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Displaying results 3001 - 3030 of 5155 in total
Collection
2007 St.Lawrence Section Meeting
Authors
Robert Edwards; Gerald Recktenwald
is abrupt. 8 Inclined manometer Velocity Blast Δp probe gate Q d1 d2 L1 Blower Hand crank positioning stage Figure 10 - Schematic of sudden expansion apparatus This exercise introduces the concept of
Collection
2015 Northeast Section Meeting
Authors
Moses Tefe; Tara Kulkarni
Learned, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, ASCE, October 2005, pp. 218- 222, (2005)13. J. Q. Rutherford, and A. M. Palomino, Departmental Implementation of ASCE’ s ExCEEd Teaching Principles, 2014 ASEE Southeast Section Conference, American Society of Engineering Education, (2014). Available at http://se.asee.org/proceedings/ASEE2014/Papers2014/84.pdf.14. N. Mladenov, T. Kulkarni, and M. London, 2014, Use of In-Class Demonstrations and Activities to Convey Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering to Undergraduate Students, 121 st American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference and Exposition, June 15-18, 201415. R. M. Felder, Matters of Style, ASEE Prism, 6(4
Collection
2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Abdul Razaque
: , 3 , ∑ , Where, P(N)q,r is the energy power of each neighbor node ‘u’ to forward the packet destination ‘r’ at node ‘n’ and ‘K’ is total number of neighbor nodes. ‘C’ is pheromone threshold that is Figure 1. Proposed simulated scenario for handling the devices from constant. Ps is the level of
Collection
2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Paul B. Crilly
. Mukhopadhyay and D.N. Pinder, “Teaching engineering electromagnetics to information and communication engineering students at Massey University,” [Online] Available: http://itee.uq.edu.au/~aupec/aupec03/papers/012%20Mukhopadhyayfull% 20paper.pdf[4] H. Xie, Y. Liang, and Q. Wang, “A laboratory measurement method of radiation pattern,” New York: Springer-Verlag, 2012.[5] N.N. Rao, “PC-Assisted Instruction of Introductory Electromagnetics,” IEEE Tran. Educ., vol. 33, pp. 51-59, Feb. 1990.[6] M.F. Iskander, “Technology-Based Electromagnetic Education,” IEEE Tran. Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 50, pp. 1020, March 2002.[7] Z. Raida, “Internet Support of Education in Antenna and Microwave Techniques,” [Online]. Available
Conference Session
Professional Papers
Collection
2025 ASEE Southeast Conference
Authors
Razvan Cristian Voicu, Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA; Muhammad Hassan Tanveer, Kennesaw State University; Ayse Tekes, Kennesaw State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity, Professional Papers
personalized learning. Rand Corporation (2015).[6] Campbell, J. P., DeBlois, P. B. & Oblinger, D. G. Academic analytics: A new tool for a newera. EDUCAUSE review 42, 40 (2007).[7] Okubo, F., Yamashita, T., Shimada, A. & Ogata, H. A neural network approach for students’performance prediction, 598–599 (2017).[8] Pan, S. J. & Yang, Q. A survey on transfer learning. IEEE Transactions on knowledge anddata engineering 22, 1345–1359 (2009).[9] John, B. Brain, mind, experience, and school. How people learn (2000).[10] Shute, V. J. Focus on formative feedback. Review of educational research 78, 153–189(2008).[11] Devlin, J. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding.arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805 (2018).[12
Conference Session
Professional Papers
Collection
2025 ASEE Southeast Conference
Authors
Priscilla J Hill, Mississippi State University; Bill B Elmore, Mississippi State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity, Professional Papers
TO ENTER THE CORRECT SIGN (HEAT ADDED=positive, HEAT REMOVED=negative) • Shell/Tube exchanger water-side duty, btu/hr • Fin-Fan exchanger water-side duty, btu/hr • Jacketed exchanger water-side duty, btu/hr • Reservoir Tank water-side duty, btu/hr • Uninsulated piping/equipment water-side duty, btu/hrShell/Tube exchanger • The duty of this exchanger adheres to the standard heat transfer equation • Q = Uo * Ao * ΔTlm ; where ΔTlm is the log mean temperature difference, F The total exchanger outside tube area, Ao, is 50.25 ft2 • What is the ΔTlm, F? • What is the overall heat transfer coefficient, Uo, btu/hr-ft2-F?Figure 3b. Part 2 of questions based on given data and Figure 2.Similar to the
Conference Session
Student Papers
Collection
2025 ASEE Southeast Conference
Authors
Faiza Akram, Mississippi State University; Andrew Zheng, Texas A&M University; April Guo-Yue, Mississippi State University; Cooper Medved, Mississippi State University; Claire Johnson, Mississippi State University; Asad Waqar Malik; Samee U Khan, Mississippi State University
Tagged Topics
Student Papers
. Cao, Q. Zhang, Y. Li, and L. Xu, “Edge computing: Vision and challenges,”IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 3, pp. 637–646, 2016.
Conference Session
Track 3: Technical Session 6: Uncovering the less-heard histories and barriers of Asian and Asian American Students
Collection
2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
Siqing Wei, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Marissa A Tsugawa, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Li Tan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus
Tagged Topics
2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
Reference list[1] United States Census Bureau, 2020 Census. Data Table. Available: https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDP5Y2020.DP05?q=race+demographics+2020.[Accessed August 26, 2024][2] National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES), Diversity and STEM: Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities 2023. SpecialReport NSF 23-315. Alexandria, VA, 2023. [E-book] Available: https://ncses.nsf.gov/wmpd. [Accessed August 26, 2024][3] Alba, R., & Nee, V. (2003). Remaking the American mainstream: Assimilation and contemporary immigration (1st ed.). Harvard University Press.https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674020115[4] Lee, J., & Bean, F. D. (2010). The diversity paradox: Immigration and the color line in 21st century America (1st ed
Collection
2008 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
David J. Palazzo; Chad C. Schools
Figure 4. y x θ1 θ 2 h 1 r 2 m1 , q1 m2 , q2 Figure 4: Setup with two charged pith balls. Using Coulomb’s law, and assuming the charge on each pith ball was the same, they determined thecharge on each pith ball was: mgr 3 q
Collection
2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
R. Radharamanan; Jeng-Nan Juang
q = max (2) MS E n 2 Table 1: Airspeed data collected from experiments Fan Speed (V) Channel Height (mm) Airspeed (cm/s) 12 2 8.50 11 2 6.00 10 2 3.83 9 2 3.00 8 2 2.83
Collection
2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Paul C. King; Gerarda M. Shields
and the Faculty Commons.REFERENCESColon, K., “The Global Achievement Gap: Q&A with Tony Wagner,” Harvard Graduate School ofEducation, August 20, 2008.“Chancellor Launches NYC21C Initiative at NYC iSchool,” New York City Department of Education,http://schools.nyc.gov/Offices/mediarelations/NewsandSpeeches/2008-2009/20090512_ischool.htm, lastaccessed March 12, 2010.Gibbs, N., “Generation Next,” Time, New York, March 22, 2010.Wagner, T., Global Achievement Gap, 1st Ed., Basic Books, New York, 2008. Page 8 of 8
Collection
2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Xi Kang; Chengxin Zhang; Xingguo Xiong; Sk Hasan Hafizul Haque
: ….. (1)The electrostatic force q(x) between the resonant beam and theelectrode depends on the deflection of the beam at anydistance x, along the beam. Assuming a square-law curvaturefor the beam deflection, the load distribution along a beam oflength L is given by[8]:Using the conventional beam theory[9], the trip deflection Figure 5. Resonant frequency versus the length of the beamunder partial loading is given by: The curve shows this relationship between the resonant ….. (3) frequency and the length of the beam. It is easy to see that theCombining equations (2) and (3) we can obtain: resonant
Collection
2025 Northeast Section Conference
Authors
Saddam Alkhamaiesh; Peter Cavanugh
. Q. Patton, Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, 3rd ed. and Workforce Planning: Challenges and Best Practices.” Available: Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002. https://www.nrel.gov/transportation/ev-workforce.html [35] C. Cassell and G. Symon, Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in[9] S. Alkhamaiesh, “Stakeholder Collaboration in EV Workforce Organizational Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004. Training: A Thematic Analysis,” Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), 2024. [36] R. Yin, Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods
Collection
2015 ASEE Zone 3 Conference
Authors
Ibrahim M. Alarifi; Abdulaziz Alharbi; Omar Alsaiari; Ramazan Asmatulu
., K. S. Yang, and T. M. Aminabhavi. "Polyacrylonitrile-based nanofibers— a state-of-the-art review." Progress in polymer science 37.3 (2012): 487-513. [3] Park, Jun-Seo. "Electrospinning and its applications." Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 1.4 (2010): 043002. [4] Chen, Q., Zhang, L., Rahman, A., Zhou, Z., Wu, X. F., & Fong, H. "Hybrid multi-scale epoxy composite made of conventional carbon fiber fabrics with interlaminar regions containing electrospun carbon nanofiber mats." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 42.12 (2011): 2036-2042. [5] Cramariuc, B., Cramariuc, R., Scarlet, R., Manea, L. R., Lupu, I. G., & Cramariuc, O
Collection
2015 ASEE Zone 3 Conference
Authors
Jing Pang
students more on active learning.Modelsim waveform simulationThe Modelsim tool is one of the industry level verification and simulation tools for testingVerilog HDL designs. The Figure 7 below shows the Verilog design and the related Modelsimtesting commands for 3-stage right shift registers. When the parallel load signal PL is activehigh, after rising edge of clock, the 3-bit data vector p will be loaded into the 3-bit D Flip-Floptype of register bank q. When PL is not active, the data inside the 3-bit registers will shift fromthe left to the right. 7 © American Society for Engineering Education, 2015
Collection
2015 ASEE Zone 3 Conference
Authors
Goutham Chinni; Israel Belachew; Ramazan Asmatulu
://www.crimsonrenewable.com/biodiesel-specifications.pdf13) L. Attanatho, S. Magmee, and P. Jenvanipanjakil, The Joint International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment, Huan Hin, Thailand, 2004.14) A.C. Hansen, Q. Zhang, P.W.L. Lyne, “Ethanol-diesel Fuel Blends - Review,” Bioresource Technology, 2005, Vol.96, pp. 277-85.15) http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ageng/machine/ae1240w.htm, accessed in July 25, 2015.16) R. Asmatulu, Nanotechnology Safety, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Nederland, August, 2013.17) http://circoloippicolevalli.it/foto/photos/index.php?p=84, accessed in July 4, 2015.18) http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/2/4/414/htm, accessed in July 13, 2015.19) http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1212&context=usepapapers
Conference Session
Track 4: Technical Session 1: "It is really isolating, to be honest": A Case Study of a Transwoman in Engineering
Collection
2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
Brandon Bakka, University of Texas at Austin; Jill Castle, University of Texas at Austin
Tagged Topics
2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
US,” Reuters, Aug. 19, 2023. Accessed: Aug. 21, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.reuters.com/graphics/USA-HEALTHCARE/TRANS-BILLS/zgvorreyapd/ [18] S. G. Horne, M. McGinley, N. Yel, and M. R. Maroney, “The stench of bathroom bills and anti-transgender legislation: Anxiety and depression among transgender, nonbinary, and cisgender LGBQ people during a state referendum,” J. Couns. Psychol., vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2022, doi: 10.1037/cou0000558. [19] A. Haverkamp, “The Complexity of Nonbinary Gender Inclusion in Engineering Culture,” 2018. doi: 10.18260/1-2--31084. [20] A. Haverkamp, A. Butler, N. Pelzl, M. Bothwell, D. Montfort, and Q.-L. Driskill, “Exploring Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Engineering Undergraduate Experiences
Conference Session
Track 2: Technical Session 7: "Three strikes, you're out"¦ actually, that's four strikes": Transgressive Teacher and Student Humor in a Pre-College Engineering Classroom
Collection
2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
George Schafer, Drexel University; Christopher George Wright, Drexel University (Tech.) (MERGED)
Tagged Topics
2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
, and not make teaching itselfa form of transgression (a negative one).CoNECD Presentation Page 19 of 22 THANK YOU!CoNECD Presentation Page 20 of 22 REFERENCES Bishara, S. (2023). Humor, motivation and achievements in mathematics in students with learning disabilities. Cogent Education, 10(1), 1–16. Calabrese Barton, A., & Tan, E. (2019). Designing for Rightful Presence in STEM: The Role of Making Present Practices. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 28(4–5), 616–658. Cobb, P., Zhao, Q., & Dean, C. (2009). Conducting design experiments to support teachers' learning: A reflection from the field. The Journal of the Learning
Conference Session
Track 3: Technical Session 4: Introducing a Virtual Dashboard to Benchmark and Monitor Engineering Graduate Degree Retention Trends at Penn State
Collection
2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
Enrique D Gomez; Catherine G. P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Topics
2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
writing and communication; and methodological development. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025Slide 1 Introducing a Virtual Dashboard to Benchmark and Monitor Engineering Graduate Degree Retention Trends at Penn State Dr. Enrique Gomez, Interim Assoc. Dean for Equity and Inclusion, Penn State University Dr. Catherine Berdanier, Assoc. Prof. of Mechanical Engineering, Penn State UniversityNote: Target is 2 minutes per slide plus time for Q&ASlide 2 Literature shows differences
Collection
2014 ASEE Zone 4 Conference
Authors
Loukas Lazos; Elmer Grubbs
, which involves flipping the classroom and providing systematic TAs andULAs assistance in a laboratory setting to increase student involvement in the educationalprocess. We have shown that the techniques described here have increased student learning,retention, and engagement. We have also briefly described future steps for further improvingstudent learning, which we are implementing in the next several semesters.Bibliography1. Noonoo, Stephen, “Flipped Learning Founders Set the Record Straight,” T.H.E Journal, 20 June 2012, http://thejournal.com/articles/2012/06/20/flipped-learning-founders-q-and-a.aspx.2. D2L, Desire2Learn website, http://d2l.arizona.edu3. AAU STEM initiative website http://www.aau.edu/policy/article.aspx?id=12588
Collection
2015 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Norman Ettedgui; Joe Cooney; Brian LaBar; Ernest Frimpong; Gilbert Szeto; Amelito G. Enriquez; Kwok-Siong Teh; Cheng Chen; Hamid Mahmoodi; Wenshen Pong; Hamid Shanasser; Xiaorong Zhang
Improvement Partnership Award for theIntegration of Research into the Undergraduate Curriculum (CIPAIR), Grant No.NNX10AU75G, and by the US Department of Education through the Hispanic-ServingInstitution Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (HSI STEM) Program, AwardNo. P031C110159.Bibliography1. J. V. Basmajian and C. J. De Luca, Muscles alive : their functions revealed by electromyography, 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985.2. S. Komada, Y. Hashimoto, N. Okuyama, T. Hisada and J. Hirai, "Development of a biofeedback therapeutic- exercise-supporting manipulator," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, 56:3914-3920, 2009.3. Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang F, Ren J, Sun YL, Yang Q, Huang H: On Design and
Collection
2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference
Authors
Md Nazmus Sakib, University of North Texas; Maurizio Manzo, University of North Texas; Rattaya Chowdhury Yalamanchili, University of North Texas
, J. Students’ Perception of the Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Pharmacy School. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning 2024, 16 (12), 102181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2024.102181.(3) Lin, H.; Chen, Q. Artificial Intelligence (AI) -Integrated Educational Applications and College Students’ Creativity and Academic Emotions: Students and Teachers’ Perceptions and Attitudes. BMC Psychol 2024, 12 (1), 487. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01979-0.(4) Yufei, L.; Saleh, S.; Jiahui, H.; Abdullah, S. M. S. Review of the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Education. IJICC 2020, 548–562. https://doi.org/10.53333/IJICC2013/12850.(5) Grájeda, A.; Burgos, J.; Córdova, P.; Sanjinés, A. Assessing Student-Perceived
Collection
2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference
Authors
Kastriot Palokaj, Eastern Michigan University; Justin Barnet Brock, Eastern Michigan University; Elizabeth Selby, Eastern Michigan University; Mussa Geyre, Eastern Michigan University; Ethan Victor Harper, Eastern Michigan University; Nicholas B Cote, Eastern Michigan University; John Losee, Eastern Michigan University; Daoud Sidibe Sambimana, Eastern Michigan University; Qin Hu, Eastern Michigan University
). [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9894938[4] M. -Q. Pham, H. -P. Ly, H. C. Quang, T. Nguyen-Van, D. T. Tung and M. Le-Hoang. (October 2022). Transforman Electric Golf Cart into an Autonomous Vehicle. Presented at 2022 International Conference on MultimediaAnalysis and Pattern Recognition (MAPR). [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9924975[5] E. Westman and M. Kaess, "Underwater AprilTag SLAM and calibration for high precision robot localization" inTech. Rep, Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University, Oct. 2018.[6] D. M. Bevly and S. Cobb, GNSS for Vehicle Control. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2009. ISBN:978-1596933019.[7] SAE International Recommended Practice, Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to
Collection
2025 Northeast Section Conference
Authors
Chushun Wang; A. Umit Coskun; Kai-tak Wan
expressed in terms of the heads due to hydrostatic pressure, flow rate, height difference, pump, turbine and dissipation [1]: Re: Renolds’ number defined by Re  Vd /  Q = (d2/4)V: volume flow rate in m3/s  P V2   P V2     z   hpump     z   hturbine  h f (1) g  g in g g hpump: head of pump in m
Collection
2025 Northeast Section Conference
Authors
Yegin Genc; Gonca Altuger-Genc; Akin Tatoglu
pipe has a diameter of 0.2 meters, and the flow rate [1] must be 100 liters per second (L/s). You need to calculate the required head self- the pump must provide, considering both the elevation difference and Interactive Learning Environments, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 1974 1987, May frictional losses. 2023, Given: [2] -directed learning Flow rate, Q = 100 L/s = 0.1 m3/s Int J Educ
Collection
2025 Northeast Section Conference
Authors
Priscilla C. Fonseca; Riley Popp
concrete: helping computers to count air-voids like people count air-colors, results using RGB and HSV colorspace were nearly voids - methods for flatbed scanner calibration. Ph.D. thesis, Michiganidentical. For a variety of samples, some trial and error may Technological University (2008) [4] D. Zalocha, J. Kasperkiewicz, Cement and Concrete Research 35(10), 2041 (2005) [5] M. Radlinski, J. Olek, K.P. Q. Zhang, Concrete p. 64 (2010) [6] K.W. Peterson, R.A. Swartz, L.L. Sutter, T.J. Van Dam, in Transporta- tion Research Record, vol. 1775 (2001), vol. 1775, pp. 36–43 [7] L. Biehl, D. Landgrebe, Computers & Geosciences 28(10), 1153 (2002) [8] Multispec - a freeware multispectral image data analysis system
Collection
2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference
Authors
Daron Marshall Weekley, Marshall University; Jace A McPherson-Duckworth, Marshall University; Anastasiia Sukhanova, Marshall Community & Technical College; Ananya Jana, Marshall University
, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2023.[16] A. Ben-Hamadou, O. Smaoui, A. Rekik, S. Pujades, E. Boyer, H. Lim, M. Kim, M. Lee, M. Chung, Y.-G. Shin et al., “Automatic 3d teeth semantic segmentation with mesh augmentation network,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.18277, 2023.[17] A. Jana, H. M. Subhash, and D. N. Metaxas, “3d tooth mesh segmentation with simplified mesh cell representation,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.10531, 2023.[18] X. Xu, C. Liu, and Y. Zheng, “3d tooth segmentation and labeling using deep convolutional neural networks,” IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 2336–2348, 2018.[19] S. Tian, N. Dai, B. Zhang, F. Yuan, Q. Yu, and X. Cheng, “Automatic classification and segmentation of
Collection
2021 Northeast Section Meeting
Authors
Kathleen A. Lamkin-Kennard
based learning versus project based learning in electrical- electronics engineering programs," in 2011 7th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), 2011, pp. II-40-II-40.[8] H. Q. Ngo and M.-H. Phan, "Design of an Open Platform for Multi-Disciplinary Approach in Project-Based Learning of an EPICS Class," Electronics, vol. 8, 2019.[9] I. Verner and E. Korchnoy, "Experiential Learning through Designing Robots and Motion Behaviors: A Tiered Approach*," 2006.[10] M. Zuhrie, A. Buditjahjanto, L. Nurlaela, and I. Basuki, "Do educational robotics competitions impact students’ learning?," Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1810, p. 012045, 2001.[11] Y. F. Ng, K. K
Conference Session
First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - Technical Session 9: Identity & Belonging 1
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Patricia Wonch Hill, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Lance C. Pérez, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Sohrab Asgarpoor, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; David Jones, University of Nebraska - Lincoln; Zachary George Short, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Jennifer N. Rutt, University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs Division (FYP)
Conference Session
Instrument Design and Development
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Tingerthal, Northern Arizona University; Davis Ray; Joshua T. Hewes P.E., Northern Arizona University; Benjamin Z. Dymond, University of Minnesota Duluth; Robin Tuchscherer, Northern Arizona University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)
principle used to solve. Table 1 Fundamental Engineering Principlesa) Section The ability of an object to resist stress is proportional to its A = ∫dA Properties area (A), first moment of area (Q), and second moment of Q = ∫y·dA area or moment of inertia (I). Ixx = ∫y2·dAb) Static Sum of all forces on object, part, or