results (right)4.0 Assessment and Learning OutcomesLearning can be categorized into developing skills in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotordomains. Higher education focuses largely on the cognitive domain following Bloom’s taxonomy– knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation [11]. ABEToutcomes for engineering education integrate developing student abilities in both the affectivedomain by emphasizing soft skills and the cognitive domain by promoting critical thinking andcreativity [12]. While lecture-based instruction is essential from the point of view of deliveringcontent knowledge appropriate for an engineering curriculum, blending active, cooperative, andproblem-based learning with course lectures
significant self-directed learning, including masteringnew programming environments (e.g., PySide6), understanding hardware communicationprotocols (e.g., I2C, SPI), and learning practical engineering skills such as PCB design andsoldering without formal coursework in these areas. This learning model emphasized situationalproblem-solving and adaptability—characteristics highly valued in engineering education.In addition to technical skill development (e.g., coding, GUI creation, system integration),students cited growth in soft skills such as technical documentation, team communication,meeting management, delegation of tasks, and professional accountability. The emphasis on self-reliance and perseverance, particularly in overcoming hardware-software