Conference Session

Outreach Projects: Promoting Energy Efficiency and Education in General

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley Banaszek, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Richard H Hall, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Mehdi Ferdowsi, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

consisting of five components: active learning, visual learning, challenge, applicability, and interest. Further, students rated the project courses significantly more positive on these dimensions. Finally, students were found to be near the mid-point on the ILS active/reflective and sequential/global dimensions; while strongly favoring a visual and sensing style on the visual/verbal and sensing/intuiting dimensions respectively.IntroductionElectric drive vehicles, or EDVs, represent a technology that has gained much attention over thepast decade. With the fluctuations in fuel prices as well as more visible pollution and recentdisasters, many industries and consumers alike are realizing the need for alternative

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 1: Mechanical and CAD Track

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nina T. Jones, University of Florida; Sean R. Niemi, University of Florida; Matthew J. Traum, Engineer Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

) 𝜈The Reynolds number dictates whether flow is laminar or turbulent. In the laminar regime,streamlines are smooth and orderly. In the turbulent regime, flow fluctuates and is disorderly. Thisregime is most reflective of practical flows encountered by mechanical engineers [8, 9]. When theReynold’s number is less than the critical Reynolds number, ReD,crit, flow is laminar, and when itis greater than the critical Reynolds number, the flow is transitional or turbulent [10]. 𝑅𝑒$,1234 = 2300 … (2)For both regimes, there is a length up to which flow is developing, referred to as the entrancelength, Le, and following this point the flow becomes fully developed (Fig. 1). This length is basedupon the merging of

Conference Session

ECCD - Technical Session 6 - Energy & Thermodynamics

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Farshid Zabihian, California State University, Sacramento

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

learning is an experiential learningapproach to foster students’ deeper understanding of academic contents and expected learningoutcomes of courses through activities involving community partners to address social problemsand community needs. An essential part of service learning is “structured opportunities forreflection” [4]. While some aspects of service learning are similar to other community-basedactivities, such as community service, and experiential learning approaches, such as internship,there are some important distinctions. The difference between service learning and communityservice can be described primarily by highlighting two words in the above definition of servicelearning: structured learning and reflection. While community service

Conference Session

Design Experiences in Energy Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Mullin, Virginia Tech; Jinsoo Kim, Korea National University of Education; Vinod Lohani, Virginia Tech; Jenny Lo, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

design to select threefinalists. The three winning designs, “Best in Show” and two “Honorable Mention” werechosen according to the design criteria stated in the design assignment.Given the open-ended nature of the assignment, the student’s final designs reflected adiverse range of potential solutions. These designs ranged from playful to practical to Page 12.1336.5conceptual. A few examples included a solar powered drink mixer, a solar powered cellphone charger, a wind powered light tower, a hydro-powered drawbridge, and asubmerged bottom feeding hydropower plant. The modest expense constraint inspiredfurther resourcefulness for many teams

Conference Session

Investigating Fuel Cells and Alternative Fuels in the Classroom and Lab

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cortney Martin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Brandy Bratton, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; David Dillard, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Michael Ellis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Maggie Bump, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

postdoctoral mentor. The self-contained nature of summer research projects often contribute to the sense of isolation that doesnot accurately reflect contemporary research. We propose changing the program paradigm froma traditional faculty-centered approach to a student-centered learning community approach.Empirical studies tell us that learning communities can increase student engagement overtraditional didactic models. Students are expected to develop a greater sense of ownership andthus enhanced self-efficacy with regard to their personal research and collaborative abilities. In Page 13.726.2addition to enabling students to have a rich research

Conference Session

Automation, Instrumentation, and Computer Simulations

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xavier Shastri Domnique Henry, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Madhumi Mitra Ph.D., University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Lei Zhang, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

algaculture and aquaculture AEStudents will get an opportunity to actively - Students will reflect on their learningexperiment with : experiences in weekly meetings.- Variety of sensors and microcontrollers to Experiential - They will communicate some of their “reflective observations” on the overalldevelop the monitoring system Learning Platform learning experience while giving- Designing and fabrication of the hardwarefor the system

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Cunningham, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

fuel cell course has three 1-hour lecture periods per week and one 3-hour lab period perweek to make a 4 credit-hour course. One lecture period per week is devoted to discussion ofrelevant papers, which serves to reinforce the technical content and facilitate discussion of thebroader social, economic, and technical issues. The lab periods are used alternately for additionalclassroom instruction, experiments, recitation time, and modeling or project work. This adds adegree of flexibility to administering the course and provides the students with extra time toengage and reflect on what they are learning.Student learning assessment is based on homework, experimental lab write-ups, a midterm exam,a nonlinear dynamic fuel cell model, and student

Conference Session

Outreach Projects: Promoting Energy Efficiency and Education in General

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

design of the building.Fig 1a. Natural ventilation: cool and warm air Fig 1b. Day-lighting reflections (OWP/P)The rendering of Figure 1a shows the flow of cool air in through the windows and upthrough the open atrium. The cool air is exchanged for the warm air that leaves throughthe wind tower. Also seen in this figure are the heat sinks made of concrete on theceilings of each level. The concave design allows for a greater surface area to absorb andexpel energy when needed.This building also uses the same system that is used to allow for passive ventilation toallow for natural lighting to enter and reflect in the building and atrium. The dual use ofthe system allows for savings in initial cost and ongoing costs through energyconservation

Conference Session

ECCD International Outreach

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mustafa G. Guvench, University of Southern Maine; Philip W Swanson, University of Southern Maine; Kevin Michael Wacker, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

bent, positioned and held in a frame to reflect the lightat the focal point where the multi-junction cell is fixed. The system follows the celestial path ofthe sun within 1.6 degree.This project was completed as a senior capstone design project utilizing all of the educationgained thus far in the engineering curriculum along with a large amount of self-directed learning.Every stage in the design and development of the project was an educational test that had to beovercome. Discussion on the short comings, challenges, and the use of the education received toresolve these issues are presented.1. IntroductionAccess to power namely, heat, and electricity is ubiquitous in developed nations. Much of thedeveloping world however, still lacks access to

Conference Session

Design Based Energy Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer M Peuker, University of Alaska, Anchorage; Steffen Peuker, University of Alaska Anchorage

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

whichhave a designated laboratory time. Anecdotal evidence of the activities indicates that students wereengaged and enjoyed the active learning activities. Student reflections show that students not onlyachieved individual learning outcomes—such as analyze thermal system components, design andoptimize thermal systems, etc.—but they synthesized them into their project and performed anevaluation, demonstrating they achieved the highest domain in terms of cognitive learning.Background and IntroductionThermal system design courses tend to be senior level mechanical engineering courses—either re-quired or as a technical elective—designed to incorporate several aspects of thermodynamics, heattransfer, and fluid dynamics into a single course having an

Conference Session

ECCD Technical Session 4: Energy and Analysis

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lisa Bosman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jennifer Brinker, Northeast Wisconsin Technical College; Kenneth Walz, Madison Area Technical College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

research questions examined are as follows: ● How is the energy landscape in Germany different from the United States? ● How has the CREATE project influenced educational practices for the participants? ● How can these findings more broadly shape energy education teaching practices for instructors across the United States?2. MethodsThe complete methodology for the international professional development program is describedin detail by Slowinski et al. [5, 6], and is outlined only briefly here. A collaborativeautoethnographic approach was used by participants to explore the guiding research questions.Autoethnography employs self-reflection to explore the contextual and lived experiences ofindividuals, which allows for a greater and deeper

Conference Session

Curriculum and Facility Developments for Innovative Energy Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ilya Y. Grinberg, Buffalo State College; Mohammed Safiuddin, University at Buffalo, SUNY

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

specialized stabilized 3-phase power supply.Future activities planned for summer and fall 2012 will concentrate on integration of SELmicroprocessor-based relays with lab subsystems and deployment of synchrophasor technology. Page 25.956.8Educational importance and student feedbackDuring the course of the work on the senior design projects using joint Smart Grid laboratory,students reflected on their educational experience:  This project offers a deep understanding of how the micro-grid works, by providing educational knowledge through a theoretical approach, as well as hands on approach working with the equipment directly.  This

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 1: Mechanical and CAD Track

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Leah Hope Sirkis, University of Pittsburgh; Tony Lee Kerzmann, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

also gained experience in the full cycle of a research project, from conducting aliterature search to writing a conference submission. By working with her mentor through eachstep in the research process, the student gained confidence in her abilities to be successful inresearch. With minimal previous research experience, the student was initially reluctant tocommit to the rigors of graduate school research for fear of failure, despite having interest inresearch. This project’s success encouraged the student to choose a research-based master’sdegree program and provided the confidence necessary to pursue her interests.The OTEC project provided a unique opportunity for the student to explore and reflect on herinterests. A list of potential

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Shepard, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Camille George, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

analysiswhich included Solid Works drawings, a bill of materials, a user manual for safeoperation of the cooker as well as a discussion on how the team reached its final designdecision and compromises made. A lab analysis section incorporated the processing ofdata collected during the lab as well as theoretical calculations based on material learnedin class. The final section called on students to reflect on the lessons learned throughoutthe process, suggest potential directions for future studies with the solar cookers anddiscuss the practicality of widespread solar cooker use.The project appealed to a variety of learning styles and exposing the potential for globalimpact which can come from applying lessons in new or alternative ways added

Conference Session

Computer Applications in Energy Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Idowu, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

the studentcould make use of the tool readily on any personal computer equipped with MicrosoftOffice. In addition students may further customize the visual feedback to reflect personalpreferences, as well as expand the list of energy measures. The measures currentlyavailable include tons of coal equivalents, fuel oil equivalents, Hartree energy, andhorsepower-hour, among others.III. OFF-LINE ENERGY DATABASEEnergy-related themes have received tremendous exposure in the news media over thelast half of this decade. The sources of energy, the conversion methods, utilization,conservation, environmental impacts, and many more continue to dominate newsheadlines worldwide. The political and economic realities continue to drive thediscussions on

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarma Pisupati, Pennsylvania State University; Yaw Yeboah, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

security, and is a strategicissue of great importance to the nation. With society’s growing need for energy and energy-related workforce, many institutionsare vying to take advantage of these opportunities and challenges. Many academic institutionswith traditional engineering programs (e.g., chemical, civil, mechanical, electrical and nuclearengineering) have also created departments and/or programs in energy engineering to reflect thegrowing need and trend. To move The Pennsylvania State University to the forefront in energy,the Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering proposes a formal undergraduate degreeprogram (Bachelor of Science) in the growing field of energy engineering. The program will bebeneficial to students of several

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gunnar Tamm, United States Military Academy; Ozer Arnas, United States Military Academy; Daisie Boettner, United States Military Academy; Seth Norberg, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

engineering programs, West Point offers a course on Energy Conversion Systems whichcovers conventional topics of fossil fuel utilization, combustion, advanced power andrefrigeration cycles, direct energy conversion, chemical equilibrium, and so on. However, thecourse has evolved to reflect current energy issues, by including lessons on national and globalenergy usage, climate change, nuclear power, hydrogen, and renewable and alternative energy.In addition to this course, there are senior capstone projects and cadet independent studies thatare connected to alternative energy research and development. The goals are to provide a broadoverview to the cadets, such that the cadets are excited to continue the pursuit of energyalternatives as graduates and

Conference Session

ECCD Innovative Teaching Methods & Outreach

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul J. Weber, Lake Superior State University; Joseph P Moening, Lake Superior State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

understanding involved the creation of concept maps(cmaps). A concept map is a technique of graphically organizing information to show howvarious items are related to each other. There has been significant research into the creation ofconcept maps as well as their use in assessing student learning [5], [6], [7]. Concept maps havealso been used to assess student learning in the specific area of sustainability [8], [9], [10].For one of the sustainability problems on the final exam, the students were asked to describe theinteraction between the earth and the sun. Specifically, they were instructed to use only four tofive sentences and to include the following terms: {reflect, absorb, atmosphere, surface,greenhouse gas, radiation, ultraviolet (UV) light

Conference Session

Project-Based Education in Energy Conversion

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Figure 1 for a complete listing). In creating the courseABET syllabus for ME 413, the course learning objectives reflected many of these sameobjectives due to the inclusion of the project. The technical book review project therefore can beshown to assist engineering students attain attributes defined through ABET Criterion 3 ProgramOutcomes and Assessment which are challenging to reinforce in a conventionalThermodynamics course. These ABET criterion include (d) regarding teamwork, (g) regardingcommunication, (h) relating to impact of engineering solutions, (i) discussing life-long learning,and (j) regarding knowledge of contemporary issues [13].Resembling the technical book review, the team-based presentation project assigned in ME 680allows

Conference Session

Sustainable Education and the Environment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger Beardsley, Central Washington University; Stephen Morton, Central Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

that the combustion creates some NO2. According to the IPCCreport, both methane and NO2 have Global Warming Potential (GWP) values that far exceed theeffect of an equivalent mass of CO2. For CH4, the GWP = 23; for NO2, the GWP = 296 (GWPfor CO2 = 1)4. The CA-CP calculator assumes a constant value of 3940 BTU per passenger-milefrom year 2000 on, and does not automatically update the value to reflect decreasing (orincreasing) energy intensity per passenger mile. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS)tracks this data value7, and it should be updated for current years in the CA-CP calculator(EF_Transportation sheet, column BF).Data Point Calculator Assumptions Data value in CA-CP spreadsheet3Fuel Efficiency

Conference Session

Energy Efficiency and Capstone Projects

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Wicks, Union College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

projects that involve design of piping systems, heat exchangers,thermodynamic cycles, and other thermal fluid system."It is a required course, taken mostly by graduating seniors, but sometimes by juniors. Theprerequisites are two courses in Thermodynamics and a course in Heat Transfer Analysis andDesign. Students have also completed a course in Fluid Mechanics.The subject school is on a trimester system with relatively intense 10 weeks per terms, ratherthan the more typical semester system of 15 weeks per term, that is less intense, and canprovide more opportunity for reflection. Whereas semester courses are typically defined interms of credit hours, the courses at this trimester college are defined by three courses pertrimester for a minimum of

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session on Conservation and Optimization

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maher Shehadi, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

seatedperson in an office room, (2) tested and validated the accuracy of the system against a manualregistry record, and (3) conducted a parametric study calculating and comparing the cooling loadfor maximum versus partial occupancy level.Initial consideration of the obtained energy savings due to the usage of chair sensors clearlydemonstrates this system as a viable and low cost tool that can help building operators to lowerthe building energy consumption. A simple and low cost system was able to accurately detect alloccupants present in an office room. Results shown in Table 4 reflects an average of 15%savings in cooling loads. However, these savings were based on a predetermined occupancyschedules for a small office containing four chairs only

Conference Session

Topics in Energy Management

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Lau, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

50-minute periods which is twice that for a lecture-based course, reflecting the studio nature of EDSGN 100.The first project is more structured and provides the students with an opportunity to learn andapply a design process while developing their teamwork, communication, and ethics skills. Thesecond project is industry-sponsored and more open-ended, and typically all teams in all sectionswork on the same project. Students apply stakeholder needs assessment, ideation, research,analysis, testing, concept selection, detailed design, prototyping, and reporting.In the Zero Energy Home (ZEH) project, students work in four person teams to design the homeof their dreams with the main constraint being that it must produce as much energy as it

Conference Session

Project-based Education in Energy Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Keith Coogler, Sam Houston State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

paperwork. A sun path calculator is used to view the solar window for a particular location forassessing shading. Other means can be used to evaluate shading, but sun path calculators areusually the quickest and easiest to use. The Solar Pathfinder™ is a popular type of sun pathcalculator that consists of a latitude-specific sun path diagram covered by a transparent dome.The dome reflects the entire sky and horizon on its surface, indicating the position and extent ofshading obstructions. The sun path diagram can be seen through the dome, illustrating the solarwindow. The solar window is compared to the obstruction reflections to determine the dates and

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Simon, University of Nevada, Reno; Ted Batchman, University of Nevada-Reno; Christine Taylor, Lewis and Clark University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

rising energy prices create a renewed opportunityto move U.S. public policy and engineering education in a mutually beneficial direction. Callsfor change in the way energy education occurs are certainly not new, and earlier expressions ofconcern are a good source for our current reflection. Writing in 1973, the highly respectedRepublican legislator Howard Baker pondered the then-current oil supply shortage.4 Heconcluded that well-developed education programs linking environmental attitudes with energyuse could have a strong and lasting impact on energy consumption behaviors in the country. Inthe 1970‘s, President Jimmy Carter advocated the development of energy education programs tochange students‘ perceptions of energy and alter patterns of

Conference Session

Energy Education Courses, Labs, and Projects

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald L. Skaar, San Diego State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

motors) using 'per unit slip' as the controlling variable. The concept of perunit slip is admittedly brilliant; however, the traditional method of analysis based upon that termis tedious, requires a repetition of the most cumbersome steps for each specific machine speedof interest, and does not provide insight into the inherently circular nature of the current-voltagerelationship of an induction machine. Figure 1. The IEEE Standard 112 Per-Phase Model of an Induction Machine (1996)The elements of Figure 1 are described as follows: r1 – the stator winding resistance; jx1 – the impedance representing the stator leakage flux; jx2 – the impedance, reflected to the stator, representing the rotor leakage flux; rfe – the resistance

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert J. Kerestes, University of Pittsburgh; Paul A. Dolloff PE, University of Kentucky; Renee M. Clark, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

learning.Lastly, discussions between Kerestes and Dolloff have led to the feeling that it is difficult todeliver and assess assignments based on smart grid technology. Many of the technologies arenot yet commercialized nor have even been realized. Therefore, a good component to add tothe course would be in-class discussions based on new and emerging smart grid technologies.Kerestes would assign either readings or videos on new distribution-level smart gridtechnologies and have a discussion on them in class. Based on this discussion, students wouldbe assigned to write reflective papers for assessment. In these reflections, student would haveto consider ethics, sustainability, economics and global impact. This would drive continuousimprovement of the

Conference Session

ECCD Technical Session 3: Energy and Multidisciplinary

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Claudia Torres Garibay, Oregon Institute of Technology; Jessica Kerby, Oregon Institute of Technology; Andrew Powers Minigan, Right Question Institute

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

exactly as it comes to mind. • Change any statements into questions.As they think about these rules, learners should reflect on what might be challenging aboutfollowing them as well as how it may differ from the way they typically formulate questions.Learners will hold themselves and others accountable for following these rules as they respond tothe QFocus for a set amount of time (usually about 4-7 minutes).As a part of the second element, learners begin to work with and improve their questions. Theylearn about two different types of questions—closed-ended questions which can be answeredwith “yes”, “no”, or with one word; and open-ended questions which cannot be answered in suchmanner, as they require more of an explanation. Learners then

Conference Session

Innovative Energy Projects

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Keith L. Coogler, Sam Houston State University; Reg Recayi Pecen, University of Northern Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

,students have talked to local companies to get major discounts on the tools and equipment theyneed. Some students are beginning to take independent studies and bring their own tools andminor equipment to start projects in which they are interested.D. Implementation of a Skylight to a BuildingTubular Skylights are energy efficient high performance lighting systems that are cylindrical inshape and are designed to light rooms with natural sunlight. A small clear collector dome on theroof allows sunlight to enter into a highly reflective "light pipe" that extends from the roof levelto the ceiling level. The light pipe is coated with a silver mirror quality finish that allows the fullspectrum of sunlight to be channeled and dispersed evenly into a room

Conference Session

Solar Power, Wind Power, and Energy System Initiatives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narciso Macia, Arizona State University; John-Paul Ishioye, Arizona State University; Brigid Dotson, University of Washington; Maria Macia, Veritas Preparatory Academy

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

should reflect thecoldness of the night and yield a building that is initially cold on the following day, one that willdemand less cooling. The model schematic for the house used in this analysis is shown in Figure1. It describes a thermal mass at temperature Ti surrounding by an insulating material, the entirehouse is then surrounded by an outside temperature To. Notice that the house would experiencesno solar radiation on its south-facing roof if was covered with PV modules. North To Ti Te R