Conference Session

Emerging Information Technologies

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Warith Al-Sulaimani, Modern College of Business and Science-Sultanate of Oman; P Mani Joseph, Modern College of Business and Science-Sultanate of Oman; Saeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

AC 2007-1360: A STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BLUETOOTH AND IEEE802.11B COEXISTENCEWarith Al-Sulaimani, Modern College of Business and Science-Sultanate of Oman Warith Al-Sulaimani is a Lecturer and Consultant at the Modern College of Business and Science, Oman. Warith earned a Bachelor’s Degree in Electronic & Electrical Engineering from the University of Strathclyde (UK), a Diploma in Computers and Information Systems from Sultan Qaboos University (Oman) and Master’s Degree in Advanced Computer networking from Glasgow Caledonian University (UK). His primary research focus is in the areas of Wireless Networking, Internet Technologies and Network Security. He holds certifications in A

Collection

2007 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

J. Oh; B. Kissick

. • Value people, hard work, humor, knowledge and service.1 O’Donovan, E. “Professional learning communities” District Administration 43.3 2007 Vol.2 p942 Kraat, S. B. Ed. Relationships between Teaching Faculty and Teaching Librarians. New York: Haworth20053 Elmborg, J.; Hook, S. Ed. Centers for Learning: Writing Centers and Libraries in Collaboration.American Library Association 20054 Information literacy in action: collaboration, retrieved February 2007, from Association of College andResearch Libraries Web site:http://www.ala.org/ala/acrl/acrlissues/acrlinfolit/infolitresources/collaboration/collaboration.htm5 Oh, J.; Collins, J.; Kissick, B.; Starkey, A. “Information Literacy Teams: Bridging the Fluency Divide”2005 ASEE Conference

Conference Session

Creating a Technology Incubator and Creating a Seed Fund

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Laughlin, University of Maryland; Scott Magids, University of Maryland; David Barbe, University of Maryland

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

from industry and the remaining $14B from state and localgovernment, institutional and other sources.1 This funding provides an exceptional foundationfor new scientific discovery, as well as for the advancement of applied technologies.Unfortunately, a relatively small percentage of these new discoveries ever translate into long-term commercial successes. Several impediments, both institutional and market-driven, conspireto keep inventions from finding their way into, or better yet becoming the foundation of,commercial ventures. Examples of institutional impediments include: (a) lack of marketacceptance for university licensing practices, (b) conflict of interest concerns for faculty,particularly within public universities, (c) lack of

Conference Session

Creating a Technology Incubator and Creating a Seed Fund

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Wierman, Johns Hopkins University; Lawrence Aronhime, Johns Hopkins University; Marybeth Camerer, Johns Hopkins University; Benjamin Gibbs, Johns Hopkins University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, molecular biology, and entrepreneurship journals. He received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mathematics from the University of Washington. wierman@jhu.eLawrence Aronhime, Johns Hopkins UniversityMarybeth Camerer, Johns Hopkins University Marybeth Camerer is the Administrative Manager of the Center for Leadership Education. She began working at Johns Hopkins in 1999 and was for several years the sole staff member in the W. P. Carey Program in Entrepreneurship & Management. Marybeth works closely with Center Director John Wierman, and is responsible for the administration of the Center. Marybeth holds a B. A. in English from the University of DelawareBenjamin Gibbs, Johns Hopkins

Collection

2007 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

J. C. LaCombe; E. L. Wang; M. Nicolescu; P. Rivera; B. Poe

Design Experiences with a Student Satellite Program J.C. LaCombe, E.L. Wang, M. Nicolescu, P. Rivera, and B. Poe University of Nevada, RenoAbstractThe NevadaSat program began in 2002, and is an ongoing, multi-faceted program, providingstudents with high-impact exposure to the aerospace fields. The program includes activities inscientific ballooning, rocketry, and robotics. These are conducted for their own merits, but eachprogram also moves us closer to our long-range goal of producing and operating a studentsatellite in Earth orbit, for the purpose of preparing students for the aerospace-industryworkforce.The student experience is largely based in design projects, and design

Conference Session

Student Diversity: attracting and retaining a diverse population of students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University; Galen Turner, Louisiana Tech University; Alicia Boudreaux, Louisiana Tech University; James Nelson, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Project A: Pilot – Project A: Bridges to Engineering 2005-06 Bridges to Engineering (Airline High School) During each year of the program, there are 24 students/3 teachers three Teacher Workshops (2 days each) and three Discovery Weekends (one day each). Pilot – Project B One workshop and Discovery Weekend will 2006-07 (Airline High School

Conference Session

Educating Graduates in Engineering For A Flat World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carolyn Percifield, Purdue University; David Bowker, Purdue University; Demetra Evangelou, Purdue University; Mi'schita' Henson, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

International

global competition and scientific breakthroughs.…companies want to increase the proportion of their innovation that is “break-through” or“disruptive” as opposed to incremental. 5”Observation 1: faculty are most comfortable teaching the technical – a. faculty are recruited, rewarded and promoted primarily based on their potential and ability to create new knowledge and expand their technical expertise and esteem; b. teaching priorities have traditionally focused on delivering the “hard” skills rooted in math, science and engineering fundamentals including design, problem-solving and analytical components. We know from our own faculty that they do value teaching and student learning. They agree that the non-technical, leadership

Conference Session

Preparing Civil Engineering Students for a Flat World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Welker, Villanova University; Lance Kenney, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, we will add several questions about study abroad to our Civil Engineering seniorsurvey starting in the spring of 2007. These questions will ask about the students’ perceptions ofstudy abroad and probe why those that did not participate did not pursue overseas study: 1. Were you made aware of study abroad opportunities? 2. Did you study abroad during your time at Villanova? a. Would you describe the experience as positive? Explain. b. What type of program did you participate in (summer, semester)? 3. If you did not study abroad, indicate why you did not (for example, you may not have had an interest, your GPA may have been too low to qualify, etc.).The academic indicators have been studied and these

Conference Session

Preparing Civil Engineering Students for a Flat World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Ledlie Klosky; Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

fourth student dropped the course six weeks into the semester after having made no progress at all toward course completion. He reported that the challenges of attending his host-institution classes taught entirely in Chinese were overwhelming, and he was unable to devote any significant time to CE300. Of the three successful students, one earned an A+, one earned an A, and one earned a B, according to objective, criterion-referenced grading of all their course submissions, including the final exam, using the same evaluation standards as were used in the standard version of the course.• The three greatest challenges encountered in this experiment were connectivity, connectivity, and connectivity. None of the three

Conference Session

Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Experiments and Labs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B. Terry Beck, Kansas State University; Brian Anderson, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

the current development.A photograph of the overall facility is shown in Figure 1(a), and a view of the upper surface ofthe wind tunnel and new pressure tap locations is shown in Figure 1(b). While relatively (a) Wind Tunnel (b) Pressure Taps Page 12.1486.3 Figure 1: Educational Wind Tunnel Facilityinexpensive in comparison to some wind tunnels, this facility has been demonstrated to becapable investigating a wide variety of phenomena of interest to fluid mechanics andaerodynamic courses [1-3]. The wind tunnel has a test section measuring 12 in x 12 in x 24 in(305mm x 305mm

Conference Session

Intersdisciplinary Courses and Environmental Undergraduate Research

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Braun, California Polytechnic State University; Emmit B. Evans, California Polytechnic State University; Randall Knight, California Polytechnic State University; Thomas Ruehr, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

AC 2007-318: INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM TEACHING: LESSONS FORENGINEERING INSTRUCTORS FROM A CAPSTONE COURSE INENVIRONMENTAL STUDIESDavid Braun, California Polytechnic State University David Braun is a Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at Cal Poly in San Luis Obispo. He worked at Philips Research Labs in Eindhoven, the Netherlands from 1992 to 1996, after completing the Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering at U.C. Santa Barbara. Please see www.ee.calpoly.edu/~dbraun/ for information about his courses, teaching interests, and research.Emmit B. Evans, California Polytechnic State University Bud Evans teaches Contemporary Global Political Issues, World Food Systems, the Global Environment

Conference Session

Creating a Technology Incubator and Creating a Seed Fund

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Duening, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Importantly, the U.S. is the only nation among the G7 to register a TEA score in the topten.Today, nearly 50 percent of the growth in the U.S. economy can be attributed to entrepreneurialactivity; much of this activity is in the technology sector. Since success in a technology venturerequires both technical feasibility and economic viability an engineering curriculum thatintegrates both aspects is of considerable value.2 Of the over 200 thousand graduates of collegeengineering and science programs each year in the U.S., a growing proportion seek employmentin entrepreneurial ventures or are starting their own ventures. This trend among engineering andscience graduates requires “a new type of engineer, an entrepreneurial engineer, who needs abroad

Conference Session

Creating a Technology Incubator and Creating a Seed Fund

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jim Subach, Arizona State University; Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University; John Magrane, Microchip Technology Inc.; Carol Popovich, Microchip Technology Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

AC 2007-2084: UNIVERSITIES AND INDUSTRY CREATEENGINEER-ENTREPRENEURS TO FUEL INNOVATIONJim Subach, Arizona State University Jim Subach received his BS in Engineering Physics from the University of Maine, and his MS and Ph.D. in Optical Sciences from the University of Arizona. He has 30 years of experience in technology, was a Visiting Scientist at NASA-JSC, currently operates his own business and technology consulting practice, and is a Professor of Practice at Arizona State University.Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University Lakshmi Munukutla received her Ph.D. degree in Solid State Physics from Ohio University, Athens, Ohio and M.Sc and B.Sc degrees from Andhra University, India. She has been

Collection

2007 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Stefan A. Robila

Insider Malfeasance Private Sector Outside Hackers 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% (a) (b) Fig 1. Data breaches recorded in 2006. a) percentage breakout based on the type of the organization, b) percentage breakout based on the type of the incident.In this perspective, it is useful to remark that universities and colleges across the country are often foundon security breaches lists making up for 16% of all the cases

Conference Session

Engaging Uses of Course Management Systems, Blogs, and Open Source and a Database as Tools for Library Instruction

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Sapp Nelson; Michael Fosmire; Amy Van Epps, Purdue University; Bruce Harding, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

interview process and allows students to gain the same underlyingknowledge of technical information that the librarians and staff are also trying to convey. Thetutorial provides an independent working environment for students to learn the big picture oftechnical information as well as be directed to subject-specific sources. The concept of a dual-sided educational tool works well for this assignment and gives the Purdue University Librariesand engineering and technology students of Purdue University another tool to gain self-directedknowledge.Bibliography:1 Digital Content Development Grant. Retrieved January 8, 2007, from http://www.itap.purdue.edu/tlt/idc/grants.cfm2 Harding, B. A. (2003). The Treasure In Technical Information: A

Collection

2007 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Peggy A. Johnson

, 2004. The Year in Numbers. ASEE, Washington DC. Last accessed on May 17, 2006 at http://asee.org/about/publications/profiles/upload/2004ProfileIntro2.pdf.Hersh, M., 2000. The changing position of women in engineering worldwide. IEEE Transactions of Engineering Management, 47(3), 345-359.Hoover, E., 2006. Freshman survey: more students plan to lend a hand. Chronicle of Higher Education, Feb. 3, 2006.Isaacs, B., 2001. Mystery of the missing women engineers: a solution. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice. 127(2), 85-91.Johnson, P.A., Leasure, J.D., and Llinas, E., 1992. Future resources for engineering. Journal of Professional Issues, ASCE, 118(1), 30-37.May, G.S., and

Collection

2007 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Ramazan Asmatulu; Mehmet B. Yildirim; Waseem Khan; Adebayo Adeniji; Humphrey Wamocha

Nanofiber Fabrication and Characterization for the Engineering Education Ramazan Asmatulu*1, Mehmet B. Yildirim**, Waseem Khan*, Adebayo Adeniji* and Humphrey Wamocha* * Department of Mechanical Engineering Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Wichita, KS 67260-0133 ** Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Department Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Wichita, KS 67260-0035 Abstract Electrospinning is a novel process of producing sub-micron and

Conference Session

Manufacturing Capstone and Design Projects

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B. Sridhara, Middle Tennessee State University; Rick Taylor, Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2007-2428: APPLICATION OF CADD/CAM TO ENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGY COURSES AND SOME REAL-LIFE PROJECTSB. Sridhara, Middle Tennessee State University Dr. B. S. Sridhara is a professor in the Department of Engineering Technology and Industrial Studies at Middle Tennessee State University. He received his B.S.M.E. and M.S.M.E. degrees from Bangalore University and Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. He received his M.S.M.E. and Ph. D. degrees from Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, and Auburn University, Alabama. Dr. Sridhara has published several peer-reviewed articles in the areas of Acoustics, Vibration, finite element methods, and Engineering Education.Rick Taylor

Collection

2007 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

L. Kuczynski; C. McGuinness; S. Farrell; B. G. Lefebvre; C. S. Slater

Sponsored Industrial Research Experiences for Undergraduate Students: Student Perspectives on Collaborative Projects with Pharmaceutical Industry L. Kuczynski, C. McGuinness, S. Farrell, B. G. Lefebvre, and C. S. Slater Rowan University Chemical Engineering 201 Mullica Hill Rd. Glassboro, NJ 08028-1701 USAAbstract Rowan University’s Engineering program uses innovative methods of teaching and learningto prepare students better for a rapidly changing and highly competitive marketplace, asrecommended by ABET1. Rowan has developed a program that fosters synergistic

Conference Session

Hands-on Materials Science and Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Griffin, Texas A&M University; Ibrahim Karaman, Texas A&M University; Ji Ma, Texas A&M University; Jeffrey Froyd, Texas A&M University; Jaime Grunlan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

AC 2007-2475: DEVELOPMENT OF A NANO-FILLED COMPOSITEEXPERIMENT FOR A FRESHMAN CLASSRichard Griffin, Texas A&M University Richard B. Griffin, Ph. D., P. E. (TX) has been a faculty member at Texas A&M University since 1977. He earned his BS at Pennsylvania State University (1964) in Metallurgy/Metallurgical Engineering, and his PhD at Iowa State University (1969) in Metallurgy. His expertise is in the area of materials where he has taught and done research for more than 30 years. Dr. Griffin has worked in various areas of corrosion: erosion/corrosion, scc cracking of high strength steels, and corrosion under organic coatings. He has also worked in tribology where he studied the

Conference Session

EMD Program Design

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Gerhart, University of Evansville; Douglas Ramers, University of Evansville; Greg Rawski, University of Evansville

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

AC 2007-471: REPLACING A BACHELORS DEGREE IN ENGINEERINGMANAGEMENT WITH A TWO-TRACK MINOR : A CASE STUDYPhilip Gerhart, University of Evansville Philip Gerhart is the Dean of the College of Engineering and Computer Science and a professor of mechanical and civil engineering at the University of Evansville in Indiana. He is a member of the ASEE Engineering Deans Council. He is a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and serves on their Performance Test Codes Standards Committee. He chairs the PTC committee on Steam Generators and is vice-chair of the committee on Fans.Douglas Ramers, University of Evansville Dr. Douglas Ramers is an Associate Professor in Mechanical

Conference Session

Novel Measurement Experiments

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Svetlana Avramov-Zamurovic, U.S. Department of Defense; Kevin Liu, USNA; Bryan Waltrip, NIST; Andrew Koffman, NIST

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

that are 90 degrees apart).Also, the bridge balance detection signals comparison requires accurate voltage measurements. Two source signals are provided to the system: a sine wave, A, and the sine wave, B, phaseshifted by ninety degrees compared to A. These are the supply signals, in phase and quadrature. The signal analyzer is used to measure the difference in phase between the input and outputsignal across the test component.II. HARDWARE CONFIGURATION Page 12.124.2 The Measurement Computing PCI-DAS6052 card is an analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-toanalog (D/A) converter card for use in microcomputers. It was selected for the ability

Collection

2007 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Jeff Parker; Ping Liu

different values in the convergence process. in Fig. 2 (b), and are impossible to separate without the aidIn particular, a larger step size is set initially to speed the of an equalizer.convergence up. The step size is then gradually decreased to An adaptive equalizer is employed to the received symbolsa smaller value to obtain smaller MSE after convergence. in order to suppress the ISI. The equalizer is assumed the The formula we proposed to adjust the step size µ is given structure of an transversal FIR filter with a length of 12by: taps. Except that the mid-tap is initialized to 1, all the other µ = αµopt (βe−n/γ + 1

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Eduaction - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University; Ronald Earley, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

? (Nursing, Paper Science, Computer Science for example in the School of Engineering and Applied Science). Will such an inter- disciplinary approach be beneficial to the success of the project ? Do we need different equipment or instrumentation facilities? Do we need experts from industry or commercial establishments? 3. Conduct an extensive background search that focuses on salient features of the main project and address the key issues that may arise as the project unfolds. Always have a “Plan B.” Be prepared to handle contingencies. You may be very diligent in your design, planning and implementation; regardless, things may go wrong. (Example: Bridge Building Service Learning

Conference Session

Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ioana Voiculescu, City College of the City University of New York; Benjamin Liaw, City College of the City University of New York

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

presents a studentworking for this labwork. A P-3 Wheatstone-bridge strain indicator has been used to measurethe strain. Based on the strains indicated by the three strain gages the students sketched the stress Page 12.83.4and strain diagram around the discontinuity for the specific PMMA bar and calculated the stress(strain) concentration factor. D 2R 2a a) b) R R a a

Conference Session

Liberal Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Walsh, California Polytechnic State University; Stacey Breitenbach, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

; (b) an ability to interpret data; (c) an ability to understand the design of a system, component, or process (d) an ability to function on interdisciplinary teams; (e) an ability to identify and help formulate, engineering problems; (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility; (g) an ability to communicate effectively; (h) an ability to understand the impact of engineering solutions (i) an ability to engage in life-long learning; (j) participation in activities related to contemporary societal challenges;In addition, each concentration has learning outcomes peculiar to that track:Management of Technology Concentration1. Ability to analyze

Conference Session

Manufacturing Capstone and Design Projects

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zhan, Texas A&M University; Ben Zoghi, Texas A&M University; Rainer Fink, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. References 1. "Successful Systems Engineering”, N. B. Reilly, Chapman & Hall, 1993. 2. "Procedures for Performing a Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis”, MIL-STD-1629. 3. “Joint Requirements Engineering”, G. Herzwurm, S. Schockert, and W. Mellis, 2000. 4. “Project Management, A System Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling”, H. Kerzner, 5th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1995. 5. Student course project report, Fall 2006. 6. “Using Principles of Design to Develop a Capstone Course”, A. Dutson, ASEE Conference, 2006. 7. “Combining Systems Architecture and Systems Engineering in an Engineering Management Program”, J. Weaver and M. Vinarcik, ASEE Conference, 2006. 8

Conference Session

Special Session on Fixed-Point Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cameron Wright, University of Wyoming; Thad Welch, Boise State University; Michael Morrow, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Gerald Vineyard, U.S. Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2007-1366: A HARDWARE APPROACH TO TEACHING FSKCameron Wright, University of Wyoming Cameron H. G. Wright, Ph.D, P.E., is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. His research interests include signal and image processing, real-time embedded computer systems, biomedical instrumentation, and wireless/satellite communications systems. He is a member of ASEE, IEEE, SPIE, NSPE, Tau Beta Pi, and Eta Kappa Nu. E-mail: c.h.g.wright@ieee.orgThad Welch, Boise State University Thad B. Welch, Ph.D, P.E., recently joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Boise State University where he is a Professor and Chair of the

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurements: Innovative Course Development

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hong Zhang, Rowan University; Ying Tang, Rowan University; Courtney Richmond, Rowan University; Patricia Mosto, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

inputs or commands fromusers are relayed to the agent through the RF transceiver. Figure 2: Block diagram of the agent and the host.After two years development, the mechanical structure of the IMAPS agent has evolvedwith three major generations of improved understanding and increased designsophistication. As seen in Figure 3, the first one (A) is a torpedo style pure observer, thesecond generation (B) is a catamaran style Prober that can sample water 100ft deep, thecurrent development is a tank style amphibious Explorer that can work on complexterrain such as marsh or creeks. (A) (B) (C) Figure 3: Three generations of IMAPS body

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angel Martinez, Kansas State University; Steve Warren, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

(b) the prototype in Figure 1,[10] which is close in spirit to theRASCL concept and provides a limited but useful toolset, especially when compared to unitsunder $1000 that were located during this search. The board in Figure 1, designed by WilliamDurfee at the University of Minnesota, is a forward thinking tool designed to “pilot an innovativeapproach to system dynamics and control laboratories that incorporates proven hands-on learning Page 12.1220.3principles to improve student learning.”[10] Its primary purpose is to provide students with ameans to filter acoustic signals, and the board is one of a pair of boards available for purchase