Conference Session

Design Project Based Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Forsberg, Hofstra University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2008-1308: A VENTILATION SYSTEM CAPSTONE DESIGN PROJECTCharles Forsberg, Hofstra University Charles H. Forsberg is an Associate Professor of Engineering at Hofstra University, where he primarily teaches courses in the thermal/fluids area. He received a B. S. in Mechanical Engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (now Polytechnic University), and an M. S. in Mechanical Engineering and Ph. D. from Columbia University. He is a Licensesd Professional Engineer in New York State. Page 13.129.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 A Ventilation System

Conference Session

Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jesse Maddren, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2007-2163: DESIGN OF A THERMAL SYSTEMS COURSEJesse Maddren, California Polytechnic State University Jesse Maddren is Associate Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, CA. Page 12.456.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Design of a Thermal Systems CourseAbstractMany mechanical engineering programs offer thermal systems design as either a required orelective class, typically during the senior year. The course integrates the subjects ofthermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer in the design of a system

Conference Session

Flipped Classrooms in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brett Batson, Trine University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. References1. Canino J. V. 2015. “Comparing student performance in thermodynamics using the flipped classroom and think- pair-share pedagogies.” ASEE Paper ID Paper ID #11,334. 122nd ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Seattle, June 14–17, 2015.2. Swartz, B., S. B. Velegol, and J. A. Laman 2013. “Three approaches to flipping CE courses: Faculty perspectives and suggestions.” ASEE Paper ID Paper ID #7982. 120th ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, June 23–26, 2013.3. Lape, N. K. and R. Levy. 2014. “Probing the inverted classroom: A controlled study of teaching and learning outcomes in undergraduate engineering and mathematics.” ASEE Paper ID Paper ID #9475. 121st ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Indianapolis, June 23–26, 2014.

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Dynamics I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kamyar Ghavam, University of Waterloo; Homeyra Pourmohammadali, University of Waterloo; Lucas Botelho, University of Waterloo

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

: a) Technical skills development and knowledge enhancement, which was addressed in the following assessment components: • Calculation and analyses • Prototype fabrication • Coding and simulation • Progress and final reports b) Promoting teamwork contribution, soft skills development, and appreciation of professional attitude and values, which was addressed in the following assessment components: • Participation and contribution • Project demonstration c) Miscellaneous assessment component was comprised of creativity, prototype appearance, and functionality of the prototype.Reflective Critique: Once the project was carried out with a group of students, the effectiveness ofthe project

Conference Session

Thermal Sciences

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Evan C. Lemley, University of Central Oklahoma; Baha Jassemnejad, University of Central Oklahoma; Eric Judd EIT, University of Central Oklahoma; Brock Philip Ring; Andrew Wayne Henderson, University of Central Oklahoma; Grant M Armstrong

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Inquiry-Based Teaching,” Educational Psychologist, 41(2), pp. 75-86, 2006. 15 R.E. Mayer, “Should There be a Three-Strikes Rule Against Pure Discovery Learning,” American Psychologist, 59(1), pp. 14-19, January, 2004.16 Khlar, D. and M. Nigam, “The Equivalence of Learning Paths in Early Science Instruction,” Psychological Science, 15(10), 661-667, 2004.17 Tuovinen, J.E., and J. Sweller, “A Comparison of Cognitive Load Associated With Discovery Learning and Worked Examples,” Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(2), pp. 334-341, 1999.18 Lemley, E.C., and B. Jassemnejad,“USE OF SUPPLEMENTARY ONLINE LECTURE MATERIALS IN A HEAT TRANSFER COURSE,” Transactions of the Amer. Soc. for Engr. Ed., AC 2012-5110, presented at the ASEE

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer-Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Israel Urieli, Ohio University-Athens

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, accessed 2008/9.8. SHERHPA (Sustainable Heat and Energy Research for Heat Pump Applications), Europe, http://sherhpa.fiz-karlsruhe.de/, accessed 2008/9.9. IEA Heatpump Programme -Annex 28, Norway, http://www.annex28.net/norway.htm, accessed 2008/9.10. Private communication with R. Unger, engineer in charge of linear refrigerator compressor development, during a student tour of Sunpower Inc., Athens, Ohio, October 2005, http://www.sunpower.com/.11. Wood, B. D. “Applications of Thermodynamics”, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1969, pp182 - 185.12. El-Shaarawi, M. “On the Psychrometric Chart”, ASHRAE Transactions, Paper #3736, Vol. 100, Part 1, 1994, pp11 – 20, http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/ME/magedas.13. Bayless, D. J

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer-Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B. Terry Beck, Kansas State University; Greg Payne, Kansas State University; Trevor Heitman, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2010-1803: THE AERODYNAMICS OF THE PITOT-STATIC TUBE AND ITSCURRENT ROLE IN NON-IDEAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONSB. Terry Beck, Kansas State University B. Terry Beck, Kansas State University Terry Beck is a Professor of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering at Kansas State University (KSU) and teaches courses in the fluid and thermal sciences. He conducts research in the development and application of optical measurement techniques, including laser velocimetry and laser-based diagnostic testing for industrial applications. Dr. Beck received his B.S. (1971), M.S. (1974), and Ph.D. (1978) degrees in mechanical engineering from Oakland University.Greg Payne, Kansas State University Greg

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica W. Clark, University of Maine; John R. Thompson, University of Maine; Donald B. Mountcastle, University of Maine

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, University of Maine John Thompson is an Associate Professor of Physics and Cooperating Associate Professor of STEM Education, and a member of the Maine Center for Research in STEM Education at the University of Maine. He is co-director of the UMaine Physics Education Research Laboratory, a research group of over a dozen faculty, postdoctoral research associates, graduate students, and undergraduates. His research focuses on the learning and teaching of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics at the upper division, and student understanding at the physics-mathematics interface. He is very interested in cross-disciplinary studies of specific topics.Donald B. Mountcastle, University of Maine Donald Mountcastle is an

Conference Session

ME Demonstrations and Laboratories

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey C. Hayen, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

primarily intended for students. However, it contains some useful resource information forinstructors who would potentially adopt this activity for a course with laboratory experiments, orfor a classroom demonstration conducted during a lecture session. This guide should be perusedat this stage of the article before proceeding with the discussions continued below.Sample Data Collected from a Laboratory SessionThe tables provided below contain sample data collected during a laboratory session along withvalues obtained or predicted for the period P and frequency ωn over a duration of n oscillatorycycles. This data corresponds to an aluminum half disk for which R = 1.875 in and b = 1.375 in .Table 1. Sample Data Collected for Half-Disk Oscillation

Conference Session

Improving ME Instructional Laboratories

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Sangeorzan, Oakland University; Laila Guessous, Oakland University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

that we see relates to the achievement of ABET outcomes. Currently,engineering programs must demonstrate that their students attain11: (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability (d) an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Capstone Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jared David Berezin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Jane Kokernak, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

duration of time devoted to the students’presentations of the four different product ideas, as well as the free-form question-and-answersessions that followed each presentation. The quantity and distribution of verbal participationfrom individuals during each Q&A discussion was also calculated. Although limited in scope,results of this first study suggest a correlation between the duration of Q&A sessions,distribution of communication responsibility among individual team members, and final productselection. Furthermore, a total of 23 out of 24 students (96%) on Team A and 20 out of 24students (83%) on Team B asked and/or answered questions during the discussions throughoutthe meeting, suggesting that the stress and emotion of the high

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Dynamics I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sudeshna Pal, University of Central Florida; Anchalee Ngampornchai; Patsy Moskal, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

audioexplanation of the lecture was embedded in the corresponding slides. In the PowerPoint withannotation videos, the instructor used a tablet and screen casting software (Camtasia) to writedirectly on the PowerPoints while audio and the screen annotations were recorded and captured.Figure 3 shows examples of each of the created video types. Figure 3: Examples of the different video types created by the instructor for the online content of the mixed-mode class, (a) Lightboard video, (b) Voiceover PowerPoint

Conference Session

Meeting ABET Requirements

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2007-476: USING A MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY COURSEFOR ASSESSMENTKenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University Ken Van Treuren is a Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Baylor University. He received his B. S. in Aeronautical Engineering from the USAF Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado and his M. S. in Engineering from Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey. After serving as USAF pilot in KC-135 and KC-10 aircraft, he completed his DPhil in Engineering Sciences at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom and returned to the USAF Academy to teach heat transfer and propulsion systems. At Baylor University, he teaches courses in laboratory techniques, fluid

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sriram Sundararajan, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

(i) A recognition of the need knowledge of mathematics, engage in life-long learning (b) An ability to design and (d) An ability to function on

Conference Session

Software and E-learning in the ME Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Autar Kaw, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Hub GirderFigure 1 Trunnion-Hub-Girder (THG) Assembly The THG assembly is made by using interference fits5 between the trunnion and the hub,and the hub and the girder. The procedure6,7 for assembling THG assemblies involves shrink-fitting the trunnion into the hub and then shrink-fitting the trunnion-hub onto the girder (Figure2) as follows. B) Trunnion Fitted into Hub After Cooling A) Trunnion, Hub and Girder the Trunnion C) Trunnion-Hub Fitted into Girder After D) Completed THG assembly Cooling the Trunnion-Hub AssemblyFigure 2. Procedure for THG

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment in ME

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sriram Sundararajan, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. (i) A recognition of the need knowledge of mathematics, engage in life-long learning (b) An ability to design and (d) An ability to function on

Conference Session

Software and E-learning in the ME Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Blekhman, California State University Los Angeles

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

and computational results. The converging-diverging theorynozzle laboratory verifies Bernoulli’s equation theory. The experimental apparatus is based on aTecQuipment AirFlow Bench AF10 unit equipped with the Bernoulli Theorem nozzle AF11shown in Fig. 1. The nozzle has a 4.5 degree half-angle and uniform width of 50 mm. (a) (b) Figure 1. (a) the geometry of the experimental converging-diverging nozzle (dimensions are in mm) and (b) the geometry of the axisymmetric nozzle in FlowLab.In this experiment, the Pitot tube is traversed along the centerline of the nozzle measuring the

Conference Session

Mechanics & Mechanics Related

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Haolin Zhu, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, et al. thatoperationalizes the three C’s [15]:Curiosity a. Critically observes surroundings to recognize opportunity b. Explores multiple solution paths c. Gathers data to support and refute ideas d. Suspends initial judgement on new ideas e. Observes trends about the changing world with a future-focused orientation/perspective f. Collects feedback and data from many customers and customer segmentsCreation of value g. Applies technical skills/knowledge to the development of a technology/product h. Modifies an idea/product based on feedback i. Focuses on understanding the value proposition of a discovery j. Describes how a discovery could be scaled and/or sustained, using elements such as revenue streams, key partners, costs, and key

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Mendez, Indiana University-Purdue University Columbus

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

response that reflected the student’s good-faith effort to becorrect [25].The final course grade was assigned based on how many assignments earned a passing score andhow many “E” scores were earned on quizzes. Table 2 describes the requirements to earn aparticular base letter grade (A, B, C, etc.). All requirements for a grade had to be met in order toearn that grade. A course grade of “F” was earned if the requirements for a “D” were not met. Agrade checklist was also provided to students to help them track their progress.Table 2: Course Grade Requirements To earn Accomplish the following: this grade: A Earn passing scores on 15 quizzes, including at least 11 "E" scores, AND earn passing scores on project report

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark David Bedillion, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Mohamed Hakeem Mohamed Nizar, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology: Department of Mechanical Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

fortwo and three mass systems, a single mass system was chosen for in-class implementation forsimplicity. Two and three mass virtual models are more appropriate for a senior level controlsystems or vibrations elective, and we plan to introduce the virtual laboratories into those classesin 2015. Page 26.1703.4We have also completed a model of the ECP-505 inverted pendulum for use in a senior levelcontrol systems course 38 . The ECP design is unlike other inverted pendulum models in that the (a) ECP rectilinear stage 37 (b) Simulink model of ECP rectilinear stage Figure 1: ECP-210 rectilinear stage and

Conference Session

Innovations for the Senior Year of the ME Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Trimble, Arizona State University; Ronald Bengelink, Arizona State University; Valana Wells, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Continental (Senge et.al., 1995 and Porter, 2001).First Semester ImplementationThe first semester for this new course was Fall of2006. It was offered as an elective for seniors.(Next year, it will be a required course forgraduation.) There were two sections. Section Ahad 29 students while Section B had 23 students.Each course developer taught a section. A teachingassistant from the English Department was used byboth sections to grade the written papers relative togood writing principles. The papers were alsoreviewed by the instructors for content. Figure 4. Team presentationThe students appeared to enjoy the course and on renewable energythere were several remarks that the

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: The Art of Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Maria-Isabel Carnasciali, University of New Haven; Eric A. Dieckman, University of New Haven; Ismail I Orabi, University of New Haven; Samuel D. Daniels P.E., University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Communication Skills in Engineering Students Paper presented at 2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Indianapolis, Indiana. https://peer.asee.org/200603. Erdil, N. O., & Harichandran, R. S., & Collura, M. A., & Nocito-Gobel, J., & Adams, D. J., & Simson, A. (2016, June), Preliminary Assessment of and Lessons Learned in PITCH: an Integrated Approach to Developing Technical Communication Skills in Engineers Paper presented at 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana. 10.18260/p.259444. Randi, J., & Harichandran, R. S., & Levert, J. A., & Karimi, B. (2018, June), Improving Senior Design Proposals Through Revision by Responding to Reviewer Comments Paper presented at 2018

Conference Session

Improving ME Instructional Laboratories

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sorin Cioc, University of Toledo; Constantin Ciocanel, University of Toledo; K Cyril Masiulaniec, University of Toledo; Douglas Oliver, University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

lab inoperative; this is not the case with the present setup that uses analog instruments because, even for the case of one instrument malfunctioning, the setup would still be usable. b) All projects had at least some general estimation of the cost involved to implement the proposed changes. However, some were more detailed than others. For example one Page 12.999.5 project included, together with the technical data, a price quote from the manufacturer for the proposed instruments (an infrared thermometer and a thermocouple data logger). c) About one third of the projects explicitly detailed some of the

Conference Session

Design Project Based Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Choate, Western Kentucky University; Kevin Schmaltz, Western Kentucky University; Joel Lenoir, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

similarity rules for a pump family. For geometrically and dynamically similarpumps operating under different conditions A and B, dimensional analysis and the resulting Rvariables can be used to develop the following ratios or similarity rules for the pump head, H,volume flow rate, V% , and brake horsepower, bhp: 2 2 H B Ã yB Ô Ã DB Ô ?Ä Õ ÄÄ ÕÕ (10) H A ÄÅ y A ÕÖ Å DA Ö Page 13.282.6

Conference Session

Thermal Fluid Related

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Autar Kaw, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

generally had three components.1) First, conceptual questions were asked using a hand-held personal response system (TurningTechnologies, 2020). Most of the questions were carefully chosen to go beyond recall anddefinitions. An example of a conceptual question from the topic of Prerequisites toInterpolation is shown in Figure 5. If a polynomial of degree n has more than n zeros, then the polynomial is A. oscillatory B. zero everywhere C. quadratic D. not defined Figure 5. A typical conceptual question asked via a personal response system2) The second component is where the students solve free-response questions in a think-pairformat (Lyman, 1987). For this activity to work, groups of two students each

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Patterson, San Diego State University; Christopher Paolini, San Diego State University; Subrata Bhattacharjee, San Diego State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

(ICCHMT), Guangzhou, China, May 18–21, 2009, pp. 413-418. [5] S. Gordon, F. J. Zeleznik, and V. N. Huff, "A General Method for Automatic Computation of Equilibrium Compositions and Theoretical Rocket Performance of Propellants," NASA, TN D-132, October 1959. [6] B. J. McBride and S. Gordon, "FORTRAN IV Program for Calculation of Thermodynamic Data," NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, NASA TN-D 4097, 1967. [7] S. Gordon and B. J. McBride, "Computer Program for Computation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Compositions, Rocket Performance, Incident and Reflected Shocks, and Chapman-Jouguet Detonations," NASA, SP-273, 1971. [8] W. C. Reynolds, "The Element-Potential Method for Chemical Equilibrium Analysis

Conference Session

Undergraduate Research and a Force and Moment Lab

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaobin Le P.E., Wentworth Institute of Technology; Richard L. Roberts, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Herb Connors; Vitaliy Victorovich Saykin, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Mohammed Khalid Alhuwayrini

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Institute of Technology, 550 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115Mr. Herb ConnorsProf. Vitaliy Victorovich Saykin, Wentworth Institute of TechnologyMr. Mohammed Khalid Alhuwayrini, c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 The Sagan Research Project for Exploring Statistical Parameters of Typical Mechanical PropertiesAbstractThe involvement of undergraduate students in research is very important for engineeringeducation. Research can not only significantly enhance student engagement and enrich studentlearning experience, but it is also useful as a tool to enhance undergraduate engineeringeducation. However, it is a big challenge for a small teaching institution to do this because

Conference Session

Undergraduate Research and a Force and Moment Lab

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy A. Doughty, University of Portland; Heather Dillon, University of Portland; Ken Lulay P.E., University of Portland; Karen Elizabeth Eifler, University of Portland; Zoë Yi Yin Hensler, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #17634Design and Implementation of an Aspirational Ethics Laboratory CourseDr. Timothy A. Doughty, University of Portland Dr. Timothy A. Doughty received his BS and MS from Washington State University in Mechanical and Materials Engineering and his Ph. D. from Purdue University. He has taught at Purdue, Smith College, and is now an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Portland. From 2009 to 2011 he served as a Faculty Scholar with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories and has served as the Dundon-Berchtold Fellow of Ethics for the Donald. P. Shiley School of Engineering. His

Conference Session

Approaches to Active Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Yim, University of Pennsylvania; Katherine Kuchenbecker, University of Pennsylvania; Paulo Arratia, University of Pennsylvania; Vijay Kumar, University of Pennsylvania; John Bassani, University of Pennsylvania; Jonathan Fiene, University of Pennsylvania; Jennifer Lukes, University of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

CU Spring 1 MEAM 105 Intro to Sci. Computing 1 MEAM 203 Thermodynamics I 1 MEAM 210 Statics & Strength of Matls. 1 MEAM 211 Eng Mechanics: Dynamics.5 MEAM 247a Mech Eng Laboratory I-A .5 MEAM 247b Mech Eng Laboratory I-B 1 MATH 240 Calculus III 1 MATH 241 Calculus IV 1 SSH elective 1 SSH elective 1 Professional elective (e.g., Circuits & Syst.) Junior YearCU Fall CU Spring 1 MEAM 302 Fluid Mechanics

Conference Session

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Instruction

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen McClain, University of Alabama-Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

eight independent reactions Page 11.65.3Water and R-134aA consistent naming scheme was chosen for the phase change fluids. The function calls forwater and R-134a begin with the variable to be determined, followed by an underscore, followedby the independent property(s), followed by a fluid identifier (H2O or R134a), followed finallyby the values of the independent property(s) in parenthesis. Figure 1 presents the format offunction calls for the phase change substances. The functions require that all independentproperties be entered with the appropriate absolute units. a_bc XX (b, c) Returned