Conference Session

Capstone Projects and Experiential Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian D Vuksanovich, Youngstown State University; Darrell R Wallace, Youngstown State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2011-1938: EVALUATION OF STEM+ART COLLABORATION FORMULTIDISCIPLINARY ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORYBrian D Vuksanovich, Youngstown State University Assistant Professor Mechanical Engineering Technology Youngstown State UniversityDr. Darrell R Wallace, Youngstown State University Page 22.653.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Evaluation of STEM+Art Collaboration for Multidisciplinary Engineering Technology LaboratoryAbstractThe need to restore manufacturing competitiveness in the United States has become increasinglyevident over the past decade. A common weakness that

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in Engineering Technology

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Falkowski, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2007-723: USE OF AN AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY COURSE INENGINEERING TECHNOLOGYSean Falkowski, University of Dayton SEAN A. FALKOWSKI is an assistant professor at the University of Dayton. He holds a Masters degree in Engineering Management and a Bachelors of Science in Mechanical Engineering. His interests include automotive research, materials engineering, and tooling design. Page 12.1524.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Use of an Automotive Technology Course In Engineering TechnologyAbstractThe automobile has been a source of engineering

Conference Session

Curriculum Development in Mechanical Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ivana Milanovic, University of Hartford; Tom Eppes, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2008-440: MODULAR, ADAPTABLE AND REUSABLE APPROACH TOTHERMAL-FLUIDS: OUTWITTING THE NORMS (MARATHON)Ivana Milanovic, University of Hartford Ivana M. Milanovic is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the College of Engineering, Technology, and Architecture at the University of Hartford. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Polytechnic University, NY and M.S. and B.S. from University of Belgrade in Yugoslavia.Tom Eppes, University of Hartford Tom A. Eppes is an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the College of Engineering, Technology, and Architecture at the University of Hartford. He holds Bachelor and Master of Science degrees in

Conference Session

Robotics and Automation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kavya Mandhadi, University of Houston; Rupa Iyer, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2012-4815: REMOTE CONTROL MONITORING OF BIOREACTORSMs. Kavya Mandhadi, University of Houston Kavya Mandhadi is a graduate student at University of Houston. She is pursuing her degree in engineering technology at the College of Technology. Her objective for graduate thesis has been to make the existing network in bioprocessing lab a more secure one. Rupa Iyer, Ph.D., is an ssociate Professor in the De- partment of Engineering Technology, in the College of Technology at the University of Houston. She is the founding director of Biotechnology programs and also directs the Center for Life Sciences Technol- ogy. In this capacity, she has been responsible for developing the biotechnology degree program and the core

Conference Session

Issues Affecting Engineering Program Development

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian L. Houston, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2011-1524: TENURE AND EDUCATION: FOCUSING ON RESEARCHAT THE EXPENSE OF PRACTICEBrian L Houston, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown BRIAN L. HOUSTON is an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Technology at the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. Prior to academia, he worked as a Senior Design Engineer in the petrochemical industry and is licensed in several states. He received a B.A. from Northwestern University in 1986, and a B.S./M.S. in Civil Engineering from Oklahoma State University in 1997/99. Page 22.1421.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011

Conference Session

Non-Technical Skills in ET

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John M. Robertson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2011-1246: COMMUNICATING WITH HYPER-TWEETSJohn M Robertson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus John Robertson, PhD, is a Professor in the Engineering Technology Department at Arizona State Univer- sity Polytechnic where he specializes in semiconductor technology. His research interests include process control and its application to educational development. He was formerly an executive with Motorola and now participates in many senior technical training programs with the JACMET consortium. Page 22.342.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011

Conference Session

Industry based new Innovative and Nontraditional Curriculum in Industrial Technology and Industrial Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Reifschneider, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

manufacturing technology, product design, and engineering economics. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in Illinois and holds memberships in SPE and ASEE. Page 15.134.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Alumni Perceptions of Project Management InstructionAbstractAfter teaching a project-oriented capstone course several semesters, the author observed someteams failed to provide quality solutions for their semester-long, team-based project. The rootcause appeared to be poor project management skills. This prompted the author to considerasking alumni, who have demonstrated success leading teams in their

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum & non-Technical Skills

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

JoDell Steuver, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

2006-1005: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTERNSHIPS IN NON-PROFITSJoDell Steuver, Purdue University JoDell K. Steuver is an Associate Professor in the Department of Organizational Leadership at Columbus, Indiana. She was a member of the Association for Quality and Participation for many years and has taught in automotive-related industries for six years. She is currently teaching team development, leadership and safety courses. Page 11.759.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Information Technology Internships in Non-ProfitsAbstractNon-profits are faced with acute needs

Conference Session

Graduate Education in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jess Godbey, Jacksonville State University; Dana Ingalsbe, Jacksonville State University; Terry Marbut, Jacksonville State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

searchingfor qualified employees. The skills needed by workers in manufacturing have changed as havethe skills needed by its leadership. Indeed, graduate-level education must provide a pool oftechnical professionals with effective management skills and leadership abilities. Recognizingthis, one university NAIT-accredited technology department developed an innovative graduateprogram designed to provide students with a broad base of knowledge and skills needed toeffectively manage and control production in manufacturing environments. The resulting degreeis a Master of Science program with a major in Manufacturing Systems Technology. Thisprogram’s purpose is to produce industrial leaders who 1) make decisions to integrate appropriatetechnologies, 2

Conference Session

Electromechanical and Manufacturing Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Rudisill, Northern Michigan University; Jesse Racine, Northern Michigan University; Tim Nelson, Northern Michigan University; Michael Truscott, Northern Michigan University; Jesse Roberts, Northern Michigan University; David Hedberg, Northern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

competition (A SAEevent in which the students compete with “miniature” off-road vehicles they have built.) Thevehicle was entirely designed and fabricated by the club according to SAE guidelines. It wasinnovative in that it was designed with hydraulic drive instead of a mechanical transmission.Unfortunately this design along with a very conservative frame (very strong – very heavy)caused the vehicle to be extremely heavy. The club did successfully compete in the SAEcompetition and drew many positive comments about the design; however the weight of thevehicle caused the performance of the vehicle to bepoor. (Competition vehicles use a standard 10hpgasoline engine and the vehicle weighed in at 750pounds. The next vehicle they built weighed in at

Conference Session

Laboratories in Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Edwards, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Gerald Recktenwald, Portland State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2009-712: SIMPLE EXPERIMENTS FOR THE THERMAL AND FLUIDSCIENCESRobert Edwards, Pennsylvania State University, Erie Robert Edwards is currently a Lecturer in Engineering at The Penn State Erie, The Behrend College where he teaches Statics, Dynamics, and Fluid and Thermal Science courses. He earned a BS degree in Mechanical Engineering from Rochester Institute of Technology and an MS degree in Mechanical Engineering from Gannon University.Gerald Recktenwald, Portland State University Gerald Recktenwald is an Associate Professor in the Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department at Portland State University. He is a member of ASEE, ASME, IEEE and SIAM. His research interests are in fluid

Conference Session

ETD Design II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John L. Irwin, Michigan Technological University; David Wanless, Michigan Technological University; Paul Sanders, Michigan Technological University; Scott W. Wagner, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2012-5035: ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY INTERDISCIPLINARYPROJECTSDr. John L. Irwin, Michigan Technological University John Irwin has presented published papers at the ASEE conferences in 2002 & 2006-09 in the Engineer- ing Technology and Engineering Graphics Divisions. Irwin in 2006 joined the School of Technology at Michigan Technological University and presently is a tenured Associate Professor, MET and is also Coordinator of the MET program. He has a master’s degree in occupational education from Ferris State University, Big Rapids, Mich. and a doctorate in curriculum and instruction from Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich. Irwin has also been a Program Manager for a NSF grant awarded in the ATE program area

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Futuristic Planning

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mert Bal, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2012-5038: VIRTUAL MANUFACTURING LABORATORY EXPERI-ENCES FOR DISTANCE LEARNING COURSES IN ENGINEERING TECH-NOLOGYDr. Mert Bal, Miami University Mert Bal received his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Eastern Mediterranean University in Cyprus in 2008. He was a postdoctoral Fellow in the University of Western Ontario and a Visiting Researcher at the National Research Council Canada, London, Ontario, Canada in 2008-2010. He has worked on several research projects in the areas of virtual reality, intelligent integrated manufacturing, and wireless sensor networks. He has authored or co-authored various journal and conference publications related to the applications of virtual reality in manufacturing

Conference Session

Electromechanical Curricula

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Fuehne, Purdue University-Columbus; Kathy Bradley, MotoTron, Inc; Eric Bradley, MotoTron, Inc

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

a mathematics review class combined with an introduction to spreadsheet analysis.There is nothing much in the first two semesters of the MET program to create excitement infirst-year students, and this presents something of a retention challenge for the program.In order to provide a real-world experience and an enjoyable competition to motivate students,the MET department at Purdue University in Columbus, Indiana partnered with a local company,MotoTron (www.mototron.com), to present the Mechatronics Career Discovery Challenge.Mechatronics combines mechanical, electrical, and software design to produce complexmachines. This particular challenge involves writing the software to program a vehicle tonavigate a course using a global positioning

Conference Session

Issues Affecting Engineering Program Development

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Miguel Angel Ramos, University of Houston; Lauren Chapman, Boston College; Mac Cannady, Boston College; Enrique Barbieri, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2011-1649: EVALUATION RESULTS OF AN E AND ET EDUCATIONFORUMMiguel Angel Ramos, University of Houston MIGUEL ANGEL RAMOS is the Assistant Dean for Assessment and Accreditation for the College of Technology at the University of Houston. His primary focus has been the practical application of assess- ment and evaluation strategies to enhance educational quality in the college and university. Prior to joining the University of Houston, Dr. Ramos worked as a researcher for the Southwest Educational Develop- ment Laboratory, and as an Evaluator for Boston Connects. He earned a Ph.D. in Educational Research, Measurement and Evaluation from Boston College in 2004.Lauren Chapman, Boston College Lauren Chapman is a

Conference Session

ETD Design II: Mechanical Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akbar M. Eslami, Elizabeth City State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2011-559: COMPUTER DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING IN QUAL-ITY INSPECTION- REVERSE ENGINEERING APPROACHAkbar M. Eslami, Elizabeth City State University Dr. Akbar Eslami is a professor and Engineering Technology coordinator in the Department of Tech- nology at Elizabeth City State University. He received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Old Dominion University. His research interests are in computer aided manufacturing and design, Finite Ele- ment Analysis, and automation. Page 22.362.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Computer Digital Image Processing in

Conference Session

Computer ET Projects and Applications

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yu Cai, Michigan Technological University; Guy Hembroff, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

2006-1640: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY COURSE DEVELOPMENT: SCRIPTPROGRAMMINGYu Cai, Michigan Technological University Dr. Yu Cai is an assistant professor at School of Technology in Michigan Technological University. His research interests include network protocols, distributed systems and cyber security. He received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from University of Colorado in 2005. He is a memeber of IEEE and ACM.Guy Hembroff, Michigan Technological University Mr. Guy Hembroff is an Assistant Professor within Michigan Tech University's School of Technology Department. His research interests are within the areas of cyber security, network protocols, encryption methods, health-care security, and

Conference Session

New Course Development Concepts in ET I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Dunning, University of Maine

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #8592Evaluation of an Interactive Classroom Tool Applied in an Introductory Elec-tric Circuits CourseDr. Scott Dunning, University of Maine Dr. Scott Dunning is the Director of the School of Engineering Technology at the University of Maine. He serves as the academic dean for approximately five hundred students and directs four engineering technol- ogy programs. He is a member of the Executive Committee of the Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission of ABET. He is a Director on the Engineering Technology Council of ASEE. He is also the President-Elect of the Association of Energy Engineers

Conference Session

Capstone and Senior Design Projects Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin William Weiser, Eastern Washington University; Hani Serhal Saad, Eastern Washington University; N.M. Awlad HOSSAIN, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Communication. Mar- tin then joined Johnson Matthey Electronics/Honeywell Electronic Materials where he held positions in Technical Service, Product Management, Six Sigma, and Research & Development. He is an inventor on a dozen patents and patent applications and has published over 30 papers and book chapters on topics including ceramic processing, Pb-free solder development, experimental design, and biomechanics. His current research focuses on rocket propellant characterization, fin flutter, and heat transfer.Dr. Hani Serhal Saad, Eastern Washington UniversityDr. N.M. Awlad HOSSAIN, Eastern Washington University

Conference Session

Issues in Mechanical Engineering Technology II

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theodore Sean Tavares Ph.D., University of New Hampshire

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

machinery, piping, and structures; Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD); fluid dynamic design and analysis of turbomachinery (compressors, turbines, fans and pumps); root cause failure analysis; de- velopment of engineering software; and engineering design audits. While in industry he taught a number of professional short courses and seminars to both specialist and non-specialist audiences, and provided personalized technical and software training to industrial clients. He holds Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctoral Degrees from the M.I.T. Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Study of Hydraulic Losses in Gravity-Driven Pipe Flow: An Exercise

Conference Session

Issues in Engineering Technolgy Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Otilia Popescu, Old Dominion University; Laura C Chezan, Old Dominion University; Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; Orlando M Ayala, Old Dominion University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

the past she has worked for the University of Texas at Dallas, University of Texas at San Antonio, Rutgers University, and Politehnica University of Bucharest. She is a senior member of the IEEE, is a frequent reviewer for IEEE journals, and has served in the technical program committee for the IEEE ICC, VTC, GLOBECOM, and CAMAD conferences.Dr. Laura C Chezan, Old Dominion University Dr. Laura C. Chezan is an assistant professor in the Department of Communication Disorders and Special Education at Old Dominion University. She has over 12 years of experience working with children, young adults, and adults with intellectual disabilities, autism, and dual diagnosis in classroom, postsecondary, and vocational settings

Conference Session

ETAC/ABET-Related Issues

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byron G. Garry, South Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #14394Applied ABET Student Outcome Continuous Improvement ProcessProf. Byron G. Garry, South Dakota State University BYRON GARRY is an Associate Professor and Undergraduate Program Coordinator in the Department of Construction & Operations Management in the College of Engineering at South Dakota State University. He has been a member of ASEE since 1998. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Applied ABET Student Outcome Continuous Improvement ProcessAbstractA sustainable continuous improvement process was desired for use in the ABET

Conference Session

Software Applications in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maher M Murad, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown; Brian L Houston P.E., University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #12669Influence of Integrating GPS and Civil 3D in Engineering Technology CoursesDr. Maher M Murad, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown Dr. Maher Murad is a faculty member in the Civil Engineering Technology department at the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. Dr. Murad served as a visiting professor at Bucknell University. He also has overseas teaching and professional experience. He worked as a technical manager at Modern Contracting and as a highway project manager at Acer Freeman Fox International. He is a licensed professional engineer (P.E.) in the state of Ohio. Dr. Murad received a Masters degree in

Conference Session

Diversity and K-12 Issues

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Fuehne, Purdue University-Columbus

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2008-488: EVOLUTION OF AN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY OUTREACHPROGRAMJoseph Fuehne, Purdue University-Columbus Joe Fuehne received a BS degree in Aeronautical/Astronautical Engineering from the University of Illinois, and MS and PhD degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Texas A&M University. Dr. Fuehne is also a licensed professional engineer in the states of Texas and Indiana. Prior to his position with the Purdue University College of Technology in Columbus, Indiana, Dr. Fuehne spent 14 years working in the aerospace, oil and automotive industries. Page 13.584.1© American Society for

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Evans, Purdue University; Matthew Kirleis, Purdue University; Casey Smith, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

2006-1396: TEAM WORK EXPERIENCES IN PROCESS AUTOMATION FORPRECISION CHEMICAL DEPOSITIONJeffrey Evans, Purdue University Jeffrey J. Evans is an Assistant Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. He has a B.S. in Electrical Engineering Technology from Purdue University, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois. Prior to joining Purdue he held engineering positions over a 20-year career developing hardware, software, and systems in several industries including automotive control systems, consumer and industrial warning and safety, medical, and

Conference Session

Manufacturing Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akbar Eslami, Elizabeth City State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2008-705: ROBOT PALLETIZING WORK CELL SIMULATIONAkbar Eslami, Elizabeth City State University Dr. Akbar Eslami is a professor and Engineering Technology coordinator in the Department of Technology at Elizabeth City State University. He received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Old Dominion University. His research interests are in computer aided manufacturing, design,and automation. Page 13.1057.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Robot Palletizing Work Cell SimulationAbstractThe purpose of this project is to design a fully functional automated palletizing work

Conference Session

Issues and Directions in Engineering Technology Education & Administration: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Mullett, Springfield Technical Community College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2010-237: ITS 2010 AND THE NEW ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGYPARADIGM IS EMERGINGGary Mullett, Springfield Technical Community College Mr. Gary J. Mullett, a Professor of Electronics Technology and Co-Department Chair, presently teaches in the Electronics Group at Springfield Technical Community College in Springfield, MA. A long time faculty member and consultant to local business and industry, Mr. Mullett has provided leadership and initiated numerous curriculum reforms as either the Chair or Co-Department Chair of the four technology degree programs that constitute the Electronics Group. Since the mid-1990s, he has been active in the NSF’s ATE and CCLI programs as a knowledge leader in the

Conference Session

Software Applications in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Isaiah I. Ryan, Western Washington University; Aaron Cramer, Western Washington University; Ying Lin, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Paper ID #13259Real-time Real-life Oriented DSP Lab ModulesMr. Isaiah I. Ryan, Western Washington University Isaiah I. Ryan is currently a senior student in the Electronics Engineering Technology program at Western Washington University. His work focuses mainly on embedded system design, but he studies other topics as well such as digital signal processing. Isaiah enjoys applying theory from class and working together with his classmates to develop understanding of new material. Ultimately, he hopes to use his knowledge for the benefit of others.Aaron Cramer, Western Washington University Aaron Cramer holds the position

Conference Session

Electromechanical Capstone and Design Projects in ET

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Everly, University of Cincinnati; Laura Wilson, University Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2007-1417: WEAVING THE CAPSTONE TAPESTRYJames Everly, University of Cincinnati James O. Everly is an Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology at the University of Cincinnati. He received a BSEE and MSEE from The Ohio State University in 1969 and 1970, respectively. He is a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and a registered professional engineer in the state of Ohio. He is currently Chair of the IEEE Cincinnati Section, and in 1997 he received the IEEE Professional Achievement Award. He has held several research and management positions in industry working for such companies as Battelle's Columbus Laboratories

Conference Session

Reaching Students: Innovations to Curriculum in ET

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sofia Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg; Joseph Cecere, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

,integrating a multifunction lecture/laboratory/wireless computer room at Penn State has allowedthis combination of learning into one environment.This multifunctional room comprises of wireless tablet portable computers which are hidden andsecured in mobile work stations. Each wireless tablet portable computer houses variousprograms, instructional aids, document resources, and has access to the university network forlab and lecture use. The mobile tables, which tablet portable computers are housed in, areflexible and can be reconfigured to meet students’ need for working in groups. This facilityprovides faculty and students the flexibility through lab and/or lecture use and interactionthrough multi-platform user interfaces.This paper will discuss the