Conference Session

Historical Perspectives for Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

AC 2010-724: ENGINEERING 'MANPOWER' SHORTAGES, REGIONALECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, AND THE 1960 CALIFORNIA MASTER PLANFOR HIGHER EDUCATION: HISTORICAL LESSONS ON ENGINEERINGWORKFORCE DEVELOPMENTAtsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Director, First Year Studies & Associate Professor, Department of Science and Technology Studies. Page 15.474.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Engineering ‘Manpower’ Shortages, Regional Economic Development, and the 1960 California Master Plan for Higher Education: Historical Lessons on Engineering Workforce

Conference Session

Questions of Identity

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Graham, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Amy Wendt, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Paul Peercy, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Patrick Farrell, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Jay Martin, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Sarah Pfatteicher, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Jeffrey Russell, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

collegemay not be convinced or aware of the urgency or need for response. Second, without everyone’sparticipation and contribution, no change to the institution, particularly of the magnituderequired, will be successful.The purpose of this paper is to share what we have learned to date and our plan to move forwardfrom here. For example, the initial college-wide forum illustrated that the faculty and staff werevery concerned about the future of the college and the possible changes that would occur. At thesame time, however, they did not articulate how they perceived that the college would actuallychange. In response, we are providing opportunities for study and discussion of the forcesdriving change, assuming that this will move the conversation to

Conference Session

Liberal Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Tonkay, Lehigh University; E. Zimmers, Lehigh University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

. Page 12.1068.2 • Use of leadership assessment tools. ISELP students learn to assess leadership styles using various assessment tools. They first assess their own leadership practices as well as their skill strengths and weaknesses. Later, as they gain experience, they assess the leadership practices of their peers and provide feedback for improvement. They formulate a plan to improve their own leadership skills and meet individually with their industry and faculty mentors to critique and improve according to their plan. Later in the program, they assess the success and/or progress of their plan. • Individual interaction with industrial and faculty mentors. Throughout the four years, ISELP

Conference Session

Integrating H&SS in Engineering I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University; Andrew Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

andinnovative learning experience in a joint venture between the College of Engineering and theCollege of Arts and Sciences. From the autumn of 2003 through the summer of 2005, thestudents planned, organized, and completed an historic 500-mile canoe trip from Detroit toPittsburgh via Lake Erie to mark the 250th anniversary of the beginning of the French and IndianWar (specifically the Battle of the Monongahela outside present-day Pittsburgh in 1755). Thecanoe expedition followed a route that was a standard trade and shipping route for the Frenchand Native Americans up to the 1750s. Starting near the Lawrence Tech campus on the RougeRiver in metropolitan Detroit, the students canoed into the Detroit River and along the length ofLake Erie. After several

Conference Session

Liberal Education and Leadership

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Hanson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Julia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

of Technology Julia M. Williams is Executive Director of the Office of Institutional Research, Planning and Assessment & Professor of English at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, Indiana. Her articles on writing assessment, electronic portfolios, ABET, and tablet PCs have appeared in the Technical Communication Quarterly, Technical Communication: Journal of the Society for Technical Communication, The International Journal of Engineering Education, Journal of Engineering Education, and The Impact of Tablet PCs and Pen-based Technology on Education. She is the recipient of the 2007 HP Technology for Teaching Award and the 2008 Rose-Hulman Board of

Conference Session

Communication - Needs and Methods

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Lockwood, University of Calgary; Daryl Caswell, University of Calgary; Marjan Eggermont, University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

material.As a team instructor, the communications instructor works to design, plan and implementat least one major project per academic year, and serves as a resource for otherinstructors. As well, the communications instructor is responsible for the creation of allassignment and project documents, as well as all grading/evaluation guides for the T.A.sFinally, the communications instructor acts as supervisor for the 4-6 communicationsT.A.s assigned to the course.As the course technical writer, the communications instructor produces all reports,manuals and documentation for the course. In addition, the communications instructorserves as co-marker on all assignment exemplars, to ensure that all T.A.s are marking tothe same standard.This paper redefines

Conference Session

Writing Is Fundamental

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Murali Krishnamurthi, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

choose to use in their tasks.6. Reduces uncertainty, surprise, and frustration so that students maximize their learning.7. Delivers efficiency in the learning process by helping students to focus on their work.8. Creates momentum in the learning process by allowing new ideas and experiences to flow.From the mentioned characteristics of scaffolding, it is easy to infer that instructional scaffoldinginvolves developing instructional plans that build on students’ existing knowledge to result in adeeper understanding of new information. The instructional plans must be implemented and theparticipating students must be supported during the learning process for the scaffolding to benefitstudents10. The types of instructional and support plans that have

Conference Session

Learning to Communicate with Engineers and Non-Engineers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Ross, University of Wisconsin - Madison

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

under thegeneral heading of liberal education, humanities, or (generally) optional courses outsideengineering – has contributed to the improved quality of portfolios and to their perceived valueas documentation of past accomplishments, benchmarks of current expertise, and planning forfuture professional development in a changing world. 3, 6, 7, 9Table 1 summarizes the “evolution” of portfolio thinking in the program for which the author isthe internship coordinator. This is not a unique paradigm, but it may serve as a useful overviewfor future “portfolio thinking.”Table 1. “Portfolio” ThinkingStage of Primary Perceived Purpose Base of Knowledge orPortfolio Emphasis For Portfolio

Conference Session

Liberal Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Meyer, Clarkson University; Dick Pratt, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

education. The implementation of this curriculum, including themeasures we have taken to ensure that the curriculum is sustainable and kept current, isdescribed. Assessment of outcomes-based learning is vital to determining the overall success ofthis curricular change. We have just begun implementation during the 2006-07 academic year,and our plan will be phased over four years. We discuss our initial efforts and results ofassessment.IntroductionFor many years Clarkson required all students to complete The Foundation Curriculum inaddition to their departmental major requirements. It was a traditional distribution-based set ofrequirements intended to provide students with a broad background covering the sciences,mathematics, liberal arts, business

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hilkat Soysal, Frostburg State University; Oguz Soysal, Frostburg State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

specifically focuses on the development ofstudents’ core skills in scientific reasoning to “demonstrate foundational abilities to applydifferent methods of inquiry from various perspectives and disciplines to gatherinformation.” Page 11.651.2A planning group 1 consisting of five faculty members representing the biology,geography, chemistry, physics, and engineering programs and the Assistant Provostdeveloped a generic course description and identified the course objective and outcomes.The course was offered for the first time in fall 2005 in four separate sections, eachfocused on a special theme related to the discipline of the faculty teaching the

Conference Session

Writing and Communication II: Practical Perspectives on Teaching and Assessment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Jernquist, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; David Godfrey, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Todd Taylor, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

various stages of writing.More importantly, the chart helps writers to grasp more fully the complexity of college-levelthinking and writing. It also suggests that writers (with guidance by their instructors and studentsupport services) need to plan time in order for an audience to emerge to the writer as a genuinepresence that can guide and shape their ideas. Because the chart helps writers locate themselvesin their own composing process, in the world of ideas and among a community of readers,writers are less likely to just “fix grammar” on a draft or decide that they “just can’t write.” Witha basic language and a growing sense of the time required to produce a college-level engineeringproject, writers gain a growing sense of “authority” over

Conference Session

Liberal Education and Leadership

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Val Hawks, Brigham Young University; John Harb, Brigham Young University; Alan Parkinson, Brigham Young University; Spencer Magleby, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

achieve the desired outcomes. Examples of the types of activities andinterventions used to teach leadership are given. Organizational and tactical plans to move theleadership initiative forward in a sustainable way are also discussed.The Call for LeadershipTo be successful and effective in the current technologically dependent, multi-disciplinary,global environment requires engineers and technologists to be more than just technicallycompetent. In fact, calls for the engineer to possess more than just technical expertise arecoming from all sides - especially from industry. Today the engineer must understand businessprocesses, thrive in cross-functional teams, and communicate effectively with and lead othersboth locally and globally. Duderstadt

Conference Session

Liberal Education and Leadership

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Richard House, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Anneliese Watt, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

AC 2009-1610: COMMUNICATION PEDAGOGY IN THE ENGINEERINGCLASSROOM: A REPORT ON FACULTY PRACTICES AND PERCEPTIONSJulia Williams, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Julia M. Williams is Executive Director of the Office of Institutional Research, Planning and Assessment & Professor of English at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, Indiana. Her articles on writing assessment, electronic portfolios, ABET, and tablet PCs have appeared in the Technical Communication Quarterly, Technical Communication: Journal of the Society for Technical Communication, The International Journal of Engineering Education, Journal of Engineering Education, and The Impact of Tablet PCs and Pen

Conference Session

Writing and Communication I: Innovative Models for Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

April Kedrowicz, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

, and the owners have received asource of funding (approx. $ 0.7 million) and they would like to investigate a businessinvestment that will bring in new profits to the company. The firm is trying to evaluate designand manufacturing of new, exciting products. Students are required to complete an oral andwritten proposal. The oral proposal includes justification of proposed process or product,manufacturing process plan, design changes, economic analysis, equipment, etc. The writtenproposal clearly and comprehensively presents the proposed solution/initiative. This proposaloutlines all necessary technical information on the proposed changes.To prepare students for this task, four lecture sessions are devoted to instruction in oral andwritten

Conference Session

Liberal Education for 21st Century Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cherrice Traver, Union College; J. Douglas Klein, Union College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

liberal education was the purpose of Union College’s 2007 proposal to theAndrew W. Mellon Foundation.The Mellon GrantPresident Stephen C. Ainlay approached the Mellon Foundation with a request to increase theopportunities for engineering and liberal arts students to interact. The key part of the proposalreads as follows: A significant part of our current strategic planning effort has been devoted to exploring ways of promoting curricular interactions between engineering and the liberal arts. We have developed courses and programs in intersectional areas such as nanotechnology (supported by the NSF), bioengineering (supported by HHMI) and digital arts (supported by an alumnus). We want to go farther and create many

Conference Session

Normative Commitments and Public Engagement in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Lucena, Colorado School of Mines; Jen Schneider, Colorado School of Mines; Jon Leydens, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

senior engineering design with the following goal: To helpstudents identify and question the underlying assumptions, concepts, methods and practices intheir engineering design courses and projects so they can assess the appropriateness of these fordesign for community.After a detailed dissection of the design project that won an award one of the main engineeringsocieties in the US for “Exceptional Student Humanitarian Prize,” we analyze a design course,the site where projects like these are conceptualized, planned, developed, tested and written up,all activities for which students receive a grade. By dissecting a design project and theconstitutive elements of a design course, we provide engineering students and faculty withcritical reflection

Conference Session

Learning to Communicate with Engineers and Non-Engineers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Wilson, University of CIncinnati; Teresa Cook, University of Cincinnati; Jo Ann Thompson, University of Cincinnati; James Everly, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

investigated the needs of a community, assembledinformation, developed and implemented technological projects, prepared business plans,presented their products to a professional audience, and wrote a final report. Sixty-percent ofthe grading rubric, depicted later in this paper, depended on interdisciplinary communication,oral presentations and report development, emphasizing the importance of writing and oral andvisual communication as a vital study and tool for effective application of technology. Each ofthese findings, presented as sections throughout the paper, had a part in creating a mid-level,writing-in-the-disciplines program at the University of Cincinnati’s College of AppliedScience.The sections include: • Building Relationships: Making

Conference Session

Innovative Courses/Pedagogies in Liberal Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Ross, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

library system. Referencelibrarians work with students individually and in at least one hands-on workshop on researchtools. Other competencies have to do with elementary project management for a researchproject: project planning, formal proposal, literature review, draft, and final project document.In addition, the course requires at least two technical oral presentations, one using PowerPoint.Table 2 summarizes the general syllabus for the TC freshman comp courses – but with theadditions to the FIGs course with a focus on space exploration.Table 2: The General Syllabus with Educational and Professional ImplicationsGeneral Course Syllabus: 2-credit Technical Communication course in the COE UW – MadisonBased on the general syllabus, focus is on

Conference Session

Historical Perspectives for Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Slaton, Drexel University; Mary Ebeling, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

optimistic projections about nanotechnological growththat fuel this initiative. In the face of unclear promise about that sector's future, we consider theconsequences of such plans for the most marginalized groups of workers; a sectordisproportionately minority in make-up.To indicate the origins, consequences, and robust nature of such optimism about newtechnologies in American culture, we compare discourse surrounding the PaNMT Partnership toearlier positive invocations of technology as a means of economic uplift. We consider howplanners in Chicago, facing decaying heavy industry and shrinking employment in the 1960s,turned to similarly upbeat depictions of emerging technologies and the post-secondary training ofworkers for that sector. We identify

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Martello, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Jonathan Stolk, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

Paul Revere in the Science Lab: Integrating Humanities and Engineering Pedagogies to Develop Skills in Contextual Understanding and Self-Directed LearningAbstractABET, ASEE, and the wider engineering community have long acknowledged the potentialbenefits of interdisciplinary education, including the opportunity to develop non-technical skillssuch as communication and teamwork while cultivating a broader awareness of the ethical,societal, historical, and environmental impacts of engineering work. Instructors haveencountered many challenges in planning and implementing integrated courses, such as thedifficulty of coordinating the teaching methods, content, and learning objectives of differentacademic disciplines in a finite and

Conference Session

Venturing Out: Service Learning, Study Abroad, and Criterion H

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Duffy, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Carol Barry, University Massachusetts Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; David Kazmer, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; William Moeller, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Cheryl West, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

participation had significant positiveeffects on 11 outcome measures: academic performance (GPA, writing skills, critical thinkingskills), values (commitment to activism and to promoting racial understanding), self-efficacy,leadership (leadership activities, self-rated leadership ability, interpersonal skills), choice of aservice career, and plans to participate in service after college. “These findings directly replicatea number of recent studies using different samples and methodologies.”(p.ii) 5 They found thatS-L to be significantly better in 8 out of 11 measures than just service without the courseintegration and discovered “strong support for the notion that service learning should be includedin the student’s major field.”(p.iii)6.Eyler and

Conference Session

Writing and Communication II: Practical Perspectives on Teaching and Assessment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luke Niiler; David Beams

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

‘highfunctional contexts.’”2 This paper is the third in a series of four planned EWI reports, and willdescribe these students’ further development and maturation as writers, with a particularemphasis on how findings may affect instructional practice with regard to writing. Page 12.810.2MethodologyWe continue to gather data, and results shown below should therefore be considered tentative.Student access continues to be an issue, now as in last year’s report. The work of fifteenfreshmen was studied during the 2004-2005 academic year; nine sophomores participated duringthe 2005-2006 academic year. To date, the work of seven students has been reviewed during

Conference Session

Writing Is Fundamental

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beth Richards, University of Hartford; Mohammad Saleh Keshawarz; Hisham Alnajjar, Computer and Electrical

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

relevant subjects for civilengineering students. Using BSE as a base, development of a class reader began.Given the wide range of English language background found in the first-semester English course,the workbook attempted to meet the needs of as many levels of readers as possible. Each chapterbegan with the original text from BSE, appropriate for the 20% of students with the highestEnglish language skills (equivalent to above grade 8). The second passage adapted the originaltext for the lowest level readers (equivalent to primary grades 2-4). A third passage (if needed)adapted the original text for intermediate-level readers (equivalent to grades 5-8).Keying readings to grammar textsAs of summer 2008, there was no common syllabus or course plan

Conference Session

Integrating H&SS in Engineering II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; James Heisler, Hope College; Thomas Ludwig, Hope College; Roger Nemeth, Hope College; James Piers, Hope College; Neal Sobania, Pacific Lutheran University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Some Recommendations for U.S.A. Faculty on Teaching Liberal Education Courses in JapanAbstractThis work presents a summary of practical information for faculty from United Statesinstitutions of higher education planning on teaching liberal education courses in Japan.These recommendations are based on the experience of the authors in teaching sociology,history, economics, psychology, and general education classes, at both a US liberal artscollege and at a medium sized comprehensive university in Tokyo, Japan. For facultyparticipating in an exchange program, a key element is successful adaptation of existingfamiliar course materials for use in a different institution and

Conference Session

Communication and Collaboration

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Sharp, Vanderbilt University; Marilyn Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

of a paper and use the checklist to rate it. Another method is to have studentsrate the same example and then discuss it. In this way, the professor is training or “calibrating”the reviewers. For those interested in more intensive calibration of student peer reviewers,Carlson and Berry discuss the Calibrated Peer Review√ online system.11Student FeedbackAs part of the course requirements, at the end of the semester ES 210w students rate theirknowledge gained in meeting course instructional objectives. The instructor uses thisinformation to plan for the next semester. Students respond to an anonymous self-assessmentinstrument, rating how much they knew about the objectives when they entered the course andhow much they now know after taking the

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics: An Interdisciplinary Endeavor

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Herkert, Arizona State University Polytechnic; Jameson Wetmore, Arizona State University; Heather Canary, Arizona State University Polytechnic; Karin Ellison, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

web-based microethics material andnew macroethics material developed under this project. Modules are planned in the followingareas: ≠ Nanotechnology: development of nanomaterials and their use in particular applications ≠ Real Time Macroethical Assessment: real time responses to macroethical problems in such areas as information and communication technology and transhumanism Page 14.763.4 ≠ Engineering and Sustainable Development: Efforts by professional engineering societies, engineering schools, and corporations to address the economic, environmental, and social challenges of sustainability ≠ Engineering

Conference Session

Critical Thinking and Creative Arts

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill Genereux, Kansas State University, Salina; Elena Mangione-Lora, University of Notre Dame

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

students, or even used to educate thegeneral public. They can be uploaded to web pages and used in portfolios as students ventureout into the workforce or graduate schools. Showing an ability to collaborate, meet deadlines,communicate with digital media technology, as well as planning and executing a multifacetedproject are valuable qualities that make a qualified candidate even more desirable.Wakonse Conference on College TeachingIt may seem to be an odd juxtaposition; a paper describing video projects in EngineeringTechnology and Spanish courses. Indeed, it is an unlikely pairing except for the hiddenconnection that bears mentioning here. The instructors of these two courses would have had littlechance for interacting and learning from each

Conference Session

Approaches to Learning Outcomes Assessment in Liberal Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhiwei Guan, University of Washington; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

departments.Portfolios show professors students’ skill level and knowledge. A major challenge shenoted was that gaps exist between class teaching and students’ prior knowledge andskills. She suggested this may occur because professors do not seem to know whatstudents have already learned and what students’ skills are. She sees the portfolio as abridge to connect students’ knowledge and skills into the classroom, so that what theylearned in the class may fit into each individual’s learning plan and goals. “I'm talking about all of the courses that I've taken at the University of Washington, whether it be in the philosophy department or in the electrical engineering department or even in the mechanical engineering department. Um, like

Conference Session

Innovative Courses/Pedagogies in Liberal Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ari Epstein, MIT; Joellen Easton, American Public Media; Rekha Murthy, Public Radio Exchange; Emily Davidson, MIT; Jennifer de Bruijn, MIT; Tracey Hayse, MIT; Elise Hens, MIT; Margaret Lloyd

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

generally involves environmental or Earth-systemissues, although it is not exclusively devoted to them. Previous problems have included:developing a plan to provide adequate fresh water for western North America for the nextcentury and beyond; creating a legal, regulatory and scientific framework to preserve theviability of global fisheries; and deciding how (and whether) to rebuild New Orleans in theaftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Students are given broad latitude in structuring their approach tothe problem, and they have great freedom in organizing themselves and their solution to addressthe problem as they see fit.By the spring semester, Terrascope students have thus developed a deep interest, and some levelof expertise, in a specific complex

Conference Session

Learning to Communicate with Engineers and Non-Engineers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Judith Norback, Georgia Institute of Technology; Nicoleta Serban, Georgia Institute of Technology; Nagi Gebraeel, Georgia Institute of Technology; Garlie Forehand, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

Recent Engineering Graduates in the Marketplace: Results of a Survey on Technical Communication Skills.” Journal of Engineering Education, 2001. 90(4): p. 685-697. 3. ABET Engineering Accreditation Commission Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs, 2005. Baltimore, MD: ABET, Inc. 4. Davis, D.C., and Beyerlein, S.W., Development and Use of an Engineer Profile. in American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition, 2005. Portland, OR. (ASEE 2005) 5. Rogers, Jr., D., Stratton, M.J., and King, R.E., “Manufacturing education plan: 1999 critical competency gaps—Industry updates competency gaps among newly hired engineering graduates.” Society of Manufacturing Engineers