
AC 2007-2202: ASSESSING ACTIVITY SYSTEMS OF DESIGN TEAMS IN ACOLLABORATIVE SERVICE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTScott Schaffer, Purdue UniversityKimfong Lei, Purdue UniversityLisette Reyes, Purdue UniversityWilliam Oakes, Purdue UniversityCarla Zoltowski, Purdue University Page 12.262.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Assessing Activity Systems of Design Teams in a Collaborative Service Learning EnvironmentAbstractThis study focused on an assessment process and cross-disciplinary team learning frameworkpotentially useful in the design of collaborative environments for project teams. Thisfollowing research questions addressed were: 1) Did
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeff Ringenberg, University of Michigan; David Chesney, University of Michigan
AC 2007-499: MYSPACE IN THE CLASSROOM: CLASSROOM NOTE TAKINGCOLLABORATION VIA A SOCIAL NETWORKING MODELJeff Ringenberg, University of MichiganDavid Chesney, University of Michigan Page 12.1093.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 mySpace in the Classroom: Classroom Note Taking Collaboration Via a Social Networking ModelAbstractWith the recent surge in next-generation internet technologies becoming available to bothstudents and instructors, it is undeniable that technology will soon become an integral part ofeveryday classroom life. Social networking sites, instant messaging programs, and onlinecollaboration tools may be beneficial
Conference Session
Capstone Design I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katja Holtta-Otto, University Of Massachusetts-Dartmouth; Pia Helminen, Helsinki University of Technology (TKK); Kalevi Ekman, Helsinki University of Technology (TKK); Thomas Roemer, University of California-San Diego
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
AC 2007-2390: A PILOT PROGRAM ON TEACHING DISPERSED PRODUCTDEVELOPMENT IN COLLABORATION WITH AN INTERNATIONALUNIVERSITYKatja Holtta-Otto, University Of Massachusetts-DartmouthPia Helminen, Helsinki University of Technology (TKK)Kalevi Ekman, Helsinki University of Technology (TKK)Thomas Roemer, University of California-San Diego Page 12.88.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 A Pilot Program on Teaching Dispersed Product Development in Collaboration with an International UniversityIntroductionDispersed product development is becoming ever more prevalent across industries. Mostmultinational companies have research and development laboratories
Conference Session
Environmental Engineering Curricula II
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elizabeth Eschenbach, Humboldt State University; Jami Montgomery, WATERS Network - CLEANER Project Office; James Johnson, Howard University; Chris Brus, University of Iowa; Dan Giammar, Washington University; Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Bette Grauer, McPherson High School; Liesl Hotaling, Stevens Institute of Technology; Gbekeloluwa Oguntimein, Morgan State University; Steven Safferman; Tim Wentling, National Center for Supercomputing Applications
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
, nitrate or phosphate. Page 12.1595.5Access to this data, (some of it in real-time) along with the associated analysis andcommunication tools available via the proposed cyberinfrastructure would allow environmentalengineers and hydrologists to address science questions at a scale and depth that has not yet beenpossible.WATERS Network can help attract and train the next generation of environmental scientists andengineers by transforming environmental engineering education in multiple ways. WATERSwill facilitate collaboration and the integration of research and education by providing: 1) Amechanism for communication and collaboration between educators
Conference Session
Retention of STEM Students
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ibibia Dabipi, University of Maryland-Eastern Shore; Joseph Arumala, University of Maryland-Eastern Shore
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
internships.This paper discusses some of the challenges in the program and some projects that arebeing used to enhance engineering education of the students. It discusses the impact theNASA-UMES Summer Internship Program has on the education of the engineeringstudents. It also covers a senior design project arising from this internship program.Furthermore, it discuses First Year Engineering Students collaboration with the AviationSciences Program, and a Doppler Radar Study project involving engineering students.Key Terms – Industry Partnerships, Tri-cycle training device, summer internship, seniordesign project, Doppler radar 1. INTRODUCTIONThe University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES), an Historically Black Land-grantUniversity, is a teaching
Conference Session
Engineering Education in the Arab World / Mid-East Region
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bethany Jones, James Madison University; Russel Jones, World Expertise LLC
Tagged Divisions
International
efforts have an impact on the engineering curriculumand deserve the attention of engineering educators. Even while working for internationalstandards, teaching with English texts and collaborating with western engineeringcolleges, engineering educators in the Arab world should keep in mind that the majorityof their students will practice at home, in the region, in Amman, in Muscat, in Liwa, andnot in Toronto, Los Angeles, or Bonn. The admonition to think globally and act locallyhas never been more appropriate. For an Arab engineering educator acting locally mightinclude the integration of entrepreneurship skills into the engineering curriculum,collaboration with local agencies and private businesses for practical experience,requiring students to
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
April Kedrowicz, University of Utah; Bob Nelson, University of Utah
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
instruction. Finally, faculty members’ reflect on theirexperience working as part of a multidisciplinary team and offer recommendations forimplementation.BackgroundThe field of engineering demands collaboration to solve today’s complex problems. Gone are thedays of working alone in a lab. Today’s engineer needs to be able to function as a productiveteam member, and to accomplish this objective, the engineer needs to be a competentcommunicator. As a result, much of the focus of communication instruction within theengineering disciplines emphasizes effective informal communication within teams. In fact, agreater focus has been placed on “teaming” in the engineering education literature.Engineering teaming research, in general, encompasses the following
Conference Session
Technical Capacity Building for Developing Countries
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Diane Willkens, Development Finance International, Inc.; Emilio Bunge, Development Finance International Inc.
Tagged Divisions
International
AC 2007-3020: ALIGNING INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUNDING FORENGINEERING EDUCATIONDiane Willkens, Development Finance International, Inc.Emilio Bunge, Development Finance International Inc. Page 12.194.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Aligning Available Development Funding for Engineering EducationAbstractIt may be hard to imagine there is much in common between an engineering department in anAmerican college, a cooperative of female basket weavers in Zambia, a local government-ownedutility company, and the World Bank, but there is: the potential to improve directly the lives ofthe poor in the developing world
Conference Session
Industry-Academia Collaborations
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University; Jim Subach, Arizona State University; John Magrane, Microchip Technology Inc.; Carol Popovich, Microchip Technology Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
Finance. She currently works for Microchip Technology Inc., coordinating their University Program, with a focus on encouraging schools and universities to teach course work based on Microchip's architecture, thus preparing students to become the engineers of tomorrow Page 12.889.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Collaboration of Industry and Academia Render Business-Ready Graduates Lakshmi Munukutla and Jim Subach Electronic Systems Department Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus
Collection
2007 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Johannes Strobel
Compound Problem Solving: Workplace Lessons for Engineering Education Johannes Strobel Engineering Education Purdue University, IN AbstractFor practitioners and researchers who incorporate real-world problems into their teaching, it isessential to understand real-world problem solving and the nature of problems for better designof the instruction. Several models exist that address the categorization of problems. DavidJonassen’s design theory of problem solving describes eleven different problem-types mappedon a four-dimensional scale. Real world
Conference Session
Assessment and Evaluation in Engineering Education I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
rebecca devasher, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Patrick Ferro, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sudipa Mitra-Kirtley; David Mutchler, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; shannon sexton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Anneliese Watt, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Julia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
collaboration-facilitating software on student learning. Page 12.514.2© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Development of a Multi-level Assessment for a Cross-Disciplinary Project Evaluating the Symbiosis of Tablet PCs and Collaboration-Facilitating Software in the ClassroomIntroductionPen-based technologies like tablet PCs provide engineering educators the opportunity to increasethe visual dimension of many different types of courses. At our institution we have developedcurricula that deploy tablet PCs in five courses drawn from different disciplines: IntroductoryPhysics; Technical Communication
Conference Session
Foster Excellence
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cathy Qian, Alabama A&M University; Zhengtao Deng, Alabama A&M University; George Seweryniak, DoE
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
continuethis effort [3]. The goal was to encourage faculty and students to become more involved incomputational science activities through establishment of high performance computinglaboratory, computational science research, student scholarship, student internship, student Page 12.671.2research, and collaborative research involving ORNL scientists. In the past six years,significant impacts have been made to AAMU minority engineering education. The DOEproject broadens the research and educational capability at AAMU. It was proved that thisproject not only created huge attraction to top minority science and engineering students butalso enhanced the retention